RESUMO
Background: Risk of falls increases as age advances. Complaints of impaired balance are very common in the elderly age group. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate whether the subjective perception of impaired balance was associated with deficits in postural control (objective analysis) in elderly community-dwelling women. Method: Static posturography was used in two groups: elderly women with (WC group) and without (NC group) complaints of impaired balance. The area, mean sway amplitude and mean speed of the center of pressure (COP) in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions were analyzed in three stances: single-leg stance, double-leg stance and tandem stance, with eyes open or closed on two different surfaces: stable (firm) and unstable (foam). A digital chronometer was activated to measure the time limit (Tlimit) in the single-leg stance. Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Mann-Whitney tests, Friedman analyses followed by post hoc Wilcoxon tests and Bonferroni corrections, and Spearman statistical tests were used in the data analysis. Differences of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The results of posturography variables revealed no differences between groups. The timed single-leg stance test revealed a shorter Tlimit in the left single-leg stance (p=0.01) in WC group compared to NC group. A negative correlation between posturography variables and Tlimit was detected. Conclusions: Posturography did not show any differences between the groups; however, the timed single-leg stance allowed the authors to observe differences in postural control performance between elderly women with and those without complaints of impaired balance. .
Assuntos
Animais , Ossos Faciais/embriologia , Microscopia Confocal/métodos , Peixe-Zebra/embriologia , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/genética , Morfogênese/genética , Morfogênese/fisiologia , Crista Neural/embriologia , Receptor alfa de Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , /genética , Imagem com Lapso de Tempo/métodos , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Peixe-Zebra/genéticaAssuntos
Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Progéria/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Cesárea , Ossos Faciais/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos Faciais/embriologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/terapia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Doenças do Prematuro/patologia , Doenças do Prematuro/terapia , Masculino , Exame Físico , Progéria/embriologia , Progéria/terapiaRESUMO
Craniofacial shape changes throughout the late prenatal and early postnatal ontogeny (32-47 weeks of gestational age) were explored. The purpose was to evaluate whether the skull follows an allometric growth pattern, as was observed in other ontogenetic periods, and to assess shape variation patterns for the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Thirty three-dimensional landmarks were registered in 54 skulls. Wire-frames were built with landmarks to observe shape variation in the following cranial components: anteroneural, midneural, posteroneural, optic, respiratory, masticatory, and alveolar. The landmark configurations were subjected to generalized Procrustes analyses, and the shape coordinates obtained were subjected to Principal Components Analyses. Multivariate regression of the shape variables (the principal components) on the size vector (the centroid size) was performed to assess allometries. Transformation grids were constructed to identify how cranial components interact across ontogeny. Results indicated that highly significant shape changes depend on size changes. Important shape variation in the vault, small variation in the cranial base, and no variation in the face were observed. Brain growth is proposed to be the major influence on craniofacial shape change, which produces a relative elongation and compression of midneural and posteroneural components. The cranial base elongates by intrinsic factors and affects position of the face. Ontogenetically, the cranial base seems to be independent with respect to brain growth, in contrast to what has been suggested in comparisons at higher taxonomic levels.
Assuntos
Anatomia Transversal , Cefalometria , Ossos Faciais/anatomia & histologia , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Ossos Faciais/embriologia , Ossos Faciais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Anatômicos , Modelos Biológicos , Morfogênese , Análise de Componente Principal , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Crânio/embriologia , Crânio/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of craniofacial asymmetries in four areas of human skulls of various age groups to test the hypothesis that there is craniofacial symmetry before the chewing habit is established. The data were obtained from 95 skulls of fetuses, infants, children, and adults, from the collection of Federal University of São Paulo. The following measurements were taken on each skull with a digital caliper: from the infraorbital foramen to the anterior nasal spine (IOF); from the greater palatine foramen to the posterior nasal spine (GPF); from the spinous foramen to the basion (SF); and from the spinous foramen to the zygomatic arch (ZA). On different occasions, each measurement was taken three times on both sides of the skull in random order. The mean of the right-side measurements were subtracted from the mean of the left-side measurements, and the differences were transformed into percentages. Comparisons were made by analysis of variance. The presence of cranial asymmetry was statistically significant throughout the whole sample. The minimum value found was 2.8% and the maximum 6.5%. All age groups presented the same degree of asymmetry of distances IOF, GPF, and SF. The group of infants presented a higher degree of asymmetry on distance ZA, followed by the groups of fetuses, children, and adults. This study confirmed statistically significant craniofacial asymmetry in fetuses and infants (before dentition). Therefore, the hypothesis that craniofacial asymmetry only appears after establishment of the chewing habit was not supported.
Assuntos
Assimetria Facial/patologia , Ossos Faciais/patologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Análise de Variância , Cefalometria , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Assimetria Facial/embriologia , Ossos Faciais/embriologia , Feto , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osso Nasal/patologia , Órbita/patologia , Palato/patologia , Base do Crânio/patologia , Osso Temporal/patologia , Zigoma/patologiaRESUMO
Growth of facial bones was studied in 30 human fetuses ranging from 14 to 35 weeks of gestation (both sexes together), investigating both bivariate and multivariate allometry with principal components analysis (PCA). Weight of the mandible, maxillae, zygomatic, palatine, vomer and both lateral masses of the ethmoid bones was measured and correlated with fetal weight. The relative order of growth rates was similar for bivariate and multivariate results. These results indicate that the growth rate of the lower face is greater than growth rates of the vomer and palatine bones, and is less than growth rates of the maxillae, zygomatic and ethmoid bones. Bivariate and multivariate results present only one significant difference: the mandible grows with positive allometry in bivariate study and with negative allometry in multivariate analysis. The analysis performed in this study provides an approximation of the biological phenomenon of growth which may be useful in the interpretation of facial growth.
Assuntos
Ossos Faciais/embriologia , Análise de Variância , Peso Corporal , Brasil , Desenvolvimento Embrionário e Fetal , Ossos Faciais/anatomia & histologia , Feto , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Mandíbula/anatomia & histologia , Mandíbula/embriologia , Maxila/anatomia & histologia , Maxila/embriologia , Análise Multivariada , Tamanho do Órgão , Palato/anatomia & histologia , Palato/embriologiaRESUMO
El síndrome malformativo de la holoprosencefalia (arrinencefalia), caracterizado por anomalías de variable severidad de cerebro y cara, es consecuencia de la morfogénesis incompleta del prosencéfalo y un déficit en el desarrollo de la línea medio-facial. En su etiopatogenia se han incriminado factores genéticos, tóxicos, metabólicos, infecciosos y parasitarios. Describimos 6 casos de autopsia estudiados en el Hospital "Dr. Adolfo Pons", IVSS, de Maracaibo, durante el período 1984-1987. La incidencia general de la malformación para 12.878 nacimientos fue de 0,04%. La edad materna promedio fue de 23 años. La serie se caracterizó por un espectro malformativo cerebro-facial proteiforme: 4 casos correspondieron a malformación cerebral severa, tipo holoprosencefalia alobar en 3 y semilobar en 1. Los encéfalos compartieron las siguientes características: falta de desarrollo de ambos hemiferios cerebrales, ausencia del cuerpo calloso, septum pellucidum y pilares anteriores del fornix, fusión de extructuras diencefálicas y aplasia olftoria. La malformación facial correspondió en 2 casos al tipo III de las categorías de DeMyer (Cebocefalia), nacidos de una misma madre en un mismo año, en otros 2 correspondió al tipo V (labio hendido lateral). Hubo un caso tipo I (ciclopia) y otro tipo IV (labio hendido media). A los casos de aplasia olfatiria (Holoprosencefalia lobar), se asociaron hidrocefalia por estenosis de acueducto de Silvio, bazo accesorio y/o fusión pancreato-esplénica, displasia suprarrenal, estenosis ureteral, vagina doble y polidactilia, anomalias que suguieren alteraciones cromosócas..
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cérebro/anormalidades , Aberrações Cromossômicas/genética , Ossos Faciais/embriologiaAssuntos
Embrião de Mamíferos/fisiologia , Ossos Faciais/embriologia , Feto/fisiologia , Suínos/fisiologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Educação em Odontologia , Embrião de Mamíferos/anatomia & histologia , Embriologia/educação , Feto/anatomia & histologia , Crescimento , Humanos , Suínos/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Most publications on maxillofacial malformation are based on their topography and terminology. The list of authors is endless in most cases there are only minor variants. Thus, we are attempting to establish the embryoclinical correlation of maxillofacial malformations produced by changes in the structures of the cephalic pole of the embryo. For such systematization we have considered the following items: 1. Changes in the frontal structure. 2. Changes in upper maxillary structures. 3. Changes in the lower maxillary or mandibular structures. 4. Pathologic associations. In each of these buttons, the structures produced or correlated with them are subsequently analyzed, the same as basic changes and clinical syndromes produced by them and resulting in an embryoclinical systematization.