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The aims of this survey were to determine how veterinary ophthalmologists worldwide use compounded ophthalmic drugs to treat ocular diseases, define their attitudes regarding compounding pharmacies, and identify commonly dispensed veterinary ophthalmic formulations as well as the diseases for which those preparations are most often prescribed. Respondents voluntar i ly and anonymously completed a questionnaire that was sent to a total of 1014 veterinary ophthalmologists at universities, specialty colleges, and ophthalmology associations in 24 countries. One hundred thirty (12.83%) veterinary ophthalmologists replied. Of those, 87 (66.92%) had worked in  veterinary ophthalmology for more than 10 years. Ten to 30% of their total prescriptions were compounded ophthalmic drugs, the most common of which were tacrolimus and cyclosporine for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Reported advantages of treatment with a compound included the accessibility of preparations that were not commercially available and the ability to customize formulations; reported disadvantages included brief shelf life, delivery time, and cost.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production, as well as to compare the IOP obtained with the TonoVet Plus® (rebound) with the Tono-Pen Avia® (applanation) tonometers. ANIMALS: Twenty-five Mini Lionhead rabbits (n = 50 eyes). PROCEDURE: Tear production was measured at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. by using the STT. The IOP reading was performed with the rebound tonometer, followed by the applanation tonometer, at 6:00 a.m., 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., and 6:00 p.m. Regression analysis, analysis of variance (anova) and Bland-Altman statistics were used. RESULTS: Daily tear production was 10.25 ± 3.75 mm/min, with no differences among the moments evaluated. Average daily IOP was 17.7 ± 3.08 mmHg with the TonoVet Plus® and 11.5 ± 4.56 mmHg with the Tono-Pen Avia®. IOP values were higher at the beginning and end of the day with both tonometers. CONCLUSION: The IOP values are higher with the TonoVet Plus® tonometer. The reference values of IOP and tear production obtained in this work may support the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of ocular disorders in pet Mini Lionhead rabbits.

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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a disease commonly seen in dogs that is characterized by the reduction or absence of lacrimal secretions. It can be classified as qualitative or quantitative, and both categories are able to elicit conjunctival and corneal inflammation, ocular pain, progressive corneal disease, and vision impairment. This disease's treatment is based on reestablishing and maintaining ocular surface homeostasis. Patients may benefit from different therapeutic protocols, such as the use of lacrimomimetics, that increase lacrimal stability, helping to retain ocular humidity; lacrimostimulants, that promote lacrimal secretion; fatty acids, which play a role on meibum synthesis and block pro-inflammatory cytokine genic expression; blood products, based on promotion of epithelial growth factors; and stem cells, due to their self-renewing capabilities. Stable cases may benefit from the use of steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the control of clinical signs. Refractory cases may eventually benefit from surgical therapies, which include techniques for parotid duct transposition, gland transplants, and lacrimal puncta occlusion.

A ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) é uma doença comumente observada em cães caracterizada pela ausência ou redução das secreções lacrimais. Pode ser classificada como qualitativa ou quantitativa, sendo que ambas as categorias são capazes de desencadear inflamação da conjuntiva e da córnea, dor ocular, doença corneana progressiva e redução da visão. O tratamento desta doença é contínuo e se baseia no restabelecimento e manutenção da homeostase do sistema da superfície ocular. Os pacientes podem se beneficiar de diferentes protocolos terapêuticos, tais como o uso de lacrimomiméticos, que aumentam a estabilidade lacrimal ajudando na retenção da umidade ocular; lacrimoestimulantes para a promoção de secreção de lágrimas; ácidos graxos, que desempenham papel na síntese de meibum e bloqueiam a expressão gênica de citocinas pró-inflamatórias; produtos derivados do sangue, baseando-se nos fatores de crescimento de promoção epitelial; e células tronco, devido à sua capacidade de auto renovação. Em casos estáveis, o uso de anti-inflamatórios esteroidais ou não esteroidais pode ser benéfico no controle de sinais clínicos. Casos refratários ao tratamento podem eventualmente se beneficiar de terapias cirúrgicas, que incluem as técnicas de transposição de ducto parotídeo, transplantes glandulares e oclusão da puncta lacrimal.

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Dermacentor nitens Neumann is the most common tick species infesting horses in the main Brazilian biomes. It has a predilection to attach to horse the ears, the nasal diverticulum, perineal and perianal regions. The infestations can generate severe damage in the ears, anemia, and the tick also acts as vector of Babesia caballi (Nuttall and Strickland), the causative agent of equine babesiosis. Our study describes unusual parasitism site of D. nitens on a female cross breed horse, approximately ten years old that presented high parasitism by ticks on the perineal and perianal region, ears, and the left eye orbit region, where an enucleation process had been performed a few years earlier. To our knowledge this is the first report of D. nitens parasitism on a formerly enucleated eye orbit.

Dermacentor nitens Neumann é a espécie de carrapato mais comum infestando equinos nos principais biomas brasileiros. Tem predileção por se fixar ao cavalo nas orelhas, divertículo nasal, e nas regiões perineal e perianal. As infestações podem gerar danos severos nas orelhas, anemia, e o carrapato também atua como vetor de Babesia caballi (Nuttall and Strickland), agente causador da babesiose equina. Nosso estudo descreve um local de parasitismo incomum de D. nitens em uma égua mestiça de aproximadamente dez anos de idade, que apresentou alto parasitismo por carrapatos nas regiões perineal e perianal, orelhas e região da órbita do olho esquerdo, onde havia sido realizado processo de enucleação alguns anos anteriores. Para o nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro relato de parasitismo de D. nitens em uma órbita ocular anteriormente enucleada.

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In this study, clinical, parasitological and histopathological findings of thirteen kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) found infected with eyeflukes in Brazil are presented. Parasites detected in the ventral conjunctival fornix were identified as Philophthalmus lachrymosus [mean intensity of infection: 16 (5-36) worms/bird]. Eleven birds (85%) presented signs of systemic disease, such as emaciation, dehydration and depressed consciousness. Conjunctival hyperemia was observed in 22 eyes (85%). Keratitis, corneal ulcers, corneal abscess and chemosis were also detected in some eyes (4-8%). Histopathologic lesions, likely due to the parasite attachment to the conjunctiva, were found in the eyes of one infected bird that died from unrelated causes. Philophthalmosis by P. lachrymosus is here reported as a clinically relevant eye disease in kelp gulls.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe ophthalmic examination and diagnostic values for Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal horizontal diameter (CHD), palpebral fissure length (PFL), fundoscopy, and palpebral conjunctiva microbiota from healthy giant anteaters. ANIMALS STUDIED: Twelve giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), 11 adults and one juvenile, five males and seven females. PROCEDURES: The animals were submitted to general anesthesia and ophthalmic evaluation with portable slit-lamp biomicroscope, Finoff transilluminator, and fundoscopy, as well as STT, bacterial culture from palpebral conjunctiva, rebound tonometry IOP, and measurement of PFL and CHD. Data compiled were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. RESULTS: The results (mean ± standard deviation) were as follows: STT 8.04 ± 6.21 mm/min; IOP 10.92 ± 2.45 mmHg; PFL 0.75 ± 0.11 cm; CHD 0.96 ± 0.10 cm. Out of the 24 eyes swab samples for bacterial culture, 17 were positive, with three genera of Gram-positive bacteria identified Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus sp., and Corynebacterium sp. Gram-negative bacteria were not isolated from any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: As conservation work in this vulnerable species continues, this report on basic ophthalmic examination and diagnostic parameters will be helpful improve their treatment and care. More ophthalmic studies are encouraged in animals within the Pilosa order.

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Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese form of therapy that involves needle stimulation of specific points on the body for therapeutic and homeostatic effects. In ophthalmology, acupuncture helps as a conventional or adjuvant therapy for numerous eye disorders, including myopia, strabismus, dry eye, and cataracts. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of acupuncture on tear production (TP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses. Ten healthy horses, females and males with ages varying between eight months and nine years, were used. Schirmers I test and applanation tonometry were used to evaluate the basal TP and IOP of both eyes. The measurements were taken immediately before (T10) the insertion of the needles and 5 (T5), 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) minutes and 24 (T24) hours after a 20-minute acupuncture session. Mean values of both eyes were analyzed over time. TP increased in 50% of the animals at T5, T15 and T24, in 30% at T30, and in 40% at T60, with an increase of up to 8.5 mm/min at T15 and T60. In addition, there was a significant difference between T24 and T30, with a 14.1% increase in TP at T24. Meanwhile, IOP decreased in 50% of the animals at T5 and T30, in 20% at T15, in 60% at T60, and in 70% at T24. Thus, we suggest that acupuncture is a technique that can benefit horses with diseases that alter these parameters, either alone or as an adjunct in conventional therapeutic protocols.(AU)

A acupuntura é uma terapia milenar de origem chinesa que funciona através da estimulação de pontos específicos do corpo com agulhas, visando efeitos terapêuticos e homeostáticos. Na área de oftalmologia a acupuntura tem auxiliado como terapia convencional ou adjuvante de inúmeras afecções oculares, incluindo miopia, estrabismo, olho seco, catarata, entre outras. Esse estudo teve como propósito avaliar o efeito da acupuntura no comportamento da produção lacrimal e da pressão intraocular em equinos. Utilizou-se 10 equinos hígidos, fêmeas e machos, com idades variando entre oito meses e nove anos. O teste lacrimal de Schirmer tipo I e da tonometria de aplanação foram utilizados para avaliar a produção basal de lágrima (PL) e a pressão intraocular (PIO) de ambos os olhos. As aferições foram realizadas imediatamente antes da inserção das agulhas (T0) e cinco (T5), 15 (T15), 30 (T30) e 60 (T60) minutos e 24 (T24) horas após sessão de acupuntura de 20 minutos. Os valores obtidos foram analisados quanto ao seu comportamento ao longo do tempo, utilizando-se a média dos dois olhos de cada animal. A PL aumentou em 50% dos animais em T5, T15 e T24, 30% dos animais em T30 e 40% dos animais em T60, com aumento de até 8,5 mm/min em T15 e T60. Além disso, observou-se diferença significativa entre o T24 e o T30 (p = 0,0128), com aumento de 14,1% na PL no T24. Com relação à PIO, notou-se que 50% dos animais sofreram redução na pressão em T5 e T30, 20% dos animais redução em T15, 60% dos animais em T60 e 70% dos animais apresentaram redução em T24. A estimulação dos acupontos relacionados ao sistema visual foi capaz de aumentar a produção lacrimal e diminuir a pressão intraocular em equinos sadios. Dessa maneira, sugere-se que a acupuntura é uma técnica que poderá trazer benefícios a cavalos portadores de doenças que cursam com a alteração desses parâmetros, tanto quando empregada isoladamente, como quando adjuvante a protocolos terapêuticos convencionais.(AU)

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Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese form of therapy that involves needle stimulation of specific points on the body for therapeutic and homeostatic effects. In ophthalmology, acupuncture helps as a conventional or adjuvant therapy for numerous eye disorders, including myopia, strabismus, dry eye, and cataracts. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of acupuncture on tear production (TP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses. Ten healthy horses, females and males with ages varying between eight months and nine years, were used. Schirmer’s I test and applanation tonometry were used to evaluate the basal TP and IOP of both eyes. The measurements were taken immediately before (T10) the insertion of the needles and 5 (T5), 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) minutes and 24 (T24) hours after a 20-minute acupuncture session. Mean values of both eyes were analyzed over time. TP increased in 50% of the animals at T5, T15 and T24, in 30% at T30, and in 40% at T60, with an increase of up to 8.5 mm/min at T15 and T60. In addition, there was a significant difference between T24 and T30, with a 14.1% increase in TP at T24. Meanwhile, IOP decreased in 50% of the animals at T5 and T30, in 20% at T15, in 60% at T60, and in 70% at T24. Thus, we suggest that acupuncture is a technique that can benefit horses with diseases that alter these parameters, either alone or as an adjunct in conventional therapeutic protocols.

A acupuntura é uma terapia milenar de origem chinesa que funciona através da estimulação de pontos específicos do corpo com agulhas, visando efeitos terapêuticos e homeostáticos. Na área de oftalmologia a acupuntura tem auxiliado como terapia convencional ou adjuvante de inúmeras afecções oculares, incluindo miopia, estrabismo, olho seco, catarata, entre outras. Esse estudo teve como propósito avaliar o efeito da acupuntura no comportamento da produção lacrimal e da pressão intraocular em equinos. Utilizou-se 10 equinos hígidos, fêmeas e machos, com idades variando entre oito meses e nove anos. O teste lacrimal de Schirmer tipo I e da tonometria de aplanação foram utilizados para avaliar a produção basal de lágrima (PL) e a pressão intraocular (PIO) de ambos os olhos. As aferições foram realizadas imediatamente antes da inserção das agulhas (T0) e cinco (T5), 15 (T15), 30 (T30) e 60 (T60) minutos e 24 (T24) horas após sessão de acupuntura de 20 minutos. Os valores obtidos foram analisados quanto ao seu comportamento ao longo do tempo, utilizando-se a média dos dois olhos de cada animal. A PL aumentou em 50% dos animais em T5, T15 e T24, 30% dos animais em T30 e 40% dos animais em T60, com aumento de até 8,5 mm/min em T15 e T60. Além disso, observou-se diferença significativa entre o T24 e o T30 (p = 0,0128), com aumento de 14,1% na PL no T24. Com relação à PIO, notou-se que 50% dos animais sofreram redução na pressão em T5 e T30, 20% dos animais redução em T15, 60% dos animais em T60 e 70% dos animais apresentaram redução em T24. A estimulação dos acupontos relacionados ao sistema visual foi capaz de aumentar a produção lacrimal e diminuir a pressão intraocular em equinos sadios. Dessa maneira, sugere-se que a acupuntura é uma técnica que poderá trazer benefícios a cavalos portadores de doenças que cursam com a alteração desses parâmetros, tanto quando empregada isoladamente, como quando adjuvante a protocolos terapêuticos convencionais.

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PURPOSE: To provide a descriptive investigation about relevant features of the crested caracara's eye (Caracara plancus) and bony orbit, as well as provide data for ophthalmic tests. METHODS: Morphological observations and the following diagnostic tests were performed: Schirmer tear test (STT), conjunctival flora evaluation, corneal touch threshold (CTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), B-mode ocular biometry, palpebral fissure length (PFL), and corneal diameter (CD) in 19 healthy birds, plus two macerated skulls. Not all birds were used for each test. RESULTS: STT: 7.84 ± 3.05 mm/min; CTT: 2.46 ± 1.10 cm; IOP: 19.18 ± 3.07 mmHg; CCT: 0.31 ± 0.02 mm; PFL: 13.32 ± 1.06 mm; CD: 10.26 ± 2.43 mm; Axial globe length: 1.89 ± 0.06 cm; Anterior chamber depth: 0.27 ± 0.06 cm; Lens axial length: 4.55 ± 0.06 cm; Vitreous chamber depth: 1.2 ± 0.07 cm. The most frequent conjunctival bacterial isolates were Corynebacterium sp. (10/23.8%), Staphylococcus sp. (9/21.42%), Streptococcus sp. (7/16.6%), and E. coli (7/16.66%). The large lateral part of the palatine bone likely plays a role in the ventral protection of the globe against the impact of prey. Observed results are generally reflective of increased body mass compared to other Falconiformes, with values approaching those of similar sized Accipitriformes. CONCLUSIONS: These data may help veterinarians recognize peculiar morphologic features and perform a more accurate diagnosis of eye diseases of this avian species.

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BACKGROUND: Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes granuloma formation mainly in retropharyngeal, tracheobronchial, mediastinal lymph nodes and lungs of bovines. The presence of these lesions in other tissues such as the eyeball is very rare and difficult to diagnose. This study describes macroscopic and microscopic pathological findings in a calf with ocular and meningeal tuberculosis. CASE PRESENTATION: March 2019, an eight-month-old Holstein Friesian calf was identified in a dairy farm located in central Mexico with a clinical cough, anorexia, incoordination, corneal opacity and vision loss. At necropsy, pneumonia, lymphadenitis, meningitis, and granulomatous iridocyclitis were observed. The histopathological examination revealed granulomatous lesions in lung tissue, lymph nodes, meninges and eyes with the presence of acid-fast bacilli associated with Mycobacterium spp. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes macroscopic and microscopic pathological findings of ocular tuberculosis in cattle. This report highlights the importance of considering bovine tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of corneal opacity and loss of vision in cattle.

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Ocular disease in pinnipeds under human care is well described, and intraocular pressure (IOP) can be impacted by a variety of ophthalmic conditions. Species-specific reference parameters from clinically normal animals are instrumental for understanding how ophthalmic diseases may impact ocular pressures. IOP measurements were obtained using rebound tonometry from free-ranging Peruvian fur seals (Arctocephalus australis unnamed subspecies) at Punta San Juan, Peru, over a 6-yr period (2010-2016). Retrospective data obtained from 108 (81 adults and 27 neonates comprising 69 females and 39 males) anesthetized fur seals with normal anterior segment ophthalmic examinations was included in the analysis. Differences in IOP from each eye were compared to categorical variables (age, year, sex, restraint) using an independent-samples t test. All univariate results with a significance of P < 0.05 were included in multivariate analysis. Of the 13 general linear models evaluated, the top two for both the right and the left eye included age class when all variables were evaluated simultaneously. Neonates had significantly lower IOP values than adults in both the right eye (17.5 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.0-21.1 mm Hg compared to 33.5 mm Hg; 95% CI: 31.0-36.1 mm Hg, respectively) and the left eye (18.4 mm Hg; 95% CI: 14.4-22.5 mm Hg compared to 32.3 mm Hg; 95% CI: 29.3-35.3 mm Hg, respectively). Anesthesia method was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This is the first report of normal IOP measurements for any fur seal species. Described data can be used to improve diagnosis and management of ocular alterations in pinnipeds.

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The study of skin color in cattle holds both economic and scientific interest. Several ocular diseases of cattle have been associated with low pigmentation of the eyelids, including ocular squamous cell carcinoma and infectious keratoconjunctivitis, the two most common ocular diseases affecting cattle production. Although low eyelid pigmentation is a well-known risk factor for various ocular diseases, the genetic and biological basis of this relationship is largely unknown. We investigated the transcriptome of eyelid skin in Hereford cattle using RNA-sequencing technology. Two contrasting groups were evaluated: steers that were completely pigmented and steers with no pigmentation in both eyelids. Most of the up-regulated genes in pigmented samples are directly implicated in melanogenesis and melanosome development, whereas up-regulated genes in non-pigmented samples are implicated in cancer development and the immune system, among other functions. Interestingly, network analysis comparing pigmented vs. non-pigmented samples revealed significant differences in the co-expression patterns of genes related to melanosome, pigmentation and defense response to bacteria, showing higher gene activity, greater co-expression patterns and tighter co-regulation mechanisms in pigmented samples. Overall, our findings indicate that bovine eyelid pigmentation depends on the expression of many genes involved not only in pigmentation and melanosome function but also related to inflammatory response, infection and tumoral pathways.

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Background: Pupillary membrane persistence (PMP) is a congenital abnormality, which is not usually reported in felines.It is characterized by remnants of the fetal membrane that persist as filamentous tissue across the pupil. In general, thischange does not cause any clinical signs. However, the filaments may either attach to the cornea and cause small opacitiesin it or attach to the lens and cause cataracts. In most cases, there is no visual impairment, so treatment is not required.This report aims to describe a case of PMP in a domestic cat diagnosed at the Veterinary Hospital of the State Universityof Santa Cruz (HV-UESC).Case: A two-and-a-half-year-old mixed-breed castrated male cat was brought to the HV-UESC with dermatological complaints. Upon physical examination, the animal was alert with a body temperature, heart, and respiratory rate within thenormal parameters for the feline species. The lymph nodes were non-reactive, and the coloration of the oral mucosa wasnormal. There was no ophthalmic complaint from the owner, nor any loss of visual acuity. In addition, the animal hadmoderate pruritus, redness, and alopecia in the region of the ears, head, neck, chest, and back. Bristle samples were collected for an optical microscope analysis and an infestation with lice (Felicola subrostratus) was confirmed. An endectocidecontaining selamectin (15 mg; single application every 30 days) was prescribed. During physical examination, filamentoustissue crossing from iris to iris through pupil was observed in both eyes. The eyelid, corneal, and pupillary reflexes werewithin normal ranges. An ophthalmic evaluation did not identify conjunctival hyperemia or episcleral vessel congestion,and the eyelid, corneal, and pupillary reflexes were determined to be within the normal range. A slit-lamp biomicroscopydid not detect any anterior chamber alteration besides the filamentous tissue previously mentioned...(AU)

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Background: The use of ultrasound examination in the evaluation of ophthalmopathies has been gaining more and more space within the ophthalmologic clinical routine. The hemodynamic study of ocular vascularization may anticipate future changes, aiding in the adequate establishment of therapeutic conduits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structures of the ocular bulb and to perform the hemodynamic evaluation of the flow of the external ophthalmic artery of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) correlating with healthy animals. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, 100 animals were used, of these 70 positive for CVL and 30 healthy animals, submitted to B-mode and Doppler ultrasound examination. Two-dimensional evaluation included identification of ocular changes and biometry of the following segments: axial length (M1), anterior chamber depth (M2), lens thickness (M3), lens length (M4), glass chamber depth (M5), optical disc length (M6) and optic nerve length (M7). The Doppler velocimetric evaluation included the identification and hemodynamic evaluation of the external ophthalmic artery, being measured: systolic peak velocity (SPV), final diastolic velocity (FDV), resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). Ophthalmopathies were frequent in animals with leishmaniasis in both right (91.42%) and left (29.14%) eyes, with identification of capsular cataract, lens dislocation, retinal detachment and lens rupture. No significant statistical difference (P > 0.05) was observed when comparing the biometric values between the right and left eyes of the animals with CVL, as well as for the measurements between healthy and CVL animals. Hemodynamic indexes of the flow of the external ophthalmic artery presented narrow limits for the right and left eyes of the positive animals, not statistically...

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Background: Pupillary membrane persistence (PMP) is a congenital abnormality, which is not usually reported in felines.It is characterized by remnants of the fetal membrane that persist as filamentous tissue across the pupil. In general, thischange does not cause any clinical signs. However, the filaments may either attach to the cornea and cause small opacitiesin it or attach to the lens and cause cataracts. In most cases, there is no visual impairment, so treatment is not required.This report aims to describe a case of PMP in a domestic cat diagnosed at the Veterinary Hospital of the State Universityof Santa Cruz (HV-UESC).Case: A two-and-a-half-year-old mixed-breed castrated male cat was brought to the HV-UESC with dermatological complaints. Upon physical examination, the animal was alert with a body temperature, heart, and respiratory rate within thenormal parameters for the feline species. The lymph nodes were non-reactive, and the coloration of the oral mucosa wasnormal. There was no ophthalmic complaint from the owner, nor any loss of visual acuity. In addition, the animal hadmoderate pruritus, redness, and alopecia in the region of the ears, head, neck, chest, and back. Bristle samples were collected for an optical microscope analysis and an infestation with lice (Felicola subrostratus) was confirmed. An endectocidecontaining selamectin (15 mg; single application every 30 days) was prescribed. During physical examination, filamentoustissue crossing from iris to iris through pupil was observed in both eyes. The eyelid, corneal, and pupillary reflexes werewithin normal ranges. An ophthalmic evaluation did not identify conjunctival hyperemia or episcleral vessel congestion,and the eyelid, corneal, and pupillary reflexes were determined to be within the normal range. A slit-lamp biomicroscopydid not detect any anterior chamber alteration besides the filamentous tissue previously mentioned...

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the V-Prechop nucleodissection technique in the phacoemulsification in dogs and the clinical aspects and of the specular microscopy in the postoperative period. Fourty three dogs of different breeds, males and females, aged 3 to 10 years, with mature (n=22) and immature (n=21) cataracts were used. After surgery, patients were evaluated weekly for visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and endothelial corneal cell density (by non-contact specular microscopy) and quantitative flare (by laser flare photometry) during different periods. The "V-prechop" technique presented technical difficulties in implementation in patients with a mature cataract. In selected cases of patients with an immature cataract, the technique can be employed, as the nuclei are softer, allowing confection of the linear fragments in "V" to be performed. In addition, the eyes of dogs with a mature cataract presented more intensive postoperative uveitis, probably related to the greater difficulty inconducting the "V" nucleodissection. There was decreased endothelial corneal cell density in dogs with mature and immature cataracts. This occurrence was greater in patients with a mature cataract, given the increased intraocular manipulation and surgical time due to the difficulty in performing the "V" nucleodissection. According to the results obtained, the "V-prechop" nucleodissection technique can be indicated in selective cases of dogs with an immature cataract.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade da técnica V-Prechop de nucleodissecção na facoemulsificação em cães e os aspectos clínicos e de microscopia especular no período pós-operatório. Quarenta e três cães de diferentes raças foram utilizados, machos e fêmeas, com idade entre três a dez anos e portadores de cataratas maduras (n = 22) e imaturas (n = 21). Após a cirurgia, os pacientes foram avaliados semanalmente quanto à acuidade visual, pressão intraocular e densidade celular endotelial da córnea (por microscopia especular sem contato) e quantitativo de flare (por flarefotometria a laser), em diferentes períodos. A técnica "V-prechop" revelou dificuldades técnicas em pacientes com catarata madura. Em casos selecionados de pacientes com uma catarata imatura, a técnica pode ser empregada, pois os núcleos são menos densos, o que permitiu a confecção dos fragmentos lineares em "V". Além disso, os olhos de cães com uma catarata madura apresentaram uveíte posoperatória mais intensa, provavelmente relacionada à maior dificuldade em conduzir a confecção das fraturas em "V". Houve diminuição da densidade das células corneais endoteliais cães com catarata madura e imatura. Essa ocorrência foi mais pronunciada em pacientes com uma catarata madura, devido a maior manipulação cirúrgica intraocular e tempo cirúrgico, pois houve maior dificuldade técnica em realizar a confecção dos fragmentos em "V". De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a técnica de nucleodissecção "V-prechop" pode ser indicada em casos seleconados de cães com catarata imatura.(AU)

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RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the V-Prechop nucleodissection technique in the phacoemulsification in dogs and the clinical aspects and of the specular microscopy in the postoperative period. Fourty three dogs of different breeds, males and females, aged 3 to 10 years, with mature (n=22) and immature (n=21) cataracts were used. After surgery, patients were evaluated weekly for visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and endothelial corneal cell density (by non-contact specular microscopy) and quantitative flare (by laser flare photometry) during different periods. The "V-prechop" technique presented technical difficulties in implementation in patients with a mature cataract. In selected cases of patients with an immature cataract, the technique can be employed, as the nuclei are softer, allowing confection of the linear fragments in "V" to be performed. In addition, the eyes of dogs with a mature cataract presented more intensive postoperative uveitis, probably related to the greater difficulty inconducting the "V" nucleodissection. There was decreased endothelial corneal cell density in dogs with mature and immature cataracts. This occurrence was greater in patients with a mature cataract, given the increased intraocular manipulation and surgical time due to the difficulty in performing the "V" nucleodissection. According to the results obtained, the "V-prechop" nucleodissection technique can be indicated in selective cases of dogs with an immature cataract.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade da técnica V-Prechop de nucleodissecção na facoemulsificação em cães e os aspectos clínicos e de microscopia especular no período pós-operatório. Quarenta e três cães de diferentes raças foram utilizados, machos e fêmeas, com idade entre três a dez anos e portadores de cataratas maduras (n = 22) e imaturas (n = 21). Após a cirurgia, os pacientes foram avaliados semanalmente quanto à acuidade visual, pressão intraocular e densidade celular endotelial da córnea (por microscopia especular sem contato) e quantitativo de flare (por flarefotometria a laser), em diferentes períodos. A técnica "V-prechop" revelou dificuldades técnicas em pacientes com catarata madura. Em casos selecionados de pacientes com uma catarata imatura, a técnica pode ser empregada, pois os núcleos são menos densos, o que permitiu a confecção dos fragmentos lineares em "V". Além disso, os olhos de cães com uma catarata madura apresentaram uveíte posoperatória mais intensa, provavelmente relacionada à maior dificuldade em conduzir a confecção das fraturas em "V". Houve diminuição da densidade das células corneais endoteliais cães com catarata madura e imatura. Essa ocorrência foi mais pronunciada em pacientes com uma catarata madura, devido a maior manipulação cirúrgica intraocular e tempo cirúrgico, pois houve maior dificuldade técnica em realizar a confecção dos fragmentos em "V". De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a técnica de nucleodissecção "V-prechop" pode ser indicada em casos seleconados de cães com catarata imatura.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The causes of the beaching and death of sea turtles have not been fully clarified and continue to be studied. Mild, moderate and severe lesions caused by spirorchiidiosis have been seen for decades in different organs and were recently defined as the cause of death of a loggerhead turtle. In the present study, eyes and optic nerves were analysed in green sea turtles with spirorchiidiosis and no other debilitating factors. Injuries to the optic nerve and choroid layer were described in 235 animals (90%) infected with spirorchiids. Turtles with ocular spirorchiidiosis are approximately three times more likely to be cachectic than turtles with spirorchiidiosis without ocular involvement.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A toxoplasmose é causada por um protozoário intracelular, o Toxoplasma gondii. A toxoplasmose ocular não é tão frequente em felinos, fatores iatrogênicos ou infecção como o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina e Vírus da Leucemia Felina podem reativar a infecção. A doença pode causar uveíte, não sendo um sinal patognomônico da doença de diagnóstico diferencial. Desta forma o objetivo é relatar os aspectos clínicos oculares e alterações em exames complementares manifestado em um gato doméstico. Na realização de exames oftalmológicos e complementares, foi possível detectar alterações oculares em decorrência da infecção por T. gondii. Ressalta-se a importância da toxoplasmose em felinos com sinais oculares, pois quanto mais cedo for diagnosticado, maiores são as chances de se preservar a visão.(AU)

Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The ocular toxoplasmosis is not so frequent in felines, iatrogenic factors or infection as the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukaemia Virus can reactivate the infection. The disease can cause uveitis, not being a pathognomonic sign of the disease of differential diagnosis. In this way the objective is to report the ocular clinical aspects and alterations in complementary exams manifested in a domestic cat. In the accomplishment of opthalmological and complementary examinations, it was possible to detect ocular alterations as a result of infection by T. gondii. Emphasizes the importance of toxoplasmosis in felines with ocular signs, because the earlier it is diagnosed, the greater the chances of preserving the vision.(AU)

La Toxoplasmosis es causada por un protozoario intracelular, el Toxoplasma gondii. La toxoplasmosis ocular no es tan frecuente en los felinos, factores iatrogénicos o infección como el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Felina y el Leucemia Felina pueden reactivar la infección. La enfermedad puede causar uveítis, no siendo un signo patognomónico de la enfermedad de diagnóstico diferencial. De esta manera el objetivo es informar a los aparencia clinico ojo y alteraciones oculares en exámenes complementarios se manusfesrs en un gato doméstico. En la realización de exámenes oftalmológica y proyecciones complementarias, es posible detectar alteraciones ojo a consecuencia de la infección por T. gondii. Es de descatar la importancia de la toxoplasmosis en felinos con signos ojo, pues cuanto más temprano sea porque antes se diagnosticado, mayores son las posibilidades de preservarse la visión.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A toxoplasmose é causada por um protozoário intracelular, o Toxoplasma gondii. A toxoplasmose ocular não é tão frequente em felinos, fatores iatrogênicos ou infecção como o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina e Vírus da Leucemia Felina podem reativar a infecção. A doença pode causar uveíte, não sendo um sinal patognomônico da doença de diagnóstico diferencial. Desta forma o objetivo é relatar os aspectos clínicos oculares e alterações em exames complementares manifestado em um gato doméstico. Na realização de exames oftalmológicos e complementares, foi possível detectar alterações oculares em decorrência da infecção por T. gondii. Ressalta-se a importância da toxoplasmose em felinos com sinais oculares, pois quanto mais cedo for diagnosticado, maiores são as chances de se preservar a visão.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The ocular toxoplasmosis is not so frequent in felines, iatrogenic factors or infection as the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukaemia Virus can reactivate the infection. The disease can cause uveitis, not being a pathognomonic sign of the disease of differential diagnosis. In this way the objective is to report the ocular clinical aspects and alterations in complementary exams manifested in a domestic cat. In the accomplishment of opthalmological and complementary examinations, it was possible to detect ocular alterations as a result of infection by T. gondii. Emphasizes the importance of toxoplasmosis in felines with ocular signs, because the earlier it is diagnosed, the greater the chances of preserving the vision.

La Toxoplasmosis es causada por un protozoario intracelular, el Toxoplasma gondii. La toxoplasmosis ocular no es tan frecuente en los felinos, factores iatrogénicos o infección como el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Felina y el Leucemia Felina pueden reactivar la infección. La enfermedad puede causar uveítis, no siendo un signo patognomónico de la enfermedad de diagnóstico diferencial. De esta manera el objetivo es informar a los aparencia clinico ojo y alteraciones oculares en exámenes complementarios se manusfesrs en un gato doméstico. En la realización de exámenes oftalmológica y proyecciones complementarias, es posible detectar alteraciones ojo a consecuencia de la infección por T. gondii. Es de descatar la importancia de la toxoplasmosis en felinos con signos ojo, pues cuanto más temprano sea porque antes se diagnosticado, mayores son las posibilidades de preservarse la visión.

Assuntos