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The Argentine neuropsychological school is born of the hand of the European school and is part of the beginning of the Experimental Psychology. In 1896 Horacio Pinero creates the first Department of Psychology at the University of Buenos Aires and in 1898 the first laboratory of Experimental Psychology is annexed. Jose Ingeniero, psychiatrist, neurologist, politician and above all sociologist publishes in France his work about the musical aphasia, the first neuropsychological work with international significance. In the same redeems to Charcot instead of to Knoblauch like the first one to describe the amusias, it speaks of an intelligence instead of a musical language and proposes a new classification and a methodology of assessment with a neurological-psychiatric integrative perspective. This article gave rise to this book in French on the musical language and its hysterical alterations awarded by the Academy of Medicine of Paris.

TITLE: Jose Ingenieros y las amusias, sobre los origenes de la neuropsicologia argentina.La escuela neuropsicologica argentina nace de la mano de la escuela europea y forma parte del inicio de la psicologia experimental. En 1896, Horacio Pinero crea la primera catedra de psicologia de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, y en 1898 se anexa el primer laboratorio de psicologia experimental. Jose Ingenieros, psiquiatra, neurologo, politico y, sobre todo, sociologo publica en Francia su trabajo sobre afasias musicales, el primer estudio neuropsicologico argentino con trascendencia internacional. En el redime a Charcot y no a Knoblauch como el primero en describir la amusia, habla de una inteligencia y no de un lenguaje musical, y propone una clasificacion y una metodologia de evaluacion con una perspectiva integradora neurologica-psiquiatrica. Este articulo dio origen a su libro en frances sobre el lenguaje musical y sus alteraciones histericas, premiado por la Academia de Medicina de Paris.

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The psychologist, Alfred Binet, who worked under the supervision of Prof. Charcot at the end of the 19th century, made several important contributions to neuropsychology, in partnership with Théodore Simon. Most notable among these was the development of intelligence testing scales.

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ABSTRACT The psychologist, Alfred Binet, who worked under the supervision of Prof. Charcot at the end of the 19th century, made several important contributions to neuropsychology, in partnership with Théodore Simon. Most notable among these was the development of intelligence testing scales.

RESUMO Alfred Binet, psicólogo, que trabalhou sob a supervisão do professor Charcot, no final do século XIX, tem várias importantes contribuições na área de neuro-psicologia, particularmente a criação de escalas com testes de inteligência, com a participação de Théodore Simon.

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The first step from the neuropsychology in Argentina was in 1883 with the thesis of Antonio Piñeiro about the brain localization of the language and vision disorders, only few years after Broca. The aim of this work has been to describe the development of the neuropsychology in Argentina and its relation with the psychology, neurology and psychiatry. The first period was into the neurology with its French school in?uence. In 1907, Jose Ingeniero published in French his book about "amusia", Cristofredo Jakob the "folia neurobiologica" where he described the organization of the human brain, Vicente Dimitri in 1933 his book "aphasia" and Bernardo de Quiros in 1959 his works about dyslexia. The psychiatry at the hospices with the German influence from Jakob developed to the modern neuropsychiatry with Juan Carlos Goldar. The argentine school of psychology by the holism and the psychoanalysis influence do not accept the neuropsychology until 1960 where was included at the school of psychology from the university of Buenos Aires (UBA) with the first linguistics works of Juan Azcoaga. At the 80, began the North American influence of the neurology with authors like Carlos Mangone (dementia), Ramon Leiguarda (apraxia), Sergio Starkstein (depression and apathy) and Ricardo Allegri (memory and Alzheimer). In 1982 the Argentine Neuropsychological Society was founded and in 1987 was the working group of dementia from the Argentine Neurological Society. At this moment, Aldo Ferreres organized the chair of neuropsychology at the school of psychology (UBA). Nowadays, the growing as discipline is in context of the psychology, neurology and psychiatry in the way of the recent cognitive neurosciences.

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Desde a antiguidade, o pensamento científico evoluiu em fases e este artigo faz uma análise histórica sucinta sobre o avanço do conhecimento neuroanatômico. Assim, foi feita uma análise temporal que não somente permite uma descrição dessa evolução, bem como esclarece o modo e a profundidade com que as estruturas foram sendo compreendidas. A descrição das descobertas neuroanatômicas subdividida em quatro fases temporais distintas permitiu compreender a evolução do pensamento neurológico e as correlações existentes entre os relatos.

Since ancient times, the scientific thinking evolved in stages, and thisarticle is a brief historical analysis of the progress of the neuroanatomical knowledge. Consequently, a temporal analysis not only provides a description of this evolution, as explained by the manner and depth with which the structures were being understood. The description of the neuroanatomical finfings subdivided into four distinct temporal phases allowed to understand the evolution of neurological thought and the correlations between the reports.

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O advento das neurociências possibilitou a criação de modelos de interpretação das atividades mentais, e os conhecimentos alcançados com o auxílio das novas tecnologias têm redefinidoconceitos e concepções sobre o ser humano. Nesse contexto, o estudo das relações entre o substrato neurológico e as funções psicológicas superiores é objeto da neuropsicologia. O desenvolvimento teórico e prático da neuropsicologia é ensejo para uma abordagem epistemológica, tendo em vista os diferentes modelos científicos construídos. Na apresentação dos fundamentos científicos da neuropsicologia será definida a noção de ciência, a reflexão epistemológica em torno do desenvolvimento das ciências e, a partir da perspectiva histórica, a constituição da neuropsicologia como área cientifica e as demandas contemporâneas dos novos aparatos tecnológicos. A reflexão epistemológica promove o aprofundamento do pensamento neuropsicológico, despertando para a necessidade de precisão conceitual e de medidas,formação de plataformas de dados neuropsicológicos e adoção das novas tecnologias.(AU)

The advent of neuroscience has enabled the creation of models of interpretation of mental activities and knowledge achieved with the help of new technologies have redefined he conceptsand ideas about being human. In this context, the study of relations between the neurological substrate and the higher psychological functions is the object of neuropsychology. The developmentof theoretical and practical opportunity to neuropsychology is an epistemological approach, in view of the different scientific models built. In the presentation of the scientific foundationsof this system will be defined the notion of science, epistemological reflection about the development of science and from the historical perspective, the constitution of neuropsychology as a scientific area and the contemporary demands of new technological devices. The epistemological reflection promotes the deepening of thought neuropsychological awakening tothe need for accuracy and conceptual measures, training of neuropsychological data platforms and adoption of new technologies.(AU)

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O advento das neurociências possibilitou a criação de modelos de interpretação das atividades mentais, e os conhecimentos alcançados com o auxílio das novas tecnologias têm redefinidoconceitos e concepções sobre o ser humano. Nesse contexto, o estudo das relações entre o substrato neurológico e as funções psicológicas superiores é objeto da neuropsicologia. O desenvolvimento teórico e prático da neuropsicologia é ensejo para uma abordagem epistemológica, tendo em vista os diferentes modelos científicos construídos. Na apresentação dos fundamentos científicos da neuropsicologia será definida a noção de ciência, a reflexão epistemológica em torno do desenvolvimento das ciências e, a partir da perspectiva histórica, a constituição da neuropsicologia como área cientifica e as demandas contemporâneas dos novos aparatos tecnológicos. A reflexão epistemológica promove o aprofundamento do pensamento neuropsicológico, despertando para a necessidade de precisão conceitual e de medidas,formação de plataformas de dados neuropsicológicos e adoção das novas tecnologias.

The advent of neuroscience has enabled the creation of models of interpretation of mental activities and knowledge achieved with the help of new technologies have redefined he conceptsand ideas about being human. In this context, the study of relations between the neurological substrate and the higher psychological functions is the object of neuropsychology. The developmentof theoretical and practical opportunity to neuropsychology is an epistemological approach, in view of the different scientific models built. In the presentation of the scientific foundationsof this system will be defined the notion of science, epistemological reflection about the development of science and from the historical perspective, the constitution of neuropsychology as a scientific area and the contemporary demands of new technological devices. The epistemological reflection promotes the deepening of thought neuropsychological awakening tothe need for accuracy and conceptual measures, training of neuropsychological data platforms and adoption of new technologies.

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The history of Brazilian neuropsychology is traced at different neuropsycholinguistic stages with a focus on the importance of sociocultural factors. We first focus on language disorders, the sequelae of injuries in the left hemisphere, and neuropsychology restricted to the medical field in Europe, the United States, and Brazil. In the middle of the last century, attention to the interdisciplinary importance of studies on the right hemisphere began. Studies consequently emerged on the individual variability of brain function with both biological and cultural origins. Based on this approach, Brazilian studies on aphasic children and illiterate aphasic persons were disseminated internationally. In the 1970s, cognitive neuropsychology began in England, highlighting dysfunctions in reading and writing processes. The characteristics of writing systems within each language became relevant for the manifestations of acquired dyslexia. Brazilian studies showed deficits in Portuguese and Japanese writing caused by brain lesions. During this scientific journey, scientific societies and postgraduate programs in Brazil were created to facilitate exchanges and communication among young researchers. By the end of the last century and in the early 2000s, the growth of the neuropsychology of aging raised awareness of the complexity of sociocultural factors, not only on language research but also according to the level of education, frequency of reading and writing habits, school type, and interactions among these factors and biological factors, especially between the level of education and age. From this historical standpoint, we outline future directions and perspectives in the field of Brazilian neuropsychology.

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The history of Brazilian neuropsychology is traced at different neuropsycholinguistic stages with a focus on the importance of sociocultural factors. We first focus on language disorders, the sequelae of injuries in the left hemisphere, and neuropsychology restricted to the medical field in Europe, the United States, and Brazil. In the middle of the last century, attention to the interdisciplinary importance of studies on the right hemisphere began. Studies consequently emerged on the individual variability of brain function with both biological and cultural origins. Based on this approach, Brazilian studies on aphasic children and illiterate aphasic persons were disseminated internationally. In the 1970s, cognitive neuropsychology began in England, highlighting dysfunctions in reading and writing processes. The characteristics of writing systems within each language became relevant for the manifestations of acquired dyslexia. Brazilian studies showed deficits in Portuguese and Japanese writing caused by brain lesions. During this scientific journey, scientific societies and postgraduate programs in Brazil were created to facilitate exchanges and communication among young researchers. By the end of the last century and in the early 2000s, the growth of the neuropsychology of aging raised awareness of the complexity of sociocultural factors, not only on language research but also according to the level of education, frequency of reading and writing habits, school type, and interactions among these factors and biological factors, especially between the level of education and age. From this historical standpoint, we outline future directions and perspectives in the field of Brazilian neuropsychology.(AU)

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Throughout the centuries, scientific observers have endeavoured to extend their knowledge of the interrelationships between the brain and its regulatory control of human emotions and behaviour. Since the time of physicians such as Aristotle and Galen and the more recent observations of clinicians and neuropathologists such as Broca, Papez, and McLean, the field of affective neuroscience has matured to become the province of neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists. It is accepted that the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and insula participate in the majority of emotional processes. New imaging technologies and molecular biology discoveries are expanding further the frontiers of knowledge in this arena. The advancements of knowledge on the interplay between the human brain and emotions came about as the legacy of the pioneers mentioned in this field. The aim of this paper is to describe the historical evolution of the scientific understanding of interconnections between the human brain, behaviour, and emotions.

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Este artigo tem por objetivo, a partir da compreensão histórica de como o campo da Neuropsicologiase constituiu, propor diretrizes para a pesquisa em avaliação e a reabilitação neuropsicológica noBrasil. A história da Neuropsicologia é apresentada através de três grandes temáticas: hipótesecardíaca versus hipótese cerebral, localizacionismo versus holismo e funcionalismo versuscognitivismo. Estes temas influenciaram as pesquisas em Neuropsicologia e delimitaram as práticasatuais na área. O presente artigo enfoca dois temas importantes na atualidade da Neuropsicologia,especialmente no Brasil: primeiro, o tópico da avaliação neuropsicológica no contexto dodesenvolvimento humano e, segundo, a temática da reabilitação neuropsicológica em diversos grupos.O estudo sobre as diferenças no funcionamento cerebral nas diferentes faixas etárias, crianças e idososé brevemente apresentado como campo relevante para a construção teórica e prática daneuropsicologia. Finalmente, as dificuldades encontradas em implementar intervenções emreabilitação no Brasil são discutidas

The present paper aimed to briefly present a historical view of Neuropsychology and later, to proposeresearch topics in Brazil. Neuropsychology history encompassed at least three major themes: thecardiac hypothesis versus the brain hypothesis, localizationism versus holism and functionalismversus cognitivism. These themes influenced research in neuropsychology and based current practice.Furthermore, two important aspects of neuropsychology are discussed: neuropsychologicalassessment in different age groups and neuropsychological rehabilitation. Major topics involved onthe study of the differences in brain functioning through life span are briefly presented and their rolein building evidence-based practice and in supporting theoretical models is showed. Finally, severaldifficulties found in adapting neuropsychological rehabilitation to the Brazilian context are discussed

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Este artigo tem por objetivo, a partir da compreensão histórica de como o campo da Neuropsicologiase constituiu, propor diretrizes para a pesquisa em avaliação e a reabilitação neuropsicológica noBrasil. A história da Neuropsicologia é apresentada através de três grandes temáticas: hipótesecardíaca versus hipótese cerebral, localizacionismo versus holismo e funcionalismo versuscognitivismo. Estes temas influenciaram as pesquisas em Neuropsicologia e delimitaram as práticasatuais na área. O presente artigo enfoca dois temas importantes na atualidade da Neuropsicologia,especialmente no Brasil: primeiro, o tópico da avaliação neuropsicológica no contexto dodesenvolvimento humano e, segundo, a temática da reabilitação neuropsicológica em diversos grupos.O estudo sobre as diferenças no funcionamento cerebral nas diferentes faixas etárias, crianças e idososé brevemente apresentado como campo relevante para a construção teórica e prática daneuropsicologia. Finalmente, as dificuldades encontradas em implementar intervenções emreabilitação no Brasil são discutidas (AU)

The present paper aimed to briefly present a historical view of Neuropsychology and later, to proposeresearch topics in Brazil. Neuropsychology history encompassed at least three major themes: thecardiac hypothesis versus the brain hypothesis, localizationism versus holism and functionalismversus cognitivism. These themes influenced research in neuropsychology and based current practice.Furthermore, two important aspects of neuropsychology are discussed: neuropsychologicalassessment in different age groups and neuropsychological rehabilitation. Major topics involved onthe study of the differences in brain functioning through life span are briefly presented and their rolein building evidence-based practice and in supporting theoretical models is showed. Finally, severaldifficulties found in adapting neuropsychological rehabilitation to the Brazilian context are discussed (AU)

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O presente artigo tem como objetivo enfocar a pesquisa na Neuropsicologia, a partir de uma revisão histórica da literatura da área, destacando os principais métodos e questões teóricas que surgiram no percurso dos estudos científicos da relação cérebro-mente. Inicialmente, pretende-se apresentar os antecedentes históricos da pesquisa em Neuropsicologia, privilegiando-se a emergência do método anátomo-clínico, no século XIX, e as escolas psicométrica e cognitivista do século XX. Neste contexto, algumas pesquisas clínicas e experimentais com estudos de caso único e estudos de grupo são privilegiadas. Uma discussão sobre as contribuições e os limites das técnicas de neuroimagem é também esboçada. Por último, uma conclusão é proposta com o intuito de integrar as reflexões tecidas ao longo do trabalho.

This article aims to focus on research in neuropsychology from a historical review of the literature highlighting the key methods and theoretical issues that have arisen in the course of scientific studies of the brain-mind relationship. Initially, we intend to present the historical background of research in neuropsychology, privileging the emergence of anatomical-clinical method in the nineteenth century, and psychometric and cognitive schools of the twentieth century. In this context, some clinical and experimental studies of a single case and group studies are emphasized. A discussion of the contributions and limitations of neuroimaging techniques is also outlined. Finally, a conclusion is proposed in order to integrate the reflections made throughout the paper.

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O presente artigo tem como objetivo enfocar a pesquisa na Neuropsicologia, a partir de uma revisão histórica da literatura da área, destacando os principais métodos e questões teóricas que surgiram no percurso dos estudos científicos da relação cérebro-mente. Inicialmente, pretende-se apresentar os antecedentes históricos da pesquisa em Neuropsicologia, privilegiando-se a emergência do método anátomo-clínico, no século XIX, e as escolas psicométrica e cognitivista do século XX. Neste contexto, algumas pesquisas clínicas e experimentais com estudos de caso único e estudos de grupo são privilegiadas. Uma discussão sobre as contribuições e os limites das técnicas de neuroimagem é também esboçada. Por último, uma conclusão é proposta com o intuito de integrar as reflexões tecidas ao longo do trabalho.(AU)

This article aims to focus on research in neuropsychology from a historical review of the literature highlighting the key methods and theoretical issues that have arisen in the course of scientific studies of the brain-mind relationship. Initially, we intend to present the historical background of research in neuropsychology, privileging the emergence of anatomical-clinical method in the nineteenth century, and psychometric and cognitive schools of the twentieth century. In this context, some clinical and experimental studies of a single case and group studies are emphasized. A discussion of the contributions and limitations of neuroimaging techniques is also outlined. Finally, a conclusion is proposed in order to integrate the reflections made throughout the paper.(AU)

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O estudo tem por objetivo discutir as bases biológicas sobre as quais se desenvolveu a neuropsicologia contemporânea, com o intuito de fornecer subsídios a educadores interessados no estudo das dificuldades e dos distúrbios de aprendizagem. Uma teoria da aprendizagem efetiva deve levar em conta os substratos anatômicos cerebrais e os mecanismos neurofisiológicos do comportamento, pois só assim o educador poderá compreender o não-aprender do aluno e, consequentemente, adotar estratégias adequadas para supera-lo.(AU)

The objective of the present review is to discuss biological bases of contemporary neuropsychology with the purpose to provide fundamental concepts to educators interested it the study of learning disabilities. An effective learning theory must consider brain and mental processes since in this only case the educator can understand why the student doesn't learn, and so can adopt adequated strategies to improve his/her cognitive rehabilitation.(AU)

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O estudo tem por objetivo discutir as bases biológicas sobre as quais se desenvolveu a neuropsicologia contemporânea, com o intuito de fornecer subsídios a educadores interessados no estudo das dificuldades e dos distúrbios de aprendizagem. Uma teoria da aprendizagem efetiva deve levar em conta os substratos anatômicos cerebrais e os mecanismos neurofisiológicos do comportamento, pois só assim o educador poderá compreender o não-aprender do aluno e, consequentemente, adotar estratégias adequadas para supera-lo.

The objective of the present review is to discuss biological bases of contemporary neuropsychology with the purpose to provide fundamental concepts to educators interested it the study of learning disabilities. An effective learning theory must consider brain and mental processes since in this only case the educator can understand why the student doesn't learn, and so can adopt adequated strategies to improve his/her cognitive rehabilitation.

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