RESUMO
El ozono, de gran poder oxidante ha demostrado propiedades terapéuticas, pero es potencialmente tóxico. El propósito de este trabajo fue identificar las consideraciones a tener en cuenta para garantizar la seguridad durante la ozonoterapia estomatológica. Se realizó la investigación en dos etapas: primero revisión bibliográfica consultándose 38 publicaciones científicas de las bases de datos Hinari, Cochrane, Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, Dynamed, EBSCOH disponibles a través de la Red de Infomed, (2005-2012), seleccionándose 27. Segunda etapa: se aplicaron métodos teóricos de análisis y síntesis e inducción y deducción, teniendo en cuenta los fundamentos teóricos de la literatura revisada así como la experiencia acumulada por los autores después de más de 15 años de emplear la ozonoterapia, para determinar los criterios necesarios en cuanto a la seguridad de los sujetos. Se evidenció que el ozono es seguro, siempre y cuando se use según la dosis terapéutica adecuada. Se determinaron consideraciones a tener en cuenta en cuanto al ambiente, operador, paciente, instrumentos y materiales, indicaciones, exámenes complementarios, legalidad e investigaciones. Se requieren más ensayos clínicos para fundamentar a través de la estomatología basada en la evidencia, el papel de la ozonoterapia estomatológica(AU)
Ozone is an element of great oxidative power that has shon its therapeutic properties, but it is potentially toxic. To identify the parameters to guarantee safety during the treatment with ozone in the dental clinic. A research study was performed in two phases: firstly, literature review of 38 scientific publications in Hinari, Cochrane, Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, Dynamed, EBSCOH databases through Infomed net(2005-2012) in which 27 papers were selected. Secondly, theoretical methods of analysis and synthesis as well as induction and deduction were applied, taking into account the accumulated experience by authors after more than 15 years of using ozone therapy in dental clinic, in order to find out the necessary criteria on safety of subjects. For the purpose of guaranteeing safety in ozone therapy for dental use, it is necessary to have informed consent of patient, to observe weather conditions to schedule consultation at the most suitable time, to avail of an ozone concentration equipment, to keep saliva ejector or other disposal method, to comply with the ozone equipment standards set by the manufacturer, to stop giving treatment if there is any adverse reaction to ozone and to register any event in the medical history, and to develop controlled clinical and randomized assay protocols on this topic and to publish the final results. Ozone is safe provided that it is used according to the established norms and appropriate therapeutic dose. Some parameters were identified to keep in mind for the ozone therapy in dental clinic. More clinical assays are required to justify the role of the dental ozone therapy, through evidence-based odontology(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Medicina Bucal/métodos , Ozônio/normas , Ozônio/uso terapêutico , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Bases de Dados Bibliográficas , Ozônio/toxicidadeRESUMO
In this work, a recently developed urban-scale atmospheric dispersion model (DAUMOD-GRS) is applied to evaluate the ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations resulting from anthropogenic area sources of NOx and VOC in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (MABA). The statistical comparison of model results with observations (including new available data from seventeen sites) shows a good model performance. Estimated summer highest diurnal O3 1-h concentrations in the MABA vary between 15 ppb in the most urbanised area and 53 ppb in the suburbs. All values are below the air quality standard. Several runs are performed to evaluate the impact of possible future emission reductions on O3 concentrations. Under all hypothetical scenarios, the maximum diurnal O3 1-h concentration obtained for the area is slightly reduced (up to 4%). However, maximum diurnal O3 concentrations could increase at some less urbanised areas of MABA depending on the relative reductions of the emissions of NOx and VOC.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Modelos Químicos , Ozônio/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/normas , Argentina , Cidades , Ozônio/normas , Estações do Ano , Análise EspacialRESUMO
Developing exposure estimates is a challenging aspect of investigating the health effects of air pollution. Pollutant levels recorded at centrally located ambient air quality monitors in a community are commonly used as proxies for population exposures. However, if ample intraurban spatial variation in pollutants exists, city-wide averages of concentrations may introduce exposure misclassification. We assessed spatial heterogeneity of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10) and ozone (O3) and evaluated implications for epidemiological studies in São Paulo, Brazil, using daily (24-hr) and daytime (12-hr) averages and 1-hr daily maximums of pollutant levels recorded at the regulatory monitoring network. Monitor locations were also analyzed with respect to a socioeconomic status index developed by the municipal government. Hourly PM10 and O3 data for the Sao Paulo Municipality and Metropolitan Region (1999-2006) were used to evaluate heterogeneity by comparing distance between monitors with pollutants' correlations and coefficients of divergence (CODs). Both pollutants showed high correlations across monitoring sites (median = 0.8 for daily averages). CODs across sites averaged 0.20. Distance was a good predictor of CODs for PM10 (p < 0.01) but not O3, whereas distance was a good predictor of correlations for O3 (p < 0.01) but not PM10. High COD values and low temporal correlation indicate a spatially heterogeneous distribution of PM10. Ozone levels were highly correlated (r > or = 0.75), but high CODs suggest that averaging over O3 levels may obscure important spatial variations. Of municipal districts in the highest of five socioeconomic groups, 40% have > or = 1 monitor, whereas districts in the lowest two groups, representing half the population, have no monitors. Results suggest that there is a potential for exposure misclassification based on the available monitoring network and that spatial heterogeneity depends on pollutant metric (e.g., daily average vs. daily 1-hr maximum). A denser monitoring network or alternative exposure methods may be needed for epidemiological research. Findings demonstrate the importance of considering spatial heterogeneity and differential exposure misclassification by subpopulation.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Ozônio/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Brasil , Cidades , Humanos , Ozônio/normas , Material Particulado/normas , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Several significant program and policy measures have been implemented in Mexico over the past 15 yr to improve air quality. This article provides an overview of air quality management strategies in Mexico, including (1) policy initiatives such as vehicle use restrictions, air quality standards, vehicle emissions, and fuel quality standards, and (2) supporting programs including establishment of a national emission inventory, an air pollution episodes program, and the implementation of exposure and health effects studies. Trends in air pollution episodes and ambient air pollutant concentrations are described.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/normas , Poluição do Ar/prevenção & controle , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Monóxido de Carbono/análise , Monóxido de Carbono/normas , Meio Ambiente , Monitoramento Ambiental , Chumbo/análise , Chumbo/normas , México , Veículos Automotores/legislação & jurisprudência , Veículos Automotores/normas , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/análise , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/normas , Ozônio/análise , Ozônio/normas , Ozônio/toxicidade , Material Particulado/análise , Material Particulado/normas , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Dióxido de Enxofre/análise , Dióxido de Enxofre/normas , Emissões de Veículos/legislação & jurisprudência , Emissões de Veículos/prevenção & controleAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Dióxido de Enxofre/efeitos adversos , Dióxido de Enxofre/normas , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/efeitos adversos , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/normas , Monóxido de Carbono/efeitos adversos , Monóxido de Carbono/normas , Ozônio/efeitos adversos , Ozônio/normas , Limites Permissíveis de Riscos OcupacionaisAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Monóxido de Carbono/efeitos adversos , Monóxido de Carbono/normas , Ozônio/efeitos adversos , Ozônio/normas , Dióxido de Enxofre/efeitos adversos , Dióxido de Enxofre/normas , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/efeitos adversos , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/normas , Limites Permissíveis de Riscos OcupacionaisRESUMO
Se recopilaron y analizaron los datos de ozono extramuros del periodo enero-diciembre de 1994, medidos en cinco de los monitores automáticos localizados en cinco puntos de la ciudad de México. Un total de 40,941 horas fueron monitorizadas para ozono a través de los cinco monitores descritos. En 9.02 por ciento del tiempo monitorizado (n=3,691), el ozono rebasó la norma establecida de 0.115 ppm para la ciudad de México. La zona que más frecuentmente rebasó la norma y también en la que se registraron los niveles más altos de ozono fue la suroeste (estación Pedregal) con 1,059 (12.69 por ciento) horas de violación a la normal y 92 horas (1.10 por ciento) en que se presentó una mala calidad del aire (entre 201 y 300 IMECA). La zona noreste (estación Xalostoc) reportó los niveles más bajos de ozono con violaciones a la norma en sólo 4.73 por ciento del tiempo monitorizado, asimismo, en esta estación nunca se reportaron niveles incluidos en una mala calidad del aire. Se comenta sobre los efectos del ozono en la salud respiratoria