RESUMO
Contamination of water sources due to herbicide is of great concern. Clomazone is a pesticide with a high contamination potential which could possibility lixiviate to water streams. Changes caused by residual herbicide include flora modifications which are generally detrimental for some species. The lack of morphological studies performed in aquatic plants exposed to herbicide-contaminated environments has encouraged the development of our research. For the first time, we present a study that aimed to evaluate leaf injuries visible to the naked eye as well as microscopical effects which may be caused by clomazone on Pistia stratiotes. Pistia stratiotes was subjected to five concentrations of clomazone. Our analysis showed leaf injuries, especially after 15 days of clomazone application. Hormesis was observed when the water lettuce was subjected to the lower concentrations. Total leaf area showed increase following by reduction while injured until reaching the highest concentration. Although the concentrations of clomazone tested in our study are not lethal to water lettuce, such herbicide have still caused morphoanatomical damages on leaves which advocates for the use of P. stratiotes as a bioindicator of the presence of herbicides such as clomazone in water.
Assuntos
Araceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Resíduos de Praguicidas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
The ability to recover to original states after disturbances makes macroinvertebrates useful tools for assessing the impacts of pesticides. Many studies showed that direct exposure to pesticides decreases macroinvertebrate richness and alters their composition. The main objective of this study was to assess recovery patterns in macroinvertebrate communities after pesticide application in irrigated rice fields. We analyzed short-term temporal dynamics of macroinvertebrate communities after application of the herbicides bispyribac-sodium and clomazone and the insecticide chlorantraniliprole, over the rice-growing season in southern Brazil. We selected three conventional rice fields and the recovery of macroinvertebrate communities was also compared with three adjacent natural ponds. The study was developed from November 2011 to February 2012 (rice-growing season). Five macroinvertebrate collections were carried out 3, 7, 14, 38, and 60 days after pesticide application (November 25). Rice fields showed lower richness and abundance than ponds in the period immediately after pesticide application, and recovery rates in the richness of macroinvertebrate communities were more conspicuous as pesticide residuals dissipated from the fields. Macroinvertebrate community structure in rice fields also became more similar to natural ponds as pesticide traces were scarcer. However, macroinvertebrate abundance patterns were not related to pesticide concentrations in the fields. Our results supported the general hypothesis on the negative effects of pesticide application on macroinvertebrate community in irrigated rice fields, although other environmental features (e.g., length of the flooded period) also contributed to explain temporal dynamics in the macroinvertebrate communities from irrigated rice fields.
Assuntos
Irrigação Agrícola , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Invertebrados/efeitos dos fármacos , Oryza , Animais , Benzoatos/análise , Benzoatos/toxicidade , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Herbicidas/análise , Inseticidas/análise , Isoxazóis/análise , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/análise , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Pirimidinas/análise , Pirimidinas/toxicidade , ortoaminobenzoatos/análise , ortoaminobenzoatos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Clomazone is considered a potential contaminant of groundwater and is persistent in the environment. To verify the effects of clomazone in Cyprinus carpio and Rhamdia quelen, a method that combines biomarker responses into an index of "integrated biomarker response" (IBR) was used for observed biological alterations in these species. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver of carp and silver catfish decreased at both concentrations tested. However, in muscle it increased in carp at 3 mg/L and silver catfish at 6 mg/L. Protein carbonyl increased in liver (3 and 6 mg/L) and muscle (6 mg/L) of carp. In carp, superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased at 3 mg/L and catalase at 6 mg/L. In silver catfish, SOD in liver decreased at 3 mg/L. Glutathione-S-transferase increased at 3 mg/L in muscle of carp. Nonprotein thiol levels decreased at both concentrations in liver of silver catfish and muscle of carp. In silver catfish, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) decreased in brain at 6 mg/L. Nevertheless, AChE in muscle of both species increased at 3 and 6 mg/L. IBR was standardized scores of biomarker responses and was visualized using star plots. The IBR values shown that in carp there was predominantly an induction of parameters, whereas in silver catfish there was inhibition of these responses. In this way, IBR may be a practical tool for the identification of biological alterations in fish exposed to pesticides. In the present study, IBR was efficient for comparisons of fish species using clomazone. This study may serve as a base for evaluation of other pesticides in the rice field, environment, or laboratory experiment.
Assuntos
Carpas/fisiologia , Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA-D) activity and metabolic parameters of Cyprinus carpio exposed to clomazone herbicide. Fish were exposed 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg L(-1) of clomazone for 192 h. Results indicated that δ-ALA-D activity was decreased in the gills at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg L(-1). Liver glycogen increased, while muscle and gill glycogen levels decreased at 5, 10 and 20 mg L(-1). Glucose was increased in the gills and plasma. Lactate decreased in the gills and liver and increased in the muscle. Protein and amino acids levels increased in the liver and gills and decreased in the muscle. At a clomazone concentration of 20 mg L(-1), ammonia increased in the gills and muscle and decreased in the liver. The results indicated that the metabolic parameters of glycogen, lactate, protein and amino acids in liver, muscle and gills, blood glucose levels, and the enzyme δ-ALA-D in gills may be useful indicators of clomazone toxicity in carp.
Assuntos
Ácido Aminolevulínico/metabolismo , Carpas/metabolismo , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , AnimaisRESUMO
This study evaluated the influence of the clomazone herbicide (2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) contamination on the hematological parameters and histological changes in gills and liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) from Madre River, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Fish were collected between March 2010 and January 2012 at two different sites of the Madre River, one site receiving residual water (contaminated site) from rice culture (n=49) and another that do not receive residual water (reference site) (n=48). The herbicide clomazone analysis detected 3.40±1.70 µg/L in the contaminated site and 1.1±0.33 µg/L in the reference site. Fish from contaminated site showed increased (P<0.05) number of monocytes suggesting the possible defense response as a result of chronic exposure to clomazone. On the other hand, no difference was found in the hematocrit percentage, red blood cell count, total thrombocyte number, white blood cell count, lymphocytes, and neutrophils number. Fish from both sites showed histopathological changes in gills and liver, possibly caused by chronic exposure to contamination. The influence of herbicide sub doses on fish health is also discussed.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/sangue , Brânquias/patologia , Herbicidas/metabolismo , Isoxazóis/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Oxazolidinonas/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Animais , Brasil , Peixes-Gato/metabolismo , Exposição Ambiental , Brânquias/metabolismo , Hematologia , Herbicidas/análise , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Histologia , Isoxazóis/análise , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Fígado/metabolismo , Oxazolidinonas/análise , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Rios/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
The study investigated the capacity of diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2] (3.0mg/kg), on reduce the oxidative damage in liver, gills and muscle of carp and silver catfish exposed to clomazone (192h). Silver catfish exposed to clomazone showed increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) in liver and muscle and protein carbonyl in liver and gills. Furthermore, clomazone in silver catfish decrease non-protein thiols (NPSH) in liver and gills and glutathione peroxidase and ascorbic acid in liver. (PhSe)2 reversed the effects caused by clomazone in silver catfish, preventing increases in TBARS and protein carbonyl. Moreover, NPSH and ascorbic acid were increased by values near control. The results suggest that (PhSe)2 attenuated the oxidative damage induced by clomazone in silver catfish. The clomazone no caused an apparent situation of oxidative stress in carp, showing that this species is more resistant to this toxicant. Altogether, the containing (PhSe)2 diet helps fish to increase antioxidants defenses.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Derivados de Benzeno/farmacologia , Carpas/metabolismo , Peixes-Gato/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Compostos Organosselênicos/farmacologia , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Dieta , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos/metabolismo , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Especificidade da Espécie , Compostos de Sulfidrila/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
The indiscriminate use of herbicides has led to the contamination of water bodies, possibly affecting the health of aquatic biota. Therefore, to evaluate the possible effects of the clomazone-based herbicide (Gamit(®) 500) on the fish Prochilodus lineatus, juveniles were exposed for 96h to three concentrations (1, 5 and 10mgL(-1)) of clomazone, and an analysis was made of their hematological parameters: hemoglobin (Hb); hematocrit (Hct); red blood cell (RBC) count; mean corpuscular volume (MCV); mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and biochemical parameters: glutathione S-transferase (GST); catalase (CAT); glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Hct presented a significant decrease at the concentration of 10mgL(-1), while the parameters Hb, HCM and MCHC presented a significant decrease at the two higher concentrations, indicating an anemic condition. The RBC increased significantly at the lowest concentration, possibly due to the release of new red blood cells into the bloodstream in response to splenic contraction, which may occur as an adaptive response to the stressor agent. P. lineatus presented activation of the biotransformation pathway, indicated by augmented hepatic activity of the enzyme GST and hepatic activation of the antioxidant enzyme CAT at the higher concentrations. Liver GPx was significantly inhibited at the higher concentrations, which may indicate the efficient action of CAT in the elimination of H2O2 or its competition with GST for the same substrate (GSH). AChE activity in brain and muscle was inhibited at the higher concentrations, indicating the neurotoxic effects of the herbicide in the fish. The hematological and biochemical alterations led to the conclusion that the herbicide clomazone has toxic effects on the species P. lineatus, and that its presence in the environment may jeopardize the health of these animals.
Assuntos
Caraciformes/metabolismo , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Catalase/metabolismo , Índices de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análise , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologiaRESUMO
Field and laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate toxicological responses of Cyprinus carpio exposed to the commercial herbicide clomazone (500 mg l(-1)). Fish were exposed to 0.5 mg l(-1) of the formulated herbicide for 7, 30, and 90 days. Fish were exposed to clomazone in field conditions (7, 30, or 90 days trapped in submersed cages together with rice crops) and in laboratory conditions where the fish were placed in 45-l tanks with tap water only for 7 days. Fish exposed for 7, 30, or 90 days showed no alterations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity under field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, decreased muscle AChE activity was observed only after 7 days of exposure. During the same evaluation period (7 days), oxidative stress parameters changed under both field and laboratory conditions; however, metabolic parameters were altered only under field conditions. Disorders in oxidative stress parameters and metabolism were evident in different tissues up to day 90 after treatment. These overall results show that AChE activity changed only under laboratory conditions. Oxidative stress, along with metabolic parameters, may be good indicators of herbicide contamination in C. carpio under rice-field conditions.
Assuntos
Carpas/metabolismo , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Agricultura , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Oryza , Estresse Oxidativo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an in situ phytotoxicity test using alginate-immobilized algae for 60 days, in the assessment of water quality in an impacted small peri-urban stream. After laboratory optimization of algae immobilization/de-immobilization processes, the performance of immobilized/de-immobilized algae was compared to the performance of free algae in terms of specific algal growth and sensitivity. This was done by comparing 72 h EC50 values obtained with zinc and the pesticides clomazone and carbofuran. The results showed a similar performance, which allow us to conclude that immobilization for 60 days do not cause any significant alteration in algae physiology. In the field, immobilized algae were exposed at different times (2, 4 and 7 days) to water samples in both disturbed and undisturbed sites. Both laboratory and field experiments indicated that alginate-immobilized algae for 60 days were sufficiently sensitive for use in the in situ assessment of water quality.
Assuntos
Carbofurano/toxicidade , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Eucariotos/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Doce/química , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Alginatos/farmacologia , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Eucariotos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ácido Glucurônico/farmacologia , Ácidos Hexurônicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study aims to verify the effects of the clomazone concentration used in rice fields on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl and catalase activity in tissues of piava (Leporinus obtusidens). LC(50)-96h was 5.0 mg L(-1) and the fish were exposed to 1/10 of LC(50)-96 h: 0.5 mg L(-1) of clomazone for 96 and 192h. The same parameters were also assayed after a recovery period of 192 h in clean water. AChE activity was reduced only in the brain and heart of fish exposed for 96 h. AChE activity was decreased in the brain, muscle and heart tissues after 192 h of exposure. After 192 h of recovery period, AChE activity remained diminished in brain and muscle and showed a decrease in eye. However, after 192 h of recovery, AChE activity in heart was recovered. Fish showed increased TBARS levels in brain at all experimental periods. TBARS levels decreased in liver and muscle tissues after 192 h of exposure. The increase in muscle TBARS persisted in fish transferred to clean water. Protein carbonyl in the liver was increased in all periods studied including the recovery period. Catalase activity was reduced during all periods. The present study demonstrates the occurrence of disorders in AChE, TBARS, protein carbonyl and catalase activity in piava. The results also show changes in fish after exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of clomazone. Most effects observed persisted after the recovery period. Thus, these parameters may be used to monitor clomazone toxicity in fish.
Assuntos
Peixes/metabolismo , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Catalase/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos/metabolismo , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
The effects of the herbicide, clomazone, on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase and TBARS formation in teleost fish (Rhamdia quelen) were studied. The fish were exposed to 0.5 or 1.0 mg L(-1) of clomazone for 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 h. After 192 h of exposure period, fish were transferred to clean water and kept in the same for 192 h to study the recovery response. Same parameters as that of exposure period were assayed after 96 and 192 h of recovery period. Specific AChE activity was reduced in the brain and muscle after treatments, reaching a maximum inhibition of 47% in the brain and 45% in the muscle after 12h of exposure. Fish exposed to clomazone increased TBARS production in the liver for all exposure periods. The brain presented elevated TBARS levels after 12, 24 and 48 h, but after 96 and 192 h, these levels decreased. The decrease of TBARS levels persisted in brain tissue after 96 h of recovery and returned to the control value after 192 h in clean water. Catalase activity was reduced for all periods of exposure. Histological analysis showed vacuolation in the liver after herbicide exposure. Some of the alterations observed were completely restored after recovery period.
Assuntos
Peixes/fisiologia , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Acetilcolinesterase/análise , Agricultura , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Catalase/metabolismo , Feminino , Peixes/metabolismo , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Oryza , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
The effects of clomazone (0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) according to nominal concentrations used in paddy rice fields (0.4-0.7 mg/L) on protein and carbohydrate metabolism and haematological parameters were evaluated in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 h of exposure with a recovery period of 96 and 192 h. Liver glycogen increased significantly (P<0.05) in all periods and concentrations tested. The maximum glycogen increase reaches 250% after 12h of exposure. Muscle glycogen reduced significantly after 24, 48, 96 and 192 h for both clomazone concentrations (P<0.05). Significantly elevated plasma glucose values (P<0.05) and variation in glucose in the liver and muscle of exposed fish were observed. Muscle lactate levels increased after 12, 24 and 48 h of clomazone exposure (22-67%), but reduced in the liver (P<0.05). Protein levels were enhanced in the liver and white muscle, except at 96 and 192 h of exposure, whereas it increased in the plasma in the period from 48 to 96 h (P<0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were significantly elevated in the plasma (P<0.05). In the liver, ALT increased after 24 h, while AST activity was enhanced only after 12 h of exposure. Hematocrit contents were reduced after 96 and 192 h of exposure. Most of the metabolic disorders observed did not persist after the recovery period, except for the liver AST and ALT activity. Clomazone concentrations used in this study appear safe to fish, Rhamdia quelen, because overall parameters can be recovered after 96 and 192 h in clean water. ALT and AST activity may be an early biomarker of clomazone toxicity.
Assuntos
Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/efeitos dos fármacos , Peixes-Gato/metabolismo , Hematócrito , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Proteínas/metabolismo , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Animais , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Fingerlings of the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) were exposed to three herbicides widely used in rice culture in south Brazil: clomazone, quinclorac, and metsulfuron methyl. LC50 was determined and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated in brain and muscle tissue of fish exposed to different herbicide concentrations after 96h (short term). The LC50 value (nominal concentration) was 7.32 mg/L for clomazone and 395 mg/L for quinclorac, but was not obtained for metsulfuron-methyl since all fingerlings survived the highest concentration of 1200 mg/L. Brain and muscle AChE activity in unexposed fish were 17.9 and 9.08 micromol/min/g protein, respectively. Clomazone significantly inhibited AChE activity in both tissues, achieving maximal inhibition of about 83% in brain and 89% in muscle tissue. In contrast, quinclorac and metsulfuron methyl caused increases in enzyme activity in the brain (98 and 179%, respectively) and inhibitions in muscle tissue (88 and 56%, respectively). This study demonstrated short-term effects of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of rice field herbicides on AChE activity in brain and muscle tissue of silver catfish.