RESUMO
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by filamentous fungi with high impact Lactic acid bacteria; in food safety due to its toxicity. In the last decade, the presence of OTA was widely reported in different foods. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum CRL 778 to control growth and OTA production by Aspergillus (A.) niger 13D strain, at different water activity (a w) values (0.955, 0.964, 0.971, 0.982, and 0.995) was determined in vitro. Both parame ters were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by the lactobacilli and the effect depended on a w. Greatest growth rate inhibition (46.9%) was obtained at a w = 0.995, which is the most suitable value for growth and production of antifungal metabolites (lactic acid, acetic acid, phenyllac-tic and hydroxyl-phenyllactic acids) by L. plantarum CRL 778. Besides, morphological changes and inhibition of melanin synthesis were observed in colonies of A. niger 13D in presence of L. plantarum CRL 778 at a w ranged between 0.971 and 0.995. In addition, maximum reduction (90%) of OTA production took place at a w = 0.971, while inhibition of fungi growth was more evident at a w =0.995. These findings suggest that L. plantarum CRL 778 could be used for control of ochratoxigenic fungal growth and OTA contamination in different fermented foods with a w values between 0.971 and 0.995.
Ocratoxina A (OTA) es una micotoxina producida por hongos filamentosos con un alto impacto en la seguridad alimentaria debido a su toxicidad. En la última década se ha reportado ampliamente a nivel mundial, la presencia de OTA en diversos alimentos. En este estudio se evaluó in vitro, la capacidad de Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum CRL 778 de controlar el crecimiento y la producción de OTA por Aspergillus (A.) niger 13D, a diferentes valores de actividad de agua (a w): 0.955, 0.964, 0.971,0.982 y 0.995). La cepa láctica redujo significativamente (p <0.05) ambos parámetros, siendo el efecto dependiente del valor de a w. La mayor inhibición del crecimiento (46.9%) se obtuvo a a w =0.995, valor más adecuado para el crecimiento y producción de metabolitos antifúngicos (ácido láctico, ácido acético, ácidos fenil-láctico e hidroxi-fenil láctico) por la cepa láctica. Además, se observaron cambios morfológicos en las colonias de A. niger 13D, crecidas en presencia de L. plantarum CRL 778 a valores de a w de 0.971 y 0.995. El porcentaje máximo de reducción en la producción de OTA (90%) por la cepa láctica se observó a un valor de a w = 0.971, mientras la inhibición del crecimiento fúngico fue mayor cuando a w = 0.995. Estos hallazgos sugieren que L. plantarum CRL 778 podría emplearse para el control de la contaminación por hongos ocratoxigénicos en alimentos con valores de aw comprendidos entre 0.971-0.995.
Assuntos
Aspergillus niger/metabolismo , Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/análise , Aspergillus niger/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Ocratoxinas/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by filamentous fungi with high impact in food safety due to its toxicity. In the last decade, the presence of OTA was widely reported in different foods. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum CRL 778 to control growth and OTA production by Aspergillus (A.) niger 13D strain, at different water activity (aw) values (0.955, 0.964, 0.971, 0.982, and 0.995) was determined in vitro. Both parameters were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by the lactobacilli and the effect depended on aw. Greatest growth rate inhibition (46.9%) was obtained at aw=0.995, which is the most suitable value for growth and production of antifungal metabolites (lactic acid, acetic acid, phenyllactic and hydroxyl-phenyllactic acids) by L. plantarum CRL 778. Besides, morphological changes and inhibition of melanin synthesis were observed in colonies of A. niger 13D in presence of L. plantarum CRL 778 at aw ranged between 0.971 and 0.995. In addition, maximum reduction (90%) of OTA production took place at aw=0.971, while inhibition of fungi growth was more evident at aw=0.995. These findings suggest that L. plantarum CRL 778 could be used for control of ochratoxigenic fungal growth and OTA contamination in different fermented foods with aw values between 0.971 and 0.995.
Assuntos
Aspergillus niger/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aspergillus niger/metabolismo , Lactobacillus plantarum/fisiologia , Ocratoxinas/biossíntese , Lactobacillus plantarum/classificação , Ocratoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , ÁguaRESUMO
The current study was conducted to elucidate the clinical effect of ochratoxin A in Gallus gallus domesticus and to ameliorate its toxic effects by the development and characterization of highly porous carbon-based adsorbent derived from coconut shell. A series of experiments were performed on one day-old chicks (Group A to F). Clinical signs of the positive control (group B fed on 400 ppb ochratoxin A contaminated feed) included depression, diarrhea, increased water intake, low body weight, high degree of genotoxicity, swollen and hemorrhagic kidneys and liver. Serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine and urea concentration significantly increased while albumin, globulin and total proteins were found significantly low. All these lead to increased mortality. Among adsorbents treated groups, chickens in group C (0.3% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) and D (0.6% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in Ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated feed) showed very low pathological effects while group E (0.9% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) and F (1.2% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) showed normal behavior, blood biochemistry and well maintained histological structure like that in group A. As a whole, the adsorbents treated groups fed with ochratoxin A contaminated feed, supplemented with different levels of the prepared adsorbent helped to ameliorate the toxic effects of OTA and nearly showed normal clinical signs.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Recém-Nascido , Ocratoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Ocratoxinas/toxicidade , Galinhas/sangue , Desintoxicação por Sorção/veterinária , Cocos/química , Galinhas/lesões , Fosfatase Alcalina , TransferasesRESUMO
The current study was conducted to elucidate the clinical effect of ochratoxin A in Gallus gallus domesticus and to ameliorate its toxic effects by the development and characterization of highly porous carbon-based adsorbent derived from coconut shell. A series of experiments were performed on one day-old chicks (Group A to F). Clinical signs of the positive control (group B fed on 400 ppb ochratoxin A contaminated feed) included depression, diarrhea, increased water intake, low body weight, high degree of genotoxicity, swollen and hemorrhagic kidneys and liver. Serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine and urea concentration significantly increased while albumin, globulin and total proteins were found significantly low. All these lead to increased mortality. Among adsorbents treated groups, chickens in group C (0.3% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) and D (0.6% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in Ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated feed) showed very low pathological effects while group E (0.9% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) and F (1.2% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) showed normal behavior, blood biochemistry and well maintained histological structure like that in group A. As a whole, the adsorbents treated groups fed with ochratoxin A contaminated feed, supplemented with different levels of the prepared adsorbent helped to ameliorate the toxic effects of OTA and nearly showed normal clinical signs.
Assuntos
Animais , Recém-Nascido , Cocos/química , Desintoxicação por Sorção/veterinária , Galinhas/lesões , Galinhas/sangue , Ocratoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Ocratoxinas/toxicidade , Fosfatase Alcalina , TransferasesRESUMO
Devido as constantes contaminações de rações comerciais pelas micotoxinas, o presente trabalhoteve por objetivo avaliar in vitro a capacidade de dois produtos comerciais utilizados na aquicultura emadsorverem Ochratoxina A (OTA). Dois tipos de probióticos comerciais, compostos por Bacillus subtilis,Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium e Lactobacillus acidophilus (Probiótico A) e, Saccharomycescerevisiae provenientes de cervejaria (Probiótico B) foram utilizados no ensaio. Soluções em tampão fosfatosalino (PBS), com pH de 1,5 e 7,5, foram elaborados para simular o pH do estômago e intestino de tilápias doNilo (Oreochromis niloticus). As soluções de PBS foram testadas nas duas faixas de pH (1,5 e 7,5), com asconcentrações dos produtos comerciais de 0%; 25%; 50%; 75% e 100%, para uma concentração de 1.000 ng.mL-1de OTA. As concentrações de OTA foram adicionadas em microtubos para que fosse determinado a capacidadede adsorção dos probióticos utilizados neste estudo. Na detecção e quantificação de OTA, utilizou-se ametodologia de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Os resultados finais mostraram que osprobióticos A e B nas suas concentrações máximas foram capazes de adsorver OTA nas quantidades de 13,78 a76,81 e 301,48 a 317,54 (ng.mL-1), respectivamente. Os dados mostraram que os dois tipos de probióticos sãopromissores para adsorverem OTA nas condições simuladas de pH gastrointestinal de tilápias do Nilo, sendo amaior eficiência verificada para o probiótico B
Given the constant contamination of animals by feed mycotoxins, this study aimed to evaluate invitro the ability of commercial products used in aquaculture as adsorbents of ochratoxin A (OTA). Twocomercial probiotics, composed of Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium andLactobacillus acidophilus (Probiotic A) and one made of dry yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a brewery(Probiotic B) were used in the assay. Phosphate buffered saline solutions (PBS) at pH 1.5 and 7.5 wereformulated to simulate the pH of the stomach and intestine of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The PBSsolutions were tested at the two pH (1,5 and 7,5) with the probiotics concentrations of 0%; 25%; 50%; 75% and100% for a OTA concentration of 1.000 ng.mL-1. The OTA concentrations were added in microtubes forevaluation of adsorption capacity of the probiotics. The OTA detection and quantification were performed byHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The final results showed that the probiotics A and B in theirmaximum concentration were capable of adsorbing OTA in amounts from 13.78 to 76.81 and from 301.48 to317.54 (ng.mL-1), respectively. The data showed that this two probiotics were very promissimg at adsorbingOTA under simulated gastrointestinal conditions of pH of tilapias, being more efficient the probiotic B
Assuntos
Animais , Adsorção , Ciclídeos/fisiologia , Ocratoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Probióticos , Bacillus subtilis/química , Bifidobacterium/química , Cromatografia/veterinária , Enterococcus faecium/química , Fermento Seco/química , Lactobacillus acidophilus/química , Micotoxinas/análise , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/químicaRESUMO
Devido as constantes contaminações de rações comerciais pelas micotoxinas, o presente trabalhoteve por objetivo avaliar in vitro a capacidade de dois produtos comerciais utilizados na aquicultura emadsorverem Ochratoxina A (OTA). Dois tipos de probióticos comerciais, compostos por Bacillus subtilis,Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium e Lactobacillus acidophilus (Probiótico A) e, Saccharomycescerevisiae provenientes de cervejaria (Probiótico B) foram utilizados no ensaio. Soluções em tampão fosfatosalino (PBS), com pH de 1,5 e 7,5, foram elaborados para simular o pH do estômago e intestino de tilápias doNilo (Oreochromis niloticus). As soluções de PBS foram testadas nas duas faixas de pH (1,5 e 7,5), com asconcentrações dos produtos comerciais de 0%; 25%; 50%; 75% e 100%, para uma concentração de 1.000 ng.mL-1de OTA. As concentrações de OTA foram adicionadas em microtubos para que fosse determinado a capacidadede adsorção dos probióticos utilizados neste estudo. Na detecção e quantificação de OTA, utilizou-se ametodologia de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Os resultados finais mostraram que osprobióticos A e B nas suas concentrações máximas foram capazes de adsorver OTA nas quantidades de 13,78 a76,81 e 301,48 a 317,54 (ng.mL-1), respectivamente. Os dados mostraram que os dois tipos de probióticos sãopromissores para adsorverem OTA nas condições simuladas de pH gastrointestinal de tilápias do Nilo, sendo amaior eficiência verificada para o probiótico B(AU)
Given the constant contamination of animals by feed mycotoxins, this study aimed to evaluate invitro the ability of commercial products used in aquaculture as adsorbents of ochratoxin A (OTA). Twocomercial probiotics, composed of Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium andLactobacillus acidophilus (Probiotic A) and one made of dry yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a brewery(Probiotic B) were used in the assay. Phosphate buffered saline solutions (PBS) at pH 1.5 and 7.5 wereformulated to simulate the pH of the stomach and intestine of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The PBSsolutions were tested at the two pH (1,5 and 7,5) with the probiotics concentrations of 0%; 25%; 50%; 75% and100% for a OTA concentration of 1.000 ng.mL-1. The OTA concentrations were added in microtubes forevaluation of adsorption capacity of the probiotics. The OTA detection and quantification were performed byHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The final results showed that the probiotics A and B in theirmaximum concentration were capable of adsorbing OTA in amounts from 13.78 to 76.81 and from 301.48 to317.54 (ng.mL-1), respectively. The data showed that this two probiotics were very promissimg at adsorbingOTA under simulated gastrointestinal conditions of pH of tilapias, being more efficient the probiotic B(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Adsorção , Probióticos , Ocratoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Ciclídeos/fisiologia , Micotoxinas/análise , Cromatografia/veterinária , Bacillus subtilis/química , Bifidobacterium/química , Enterococcus faecium/química , Lactobacillus acidophilus/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Fermento Seco/químicaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate, on the histology of the bursa of Fabricius, liver and kidneys, and on the humoral immune response of broilers vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus. The exposure of birds to 2 p.p.m. ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate, reduced their humoral immune response and the number of mitotic cells in the bursa. The relative weight of the livers of the birds exposed to this toxin was increased and, microscopically, there was hepatocyte vacuolation and megalocytosis with accompanying hyperplasia of the biliary epithelium. The kidneys showed hypertrophy of the renal proximal tubular epithelium, with thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Aluminosilicate did not ameliorate the deleterious effects of the ochratoxin.