RESUMO
The increasing capacity of transcriptomic analysis by high throughput sequencing has highlighted the presence of a large proportion of transcripts that do not encode proteins. In particular, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are sequences with low coding potential and conservation among species. Moreover, cumulative evidence has revealed important roles in post-transcriptional gene modulation in several taxa. In fish, the role of lncRNAs has been scarcely studied and even less so during the immune response against sea lice. In the present study we mined for lncRNAs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynkus kisutch), which are affected by the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi, evaluating the degree of sequence conservation between these two fish species and their putative roles during the infection process. Herein, Atlantic and Coho salmon were infected with 35 lice/fish and evaluated after 7 and 14 days post-infestation (dpi). For RNA sequencing, samples from skin and head kidney were collected. A total of 5658/4140 and 3678/2123 lncRNAs were identified in uninfected/infected Atlantic and Coho salmon transcriptomes, respectively. Species-specific transcription patterns were observed in exclusive lncRNAs according to the tissue analyzed. Furthermore, neighbor gene GO enrichment analysis of the top 100 highly regulated lncRNAs in Atlantic salmon showed that lncRNAs were localized near genes related to the immune response. On the other hand, in Coho salmon the highly regulated lncRNAs were localized near genes involved in tissue repair processes. This study revealed high regulation of lncRNAs closely localized to immune and tissue repair-related genes in Atlantic and Coho salmon, respectively, suggesting putative roles for lncRNAs in salmon against sea lice infestation.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/genética , Imunidade/genética , Infestações por Piolhos/genética , Oncorhynchus kisutch/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Salmo salar/genética , Transcriptoma , Animais , Copépodes/imunologia , Copépodes/fisiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Variação Genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Infestações por Piolhos/imunologia , Infestações por Piolhos/parasitologia , Oncorhynchus kisutch/imunologia , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Salmo salar/imunologia , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Cicatrização/genéticaRESUMO
Although Caligus rogercresseyi negatively impacts Chilean salmon farming, the metabolic effects of infection by this sea louse have never been completely characterized. Therefore, this study analyzed lactate responses in the plasma, as well as the liver/muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and gene expression, in Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus kisutch infested by C. rogercresseyi. The lactate responses of Atlantic and Coho salmon were modified by the ectoparasite. Both salmon species showed increasing in plasma levels, whereas enzymatic activity increased in the muscle but decreased in the liver. Gene expression was overexpressed in both Coho salmon tissues but only in the liver for Atlantic salmon. These results suggest that salmonids need more energy to adapt to infection, resulting in increased gene expression, plasma levels, and enzyme activity in the muscles. The responses differed between both salmon species and over the course of infection, suggesting potential species-specific responses to sea-lice infection.
Assuntos
Copépodes/fisiologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Animais , Chile , Ectoparasitoses/parasitologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Fígado/enzimologia , Músculos/enzimologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Aquaporins are small integral membrane proteins that function as pore channels for the transport of water and other small solutes across the cell membrane. Considering the important roles of these proteins in several biological processes, including host-parasite interactions, there has been increased research on aquaporin proteins recently. The present study expands on the knowledge of aquaporin family genes in parasitic copepods, examining diversity and expression during the ontogeny of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Furthermore, aquaporin expression was evaluated during the early infestation of Atlantic (Salmo salar) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Deep transcriptome sequencing data revealed eight full length and two partial open reading frames belonging to the aquaporin protein family. Clustering analyses with identified Caligidae sequences revealed three major clades of aquaglyceroporins (Cr-Glp), classical aquaporin channels (Cr-Bib and Cr-PripL), and unorthodox aquaporins (Cr-Aqp12-like). In silico analysis revealed differential expression of aquaporin genes between developmental stages and between sexes. Male-biased expression of Cr-Glp1_v1 and female-biased expression of Cr-Bib were further confirmed in adults by RT-qPCR. Additionally, gene expressions were measured for seven aquaporins during the early infestation stage. The majority of aquaporin genes showed significant differential transcription expressions between sea lice parasitizing different hosts, with Atlantic salmon sea lice exhibiting overall reduced expression as compared to Coho salmon. The observed differences in the regulation of aquaporin genes may reveal osmoregulatory adaptations associated with nutrient ingestion and metabolite waste export, exposing complex host-parasite relationships in C. rogercresseyi.
Assuntos
Aquagliceroporinas/genética , Copépodes/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
The transcriptomic response of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi during the infestation on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was evaluated using 27 genes related to immune response, antioxidant system and secretome. Results showed early responses of TLR/IMD signaling pathway in sea lice infesting Atlantic salmon. Overall, genes associated with oxidative stress responses were upregulated in both host species. This pattern suggests that reactive oxygen species emitted by the host as a response to the infestation, could modulate the sea louse antioxidant system. Secretome-related transcripts evidenced upregulation of trypsins and serpins, mainly associated to Atlantic salmon than coho salmon. Interestingly, cathepsins and trypsin2 were downregulated at 7 days post-infection (dpi) in coho salmon. The principal component analysis revealed an inverse time-dependent pattern based on the different responses of C. rogercresseyi infecting both salmon species. Here, Atlantic salmon strongly modulates the transcriptome responses at earlier infection stages; meanwhile coho salmon reveals a less marked modulation, increasing the transcription activity during the infection process. This study evidences transcriptome differences between two salmon host species and provides pivotal knowledge towards elaborating future control strategies.
Assuntos
Copépodes/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Transcriptoma , Animais , Interações Hospedeiro-ParasitaRESUMO
La difilobotriosis es una parasitosis intestinal causada por la infección de cestodos del genero Diphyllobothrium. En la Argentina, la Patagonia Andina es considerada una zona endémica para esta parasitosis. La infección por Diphyllobothrium latum no ha sido previamente notificada en la provincia de Mendoza; en este trabajo comunicamos un caso de esta parasitosis que fue confirmada por el análisis de las características morfológicas de los huevos eliminados con la materia fecal de un paciente infectado. Se destaca la necesidad de información y capacitación de los profesionales de la salud en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de parasitosis no endémicas.
Diphyllobothriosis is an intestinal parasitosis caused by cestodes infection of the genus Diphyllobothrium. In Argentina, the Andean Patagonia is considered an endemic area for this parasitosis. Diphyllobothrium latum infection has not been previously reported in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. We are now reporting then the first case. Diphyllobothriosis was confirmed by examination of morphologic characteristics of the eggs eliminated in the patients' feces. These results suggest the requirement of a more specific training of health workers in the diagnosis and treatment of non endemic parasitosis. We want to emphasize the need of health workers' education on diagnosis and treatment of endemic and non-endemic parasitosis.
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Difilobotríase/diagnóstico , Diphyllobothrium/isolamento & purificação , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Contagem de Ovos de ParasitasRESUMO
La difilobotriosis es una parasitosis intestinal causada por la infección de cestodos del genero Diphyllobothrium. En la Argentina, la Patagonia Andina es considerada una zona endémica para esta parasitosis. La infección por Diphyllobothrium latum no ha sido previamente notificada en la provincia de Mendoza; en este trabajo comunicamos un caso de esta parasitosis que fue confirmada por el análisis de las características morfológicas de los huevos eliminados con la materia fecal de un paciente infectado. Se destaca la necesidad de información y capacitación de los profesionales de la salud en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de parasitosis no endémicas.(AU)
Diphyllobothriosis is an intestinal parasitosis caused by cestodes infection of the genus Diphyllobothrium. In Argentina, the Andean Patagonia is considered an endemic area for this parasitosis. Diphyllobothrium latum infection has not been previously reported in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. We are now reporting then the first case. Diphyllobothriosis was confirmed by examination of morphologic characteristics of the eggs eliminated in the patients feces. These results suggest the requirement of a more specific training of health workers in the diagnosis and treatment of non endemic parasitosis. We want to emphasize the need of health workers education on diagnosis and treatment of endemic and non-endemic parasitosis.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Difilobotríase/diagnóstico , Diphyllobothrium/isolamento & purificação , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Contagem de Ovos de ParasitasRESUMO
La difilobotriosis es una parasitosis intestinal causada por la infección de cestodos del genero Diphyllobothrium. En la Argentina, la Patagonia Andina es considerada una zona endémica para esta parasitosis. La infección por Diphyllobothrium latum no ha sido previamente notificada en la provincia de Mendoza; en este trabajo comunicamos un caso de esta parasitosis que fue confirmada por el análisis de las características morfológicas de los huevos eliminados con la materia fecal de un paciente infectado. Se destaca la necesidad de información y capacitación de los profesionales de la salud en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de parasitosis no endémicas.(AU)
Diphyllobothriosis is an intestinal parasitosis caused by cestodes infection of the genus Diphyllobothrium. In Argentina, the Andean Patagonia is considered an endemic area for this parasitosis. Diphyllobothrium latum infection has not been previously reported in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. We are now reporting then the first case. Diphyllobothriosis was confirmed by examination of morphologic characteristics of the eggs eliminated in the patients feces. These results suggest the requirement of a more specific training of health workers in the diagnosis and treatment of non endemic parasitosis. We want to emphasize the need of health workers education on diagnosis and treatment of endemic and non-endemic parasitosis.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Difilobotríase/diagnóstico , Diphyllobothrium/isolamento & purificação , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Contagem de Ovos de ParasitasRESUMO
Diphyllobothriosis is an intestinal parasitosis caused by cestodes infection of the genus Diphyllobothrium. In Argentina, the Andean Patagonia is considered an endemic area for this parasitosis. Diphyllobothrium latum infection has not been previously reported in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. We are now reporting then the first case. Diphyllobothriosis was confirmed by examination of morphologic characteristics of the eggs eliminated in the patients' feces. These results suggest the requirement of a more specific training of health workers in the diagnosis and treatment of non endemic parasitosis. We want to emphasize the need of health workers' education on diagnosis and treatment of endemic and non-endemic parasitosis.
Assuntos
Difilobotríase/diagnóstico , Diphyllobothrium/isolamento & purificação , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A total of 228 salmonids (90 Oncorhynchus mykiss, 48 Oncorhynchus kisutch, and 90 Salmo salar) from 8 intensive aquaculture centers in the south of Chile were examined for endohelminths parasites between December 2008 and May 2009. The body cavities of 2 O. mykiss were infected by Diphyllobothrium sp. plerocercoids (prevalence: 6.7%, mean intensity: 1.0, mean abundance: 0.07) from the Lake Tarahuin hatchery on the south of Chiloé Island. Also, tetraphyllidean plerocercoids (prevalence: 3.3%, mean intensity: 1, mean abundance: 0.03) and fourth-stage larvae of Hysterothylacium aduncum (prevalence: 6.7%, mean intensity: 1, mean abundance 0.07) were observed in O. kisutch from a marine hatchery in Chiloé. The occurrences of Diphyllobothrium sp. in a lake and a tetraphyllidean plerocercoid from marine cultured salmonid in Chiloé are reported for first time. No muscular infection by helminths was recorded in the fish examined.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Pesqueiros , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Salmonidae/parasitologia , Animais , Infecções por Ascaridida/epidemiologia , Infecções por Ascaridida/parasitologia , Infecções por Ascaridida/veterinária , Ascaridoidea/isolamento & purificação , Cestoides/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Cestoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Cestoides/parasitologia , Infecções por Cestoides/veterinária , Chile/epidemiologia , Difilobotríase/epidemiologia , Difilobotríase/parasitologia , Difilobotríase/veterinária , Diphyllobothrium/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Água Doce , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/parasitologia , Prevalência , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Vísceras/parasitologiaRESUMO
Between may and july 1994, 17 adult returning salmons, oncorhynchus kisutch, were collected in the River Simpson, Chile. All fishes showed infection by plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium sp. in different locations: stomach, spleen, liver, mesenteries and gonads. Infection with larval cestodes of an unidentified species of phillobothriidae was determined in the intestine of seven (41,2 percent) salmons and its prevalences of infection showed significant differences between female and male salmons. The 94,4 percent of total plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium were isolated from the stomach wall. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection by diphyllobothrium sp. did not show significant differences between fishes of different sex
Assuntos
Animais , Difilobotríase/epidemiologia , Diphyllobothrium/patogenicidade , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Difilobotríase/etiologia , Diphyllobothrium/isolamento & purificação , Água Doce/parasitologia , Miíase/epidemiologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Prevalência , Plerocercoide/isolamento & purificação , Plerocercoide/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Between may and july 1994, 17 adult returning salmons, Oncorhynchus kisutch, were collected in the River Simpson, Chile. All fishes showed infection by plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium sp. in different locations: stomach, spleen, liver, mesenteries and gonads. Infection with larval cestodes of an unidentified species of Phillobothriidae was determined in the intestine of seven (41.2%) salmons and its prevalences of infection showed significant differences between female and male salmons. The 94.4% of total plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium were isolated from the stomach wall. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection by Diphyllobothrium sp. did not show significant differences between fishes of different sex.