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Small slaughterhouses generate biowaste, which for economic reasons, is generally destined for composting. Inoculating appropriate microorganisms can improve biodegradation efficiency and mitigate odor generation during the composting process and can give rise to composts with neutral or pleasant odors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the odor intensity reduction of compost generated with and without a formulated inoculum (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris). A set of experimental data was collected and analyzed according to the German "Verein Deutscher Ingenieure" odor protocol. The results showed that adding microorganisms was effective in reducing unpleasant odors in all three composts generated from swine, cattle, and poultry slaughterhouse by-products during both summer and winter seasons. Additionally, soil odor was predominant in composts that were inoculated in the two tested seasons (i.e., summer and winter). On the other hand, composts without inoculation had odors similar to peat for swine compost, ammonia for cattle compost, and manure for poultry compost, regardless of the season tested. Overall, composting process with appropriate inoculum can help in the correct disposal of slaughterhouse wastes by transforming organic matter into composts, which can have economic and environmental value as a soil conditioner and/or fertilizer.

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A tecnologia de nanobolhas é capaz de transformar uma simples gota em milhões de pequenas bolhas, com isso, aumentando a superfície de contato e resultando na destruição de contaminantes por meio de uma rápida reação química. O sistema de nanobolhas, quando aplicado, tem grande poder de penetração, agindo rapidamente sobre a contaminação de solos ou da água graças ao seu minúsculo tamanho e à sua enorme superfície de contato. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi o de estudar e analisar a redução do odor após a aplicação da tecnologia das nanobolhas em um canal do rio Pinheiros. Dentre os objetivos específicos, destacaram-se a análise da eficiência do sistema de NB na remoção de odor e os benefícios secundários da aplicação dessa tecnologia e seu potencial tecnológico. A iniciativa de estudar o processo de nanobolhas é atribuída, principalmente, a importantes peculiaridades nas suas propriedades físicas, químicas e físico-químicas, bem como ao potencial tecnológico de utilização nas mais distintas áreas, entre as quais se incluem a flotação avançada de poluentes aquosos e aplicações na medicina, na limpeza de superfícies, na indústria da mineração, em sistemas de geração de energia, na agricultura, na aceleração do metabolismo em espécies animais e vegetais, entre outras práticas. Os métodos de geração, caracterização e aplicações das nanobolhas se constituem em áreas de pesquisas emergentes e em acelerado crescimento, especialmente nas últimas duas décadas. Os resultados obtidos com esta linha de pesquisa contribuirão para estudos que busquem uma tecnologia adicional às já estudadas e testadas para a limpeza do rio Pinheiros, pois a utilização dessa tecnologia, nos testes realizados no canal do rio Pinheiros, mostrou resultados bastante promissores, apresentando facilidades operacionais e controle dos parâmetros que influenciam na geração de gases odoríferos com baixo custo, quando comparado com o das tecnologias convencionais utilizando apenas energia, e não produtos químicos e sem geração de lodo. Mediante a aplicação da tecnologia de nanobolhas em águas poluídas, foi analisado o potencial dessas bolhas para reduzir odores, assim como a viabilização de uma diferente rota de tratamento de águas superficiais poluídas para sistemas com altas vazões, velocidades e altas concentrações de sólidos.

Nanobubbles (NB) technology can transform a single drop into millions of small bubbles, increasing the contact surface and resulting in the destruction of contaminants through a fast-chemical reaction. Due to nanobubbles tiny size, the nanobubble system has a great penetrating power and its huge contact surface acts quickly on soil or water contamination. The general objective of the present work will be to study and to analyze the smell reduction after the application of nanobubble technology in a channel of the Pinheiro River. Among the specific objectives, we would like to highlight the NB system efficiency analysis related to smell removal, as well as the secondary benefits of applying this technology and its technological potential. The initiative to study the nanobubble process is mainly attributed to important peculiarities in its physical, chemical and physicochemical properties, as well as related to the technological potential of its use in different areas, including aqueous pollutants advanced flotation, applications in medicine, surface cleaning, in the mining industry, in energy generation systems, in agriculture, in the acceleration of metabolism in animal and plant species, among others. The methods of generation, characterization, and application of nanobubbles have emerged and is growing rapidly in the research areas, mainly in the last two decades. The results obtained with this study will contribute with researchers that seek additional technologies, among those already been studied, to be tested for cleaning the Pinheiros River. The use of this technology has already been tested in the Pinheiros River Channel, showing very promising results, presenting operational facilities and control of parameters that influence the generation of odoriferous gases with low cost when compared to conventional technologies based only on energy, without the use of chemicals and without generating sludge. Through the application of nanobubble technology in polluted water, the potential of these bubbles to reduce smell will be analyzed to enable a different route of polluted surface water treatment for systems with high flow rates and high concentrations of solids.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 0.2% polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) to 0.8% metronidazole on malignant wound (MW) odor, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and pain upon application. DESIGN: A double-blinded, randomized, clinical trial. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Twenty-four patients with malodorous MWs hospitalized in a referral cancer center in Sao Paulo, Brazil, participated in the trial. METHODS: Participants were randomly allocated to treatment with 0.8% metronidazole solution (control group) or 0.2% PHMB (experimental group). Study outcomes were measured at baseline (day 0), 4 days, and 8 days. The primary end point was the odor that was measured in terms of its intensity, quality, and impact on participants during the study period. Health-related quality of life was measured with the Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index-Wounds Version (FPQLI-WV) on day 0 and on the day when odor was completely eliminated as per evaluation by the investigators. Pain intensity related to application of the control and experimental solutions was measured as a secondary outcome using a scale of 0 to 10. RESULTS: Twenty patients (83.3%) were classified as having "no wound odor" at 4 days, and 100% achieved no wound odor by day 8 (P < .001). Odor control in patients with MW significantly influenced their general HRQOL (P = .002). We found no difference in odor elimination, or HRQOL, when patients managed with PHMB were compared to those managed with metronidazole. There were no statistically significant differences over time in pain measurement between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both PHMB and metronidazole significantly reduced odor in malodorous MWs within 4 days. Neither solution was found to be more effective than the other in the magnitude of odor reduction or its effect on condition-specific HRQOL.

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This study aimed to determine the volatile profile of cashew apple fibers to verify which compounds are still present after successive washings and thus might be responsible for the undesirable remaining cashew-like aroma present in this co-product, which is used to formulate food products like vegetarian burgers and cereal bars. Fibers were obtained from cashew apple juice processing and washed five times in an expeller press. Compounds were analyzed by the headspace solid-phase micro extraction technique (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), using a DB-5 column. Sensory analysis was also performed to compare the intensity of the cashew-like aroma of the fibers with the original juice. Altogether, 80 compounds were detected, being esters and terpenes the major chemical classes. Among the identified substances, 14 were classified as odoriferous in the literature, constituting the matrix used in the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Odoriferous esters were substantially reduced, but many compounds were extracted by the strength used in the expeller press and remained until the last wash. Among them are the odoriferous compounds ethyl octanoate, γ-dodecalactone, (E)-2-decenal, copaene, and caryophyllene that may contribute for the mild but still perceptible cashew apple aroma in the fibers that have been pressed and washed five times. Development of a deodorization process should include reduction of pressing force and stop at the second wash, to save water and energy, thus reducing operational costs and contributing to process sustainability.

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CONTEXT: Malignant fungating wounds (MFW) result from cutaneous infiltration by carcinogenic cells. Fetid odor, profuse exudate, pain, and infection are common symptoms that add to the physical and psychological suffering of patients with MFW. The topical treatment of MFW remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: To collect evidence about topical treatments to control the odor of MFW. METHODS: Fourteen sources of data were used, without restriction in terms of language, period, or study design. The patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome strategy for the development of research questions yielded 334 descriptors related to oncology, MFW, topical treatments, medications, and symptoms of these lesions. Data from the abstracts of these articles were extracted by two independent researchers and decisions were reached by consensus among them. Through an analysis of these abstracts, studies that broached the topic of MFW odor were selected. These studies were analyzed in their entirety and were classified according to quality, levels of evidence, and grade of recommendation. RESULTS: Of 11,111 studies identified, 325 (2.93%) made reference to the control of some symptoms of MFW by means of topical interventions: 12.4% related to odor, 16.8% to exudate, 17.8% to bleeding, 31.0% to pain, and 22.0% to MFW-related infection. Within the 59 studies that analyzed odor control, seven were clinical trials (35%), five were case series (25%), and eight (40%) were case studies. Eleven topical treatments were identified. Topical metronidazole and Mesalt dressing yielded 2b level of evidence or B grade of recommendation. Activated carbon dressing and curcumin ointment yielded 2c level of evidence or B grade of recommendation. C and D grades of recommendation were observed for seven topical treatments: topical arsenic trioxide, essential oils, green tea extract, hydropolymer dressings, antiseptic solutions, hydrogels, and debridement enzymes. The variety of interventions and of the methodological quality of the studies did not allow for meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: Of the 59 studies of odor, 20 fulfilled all the criteria for inclusion. Few studies of high quality were found, and the principal methodological flaws were the design of the studies, the sample size, and the absence of scales to measure odor. Grade B evidence for the treatment of MFW was found with topical metronidazole, Mesalt dressing, activated carbon dressing, and curcumin ointment.

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In this work the degradation of a model odor compound (dimethyl disulfide, DMDS) using Fenton's reaction is reported. Dimethyl disulfide is present in wastewaters generated during production of poultry feather and viscera meal. Oxidation was carried out in batch reactor with temperature control. Experimental design technique was used to investigate the influence of concentration of hydrogen peroxide and Fe(2+), temperature and pH on degradation of DMDS. Control reactions using H(2)O(2) without Fe(2+) were carried out, but DMDS degradation could only reach 60% for a 0.025 mg L(-1) DMDS solution, at pH 3, 60 degrees C using 10,000 mg L(-1) H(2)O(2) in 30 min of reaction. The Fenton's reaction could effectively remove DMDS, reaching 95% degradation at pH 3, 60 degrees C, 5 mg L(-1) H(2)O(2) and 1 mg L(-1) Fe(2+) after only 10 min of contact. A kinetic study of the Fenton's reaction was carried out, varying the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, Fe(2+) and temperature.

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The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of chronic cadmium (Cd) exposure at two alkalinity levels (63 and 92 mg l(-1) CaCO(3)) on the antipredatory behavior of juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to conspecific skin extract and predator odor. At an alkalinity of 63 mg l(-1) CaCO(3), 30 days of exposure to either 4.5 or 8.0 microg l(-1) Cd impaired the catfish's antipredatory response to alarm cues. However, silver catfish exposed to 4.5 microg l(-1) Cd at an alkalinity of 92 mg l(-1) CaCO(3) responded to skin extract and predator odor. In catfish exposed to 8.0 microg l(-1) Cd at the same alkalinity, only the number of feeding bites decreased, and this occurred only for specimens exposed to predator odor. Our results show that higher alkalinity protected against the deleterious effects of Cd on alarm cue detection but only in the larvae exposed to the lowest waterborne Cd level.

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Introdução: A hiperidrose axilar primária e a bromohidrose são problemas comuns que levam vários pacientes a procurar atendimento médico. A remoção das glândulas sudoríparas écrinas e apócrinas da região axilar por meio de lipoaspiração superficial sob anestesia intumescente é um procedimento de pequeno porte, simples e com poucas complicações, oque pode ser observado em nosso estudo. O objetivo deste trabalho é a difusão desta técnica. Método: Vinte e cinco pacientes foram submetidos a lipoaspiração superficial da axila sobanestesia local e sedação. Resultados: Após um ano de acompanhamento pós-operatório, três pacientes apresentaram respostas regulares e dois apresentaram resultados insatisfatórios. Dentre os pacientes analisados, quatorze apresentavam bromohidrose associada e obtiveram respostas satisfatórias com redução significativa ou até mesmo desaparecimento do odor característico. Conclusão: Concluímos que o procedimento é eficaz e seguro para o tratamento de hiperidrose axilar primária e bromohidrose.

Introduction: Axillary hyperhidrosis and bromohidrosis are common problems for which many patients seek medical treatment. The removal of axillary sweat glands using liposuctionwith tumescent anesthesia in an out patient setting is a relatively short and simple procedure with few complications, as seen in this case series. The purpose of is study is to contribute for the spread of this technique. Methods: Twenty five patients were treated with axillaryliposuction under tumescent anesthesia. Results: One year after the procedure, three patients had regular results and two required additional liposuction to the same area. Those who had bromohidrosis associated presented good results with significant reduction of the odor. Conclusion: This procedure is efficient and safe when used to treat primary axillary hiperhidrosis and bromohidrosis.

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Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) represents one of the main odorant gases emitted from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and a mathematical model can be a fast and low cost tool to estimate its emission. In this work H2S emission rates in a WWTP, composed of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and an aerobic biofilter (BF), are estimated using four mathematical models available in the literature (AP-42, GPC, TOXCHEM + and WATER8). The results show that the GPC model leads to the best agreement with the experimental data, except for the biofilter due to its lack of capability to include biodegradation as a H2S removal process. On the other hand, the AP-42 and WATER8 models showed a slightly better ability to predict H2S removal in the biofilter than the TOXCHEM + model, as all models underestimate the H2S concentration decay.

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There are few studies in the literature that have aimed at characterizing the physical, chemical, and microbial aspects of scum produced in UASB reactors. In addition, there is little information on the influence of operational conditions of UASB reactors on scum formation, and the present work addresses these issues. Three demo-scale UASB reactors, fed on domestic wastewater, were employed to monitor the formation and its characteristics. Scum production was periodically assessed during different operational phases, and its characterization involved analyses of BOD, COD, solids, sulfide, sulfate, microscopic observations, as well as biodegradability tests. The results show that the scum formed was physically, chemically, and microscopically similar in both geminated reactors, being comprised mainly of organic material of low biodegradability. Several bacterial morphotypes, mainly filaments and rods, with internal sulfur granules, were observed, and the aerobic microorganisms that developed at the scum layer as a result of photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria, seemed to play an important role in sulfide removal and odour control. Scum production rates were similar in both reactors, but the imposed higher upflow velocities resulted in a higher production rate and in a reduced biodegradability of the scum.

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This paper presents the results of a proposed intervention to deal with the odor problems of a sewage treatment works (STW), which is located near a populated area. The STW consists of a facultative pond. Since this pond functions under close to anaerobic conditions, unpleasant odors are emitted. In this respect, two possible ways to deodorize the pond were evaluated. Firstly, the recirculation of effluent using 1/6 of the flow stream followed by aeration of the pond with a reduced power aerator. In order to study the efficiencies of the deodorization methodologies chemical analyses of the gases NH3 and H2S, olfactometric analyses and evaluation of the environmental perception of the population in relation to the odors originating from the STW, were carried out for each experimental situation. The results showed a significant reduction in odors when aeration with reduced power equipment was utilized in combination with recirculation of effluent in the pond. Reductions in emissions of H2S from 0.1345 mg/m3 to 0.0083 mg/m3 and of NH3 from 0.021 mg/m3 to 0.0073 mg/m3 were obtained. To analyze the behavior of the pond, its planktonic community was investigated, with a difference in species for the situations with and without odor being observed.

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Archeological diggings in household garbage deposits from nineteenth-century Rio have uncovered an abundance of equipment used in the elimination of fecal material and phlegm. These findings formed the basis for an analysis and interpretation of the era's attitudes regarding body fluids, as adopted when the mentalities of the new 'bourgeois' segments - then undergoing a process of rise and consolidation - were impregnated by Hippocratic humoralism. The text shows how the introduction of a 'body order' was fundamental in building and keeping the social order in the nineteenth century. It likewise shows how the ideology of hygienization was one of the most important and efficacious strategies for underpinning the bourgeoisie's (victorious) project to achieve hegemony.

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