RESUMO
The method used to sample the runoff collected from soil erosion plots can be a significant source of error. In this study, we performed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the efficiency of the runoff sampling method most commonly used in Brazil. It is based on the manual homogenization and sampling of the collected runoff. Using soil material with 583 g kg-¹ of sand and 89 g kg-¹ of clay, the manual sampling method was tested for its ability to produce representative samples of artificial suspensions with a concentration of 2, 10 and 50 g L-¹ of total solids. An underestimation of 30 % or more of the concentration of total solids was observed, with a variation of the same magnitude (CV between 20 and 45 %). We then developed a prototype sample splitter to replace the manual sampling method and tested it using the same artificial suspensions. The splitter was efficient in producing samples representative of the artificial suspensions, even without altering the particle size distribution of the total solids. Both absolute percentage errors (-< 5 %-) and the variation between five replicates (CV < 3 %) were small. The problems with the manual method are due to the inefficient homogenization that facilitates the differential sedimentation of particles of different sizes. If these problems are also found in other areas, then the prototype that we developed is a reasonable alternative.
Assuntos
Erosão do Solo/análise , Erosão do Solo/métodos , Monitoramento do SoloRESUMO
The method used to sample the runoff collected from soil erosion plots can be a significant source of error. In this study, we performed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the efficiency of the runoff sampling method most commonly used in Brazil. It is based on the manual homogenization and sampling of the collected runoff. Using soil material with 583 g kg-¹ of sand and 89 g kg-¹ of clay, the manual sampling method was tested for its ability to produce representative samples of artificial suspensions with a concentration of 2, 10 and 50 g L-¹ of total solids. An underestimation of 30 % or more of the concentration of total solids was observed, with a variation of the same magnitude (CV between 20 and 45 %). We then developed a prototype sample splitter to replace the manual sampling method and tested it using the same artificial suspensions. The splitter was efficient in producing samples representative of the artificial suspensions, even without altering the particle size distribution of the total solids. Both absolute percentage errors (|< 5 %|) and the variation between five replicates (CV < 3 %) were small. The problems with the manual method are due to the inefficient homogenization that facilitates the differential sedimentation of particles of different sizes. If these problems are also found in other areas, then the prototype that we developed is a reasonable alternative.(AU)
Assuntos
Monitoramento do Solo , Erosão do Solo/análise , Erosão do Solo/métodosRESUMO
There is an increasing interest in the application of geophysical surveys to assess the soil water content (SWC) variation in both spatial and temporal scales. In this work, a geophysical survey was carried out at an experimental farm in dry and wet conditions. We determined the SWC data measured with the gravimetric method, apparent electrical conductivity by electromagnetic induction (EMI) and amplitude of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data at different frequencies. Geophysical sensors are an efficient tool for soil mapping at high resolution; however; there is a need to improve the knowledge on their capabilities and limitations under field conditions, especially for GPR. The geophysical survey provides an example of the application of these techniques to evaluate the spatial variability of SWC in two different water conditions. The contribution of geophysical data in understanding the spatial variability of SWC was investigated applying both the traditional analysis and spatial techniques. The results indicated that the geophysical data captured the spatial variation of SWC in non-invasively way especially in dry condition. However, they also showed the complex interplay between factors controlling SWC and geophysical responses and the drawbacks of geophysical sensors under inhomogeneous water conditions. Our findings also highlighted that EMI survey provides the potential to map the SWC variability within a relatively short time. The results obtained in this research are important from the agronomical viewpoint, since they allow increasing efficiency of irrigation practices, which is important in times characterized by climate change.
Assuntos
Análise do Solo , Monitoramento do Solo , Umidade do Solo , Irrigação AgrícolaRESUMO
There is an increasing interest in the application of geophysical surveys to assess the soil water content (SWC) variation in both spatial and temporal scales. In this work, a geophysical survey was carried out at an experimental farm in dry and wet conditions. We determined the SWC data measured with the gravimetric method, apparent electrical conductivity by electromagnetic induction (EMI) and amplitude of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data at different frequencies. Geophysical sensors are an efficient tool for soil mapping at high resolution; however; there is a need to improve the knowledge on their capabilities and limitations under field conditions, especially for GPR. The geophysical survey provides an example of the application of these techniques to evaluate the spatial variability of SWC in two different water conditions. The contribution of geophysical data in understanding the spatial variability of SWC was investigated applying both the traditional analysis and spatial techniques. The results indicated that the geophysical data captured the spatial variation of SWC in non-invasively way especially in dry condition. However, they also showed the complex interplay between factors controlling SWC and geophysical responses and the drawbacks of geophysical sensors under inhomogeneous water conditions. Our findings also highlighted that EMI survey provides the potential to map the SWC variability within a relatively short time. The results obtained in this research are important from the agronomical viewpoint, since they allow increasing efficiency of irrigation practices, which is important in times characterized by climate change.(AU)
Assuntos
Análise do Solo , Monitoramento do Solo , Umidade do Solo , Irrigação AgrícolaRESUMO
Abstract The objective was to undertake the visual evaluation of soil structure in maize and forage grasses intercropping under no-tillage. The experiment was carried out in a rural property located in North Paraná State, Brazil, where there were five parallel areas with the following treatments: maize + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (T1), maize + Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã (T2), maize + Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés (T3), maize + Urochloa ruziziensis (T4), and non-intercropping maize (T5). Seeds of forage grasses were sown in April 5th, 2018 and sampling was carried out in December, 30th, 2018. Samples of 0.10 m width, 0.20 m length, and 0.25 m thickness were collected from five random locations of each experimental area and, for the visual evaluation of soil structural quality, a soil evaluation (VESS) chart was used so that visual scores were attributed to each sample. Treatments 1 and 5 received the highest scores, while treatment 3 had the lowest score and showed good structural quality and great root presence. At the superficial layer, treatment 2 had the lowest score (0.8) among treatments. For the subsuperficial layer, the scores obtained were higher than those found for the superficial layer: T3 had the lowest mean (1.5) and was significantly similar to T4 that presented a mean score of 1.7. Except for T1, which showed a similar score to non-intercropping maize (T5), the forage grasses had better visual scores. The visual evaluation of soil structure indicated that maize and forage grasses intercropping improves soil structural quality.
Assuntos
Humanos , Monitoramento do Solo , Zea mays , Poaceae , Brasil , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
Data Mining techniques play an important role in the prediction of soil spatial distribution in systematic soil surveying, though existing methodologies still lack standardization and a full understanding of their capabilities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of preprocessing procedures and supervised classification approaches for predicting map units from 1:100,000-scale conventional semi-detailed soil surveys. Sheets of the Brazilian National Cartographic System on the 1:50,000 scale, Dois Córregos (Brotas 1:100,000-scale sheet), São Pedro and Laras (Piracicaba 1:100,000-scale sheet) were used for developing models. Soil map information and predictive environmental covariates for the dataset were obtained from the semi-detailed soil survey of the state of São Paulo, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) 1:50,000-scale topographic sheets and from the 1:750,000-scale geological map of the state of São Paulo. The target variable was a soil map unit of four types: local soil unit name and soil class at three hierarchical levels of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS). Different data preprocessing treatments and four algorithms all having different approaches were also tested. Results showed that composite soil map units were not adequate for the machine learning process. Class balance did not contribute to improving the performance of classifiers. Accuracy values of 78 % and a Kappa index of 0.67 were obtained after preprocessing procedures with Random Forest, the algorithm that performed best. Information from conventional map units of semi-detailed (4th order) 1:100,000 soil survey generated models with values for accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and Kappa indexes that support their use in programs for systematic soil surveying.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Geográfico , Monitoramento do Solo , Mineração de DadosRESUMO
Data Mining techniques play an important role in the prediction of soil spatial distribution in systematic soil surveying, though existing methodologies still lack standardization and a full understanding of their capabilities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of preprocessing procedures and supervised classification approaches for predicting map units from 1:100,000-scale conventional semi-detailed soil surveys. Sheets of the Brazilian National Cartographic System on the 1:50,000 scale, Dois Córregos (Brotas 1:100,000-scale sheet), São Pedro and Laras (Piracicaba 1:100,000-scale sheet) were used for developing models. Soil map information and predictive environmental covariates for the dataset were obtained from the semi-detailed soil survey of the state of São Paulo, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) 1:50,000-scale topographic sheets and from the 1:750,000-scale geological map of the state of São Paulo. The target variable was a soil map unit of four types: local soil unit name and soil class at three hierarchical levels of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS). Different data preprocessing treatments and four algorithms all having different approaches were also tested. Results showed that composite soil map units were not adequate for the machine learning process. Class balance did not contribute to improving the performance of classifiers. Accuracy values of 78 % and a Kappa index of 0.67 were obtained after preprocessing procedures with Random Forest, the algorithm that performed best. Information from conventional map units of semi-detailed (4th order) 1:100,000 soil survey generated models with values for accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and Kappa indexes that support their use in programs for systematic soil surveying.(AU)
Assuntos
Monitoramento do Solo , Mapeamento Geográfico , Mineração de DadosRESUMO
Los ciclos biogeoquímicos del fósforo (P) y del nitrógeno (N) son sistemas dinámicos que suceden a través de la biosfera, de cuyos mecanismos de transformación depende la disponibilidad de estos elementos para diferentes formas de vida. Se acepta que la diversidad y actividad de las poblaciones microbianas posee un papel crucial en la dinámica de los nutrientes y por tanto el desafío está en comprender, como responden a las condiciones ambientales. La actividad microbiana en los suelos depende tanto de la condición del recurso y como de sus propiedades químicas, físicas y biológicas. En este documento se describen conceptos que se han empleado para entender la dinámica del nitrógeno y el fósforo, con el propósito de discutir cómo las características de las diferentes fracciones orgánicas y minerales seleccionan el potencial biológico encargado del recambio de dichos elementos, panorama que actualmente se aborda a través de técnicas independientes del cultivo para estudiar las poblaciones microbianas in situ.
Biogeochemical cycles phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are dynamic systems taking place through the biosphere, whose mechanisms of transformation depends on the availability of these elements for different forms of life. It is accepted that the diversity and activity of microbial populations plays a crucial role in nutrient dynamics and therefore the challenge is to understand how they respond to environmental conditions. Microbial activity in soils depends on both the resource condition and its chemical, physical and biological properties. Concepts described herein have been used to understand the nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics, with the aim to discuss how the characteristics of the different organic and mineral fractions select the biological potential responsible for the turnover of these elements, scenario currently addressed through cultivation-independent techniques to study microbial populations in situ.
Assuntos
Ciclo do Nitrogênio , Fósforo , Ciclo do Fósforo , Características do Solo , Solo , Análise do Solo , Monitoramento do Solo , Qualidade do Solo , Critérios de Qualidade do SoloRESUMO
Objetivo: Realizou-se um estudo, no período de 2002 a 2009, com a finalidade de verificar se as mudanças nas classes de cobertura da terra e no uso do solo podem exercer influência na ocorrência da raiva, nos municípios de Jacareí e de Santa Branca, situados na Região do Vale do Paraíba, no Estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil. Métodos: A ferramenta utilizada para avaliar estas alterações foi o sensoriamento remoto, através de imagens de satélite Land-sat. Para pesquisar a presença do vírus da raiva (RABV) foram coletados animais silvestres atropelados nas rodovias, morcegos encontrados na área urbana em atitude suspeita, morcegos hematófagos da espécie Desmodus rotundus e animais de interesse econômico (ADIE) que vieram a óbito por enfermidade com sintomatologia nervosa. O material coletado, sistema nervoso central (SNC), desses animais foi encaminhado para o laboratório de referência nacional, o Instituto Pasteur de São Paulo (IP-SP) e para o Laboratório de Sanidade Animal da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA)- Pólo Regional do Vale Paraíba (PRDTA/VP) - Pindamonhangaba-SP. A determinação da presença do antígeno viral foi feita através da prova de imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e o isolamento do vírus através da inoculação intracerebral em camundongos (IC). Os inóculos das amostras foram submetidos à prova de reação em cadeia pela polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para verificar a presença do vírus da raiva. Resultados: No período de estudo tivemos a ocorrência de dez casos da doença, sendo três em morcegos insetívoros na zona urbana de Jacareí, e sete em ADIE, sendo dois, em Jacareí e cinco, em Santa Branca. Todos os animais silvestres terrestres examinados foram negativos para a presença do vírus da raiva em todas as provas realizadas (IFD, IC, RT-PCR)...
Objective: This study was carried out during the period of 2002-2009, with the purpose to verify whether the changes in types of land cover and in land use can influence the occurrence of rabies in Jacareí and Santa Branca, situated in the Vale do Paraíba, State of São Paulo, southeastern brazil. Methods: The tool used to evaluate these alterations was the remote sensing through images of satellite land-sat. In order to search for the presence of rabies virus, brain materials were collected from wild animals roadkilled in highways, bats found in the urban area in suspicious attitude, desmodus rotundus hematophagous bats captured in rural areas and farm animals of economic importance (aei) dead with suspect of rabies. For rabies diagnosis, specimens of central nervous system (cns) of these animals were sent to the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo (IP-SP) - national reference laboratory and to the laboratory of animal Paulista Agency for Agribusiness Technology (APTA) - Polo Valley Regional of Paraíba (PRDTA / VP), in Pindamonhangaba, state of SP. The presence of viral antigen was determined by the direct fluorescent antibody technique (D-FAT) and the isolation of the virus by means of intracerebal mouse inoculation test (MIT). The brain suspensions were submitted to reverse transcriptase. Polymerase chain reaction to check the presence of rabies virus. Results: In the period of study, 10 positive cases were detected, being 3 in insectivorous bats in the urbane zone of jacareí, and 7 in aei, being 2 in jacareí and 5 in santa branca. All the terrestrial wild animals examined were negative for the presence of rabies virus in all tests performed (d-fat, mit, and rt-pcr)...
Assuntos
Coleta de Dados , Usos do Solo , Características de Residência , Monitoramento do Solo , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica/instrumentação , Vírus da Raiva/isolamento & purificação , Animais Domésticos , Animais Selvagens , Sensores RemotosRESUMO
El plan de Monitoreo Ambiental tiene ppor objetivo general el seguimiento del estado (cuantitativo y cualitativo) de los factores aire,agua y suelo a través de la captura sistemática y estandarizada de información para poder proponer medidas de control de los impactos ambientales.
Assuntos
Gestão Ambiental , Monitoramento da Água , Monitoramento do Solo , Bolívia , Poluição do Ar , Conceitos Meteorológicos , RuídoAssuntos
Cosméticos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Higiene , Perfumes , Tecnologia , Monitoramento do Ar , Monitoramento do Solo , Monitoramento da ÁguaRESUMO
Se determinó la incidencia de los efluentes industriales con alto contenido de metales pesados en la calidad físico-química de los sedimentos de fondo de la cuenca del Arroyo Cululú, a través del análisis de la estructura de la comunidad macrozoobentónica. En tres muestreos estacionales se estudiaron seis ambientes de la cuenca del río Salado del Norte en su tramo inferior, en los que se realizaron análisis físicos y químicos de sedimentos de fondo, análisis de densidad y riqueza de organismos, diversidad de especies y afinidad entre comunidades. Pudieron establecerse relaciones entre la estructura y composición de la comunidad macrozoobentónica, las variables ambientales estudiadas y la concentración de metales pesados (Cr T, Cr VI, Cu, Cd y Pb) en sedimentos de fondo. La comunidad del ambiente no contaminado presentó mayor densidad y un ensamble de especies diferente al de los otros ambientes. Los metales pesados actuaron como factores perturbadores, determinando que la comunidad macrozoobentónica de sitios contaminados sea diferente a la del sitio de referencia
Assuntos
Fauna Bentônica , Poluição Ambiental , Metais Pesados , Rios , Sedimentos , Monitoramento do Solo , Argentina , BiologiaRESUMO
La region del Chapare cuenta con muchos estudios edafologicos que sirvieron como base para la planificacion del uso de la tierra. A partir de los datos existentes, utilizando la geoestadistica como herramienta se identifico la variabilidad espacial real de las propiedades del suelo (ph,CICE), siguiendo el MCSV (Modelo continuo de variabilidad espacial). A partir de esa representacion se comparo con el uso actual de la tierra segun criterios edafologicos. En este sentido el tema de investigacion aplico la geoestadistica con los datos obtenidos en los levantamientos de suelos convencionales relizados en el pasado por la FAB-PRODES, IBTA/Chapare (1980) Monteith (1992-1994), y de esta forma se identifico el metodo de interpolacion mas adecuada tipo de datos que disponemos, lo que nos ayudo a representar de mejor manera la variabilidad espacial de las propiedades edaficas...
Assuntos
Características do Solo , Ecossistema Tropical , Monitoramento do SoloRESUMO
Modifica DCX 114-97 Ley del Organismo Ejecutivo, artículos: - 19, se adiciona el numeral 13, el cual establece "Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales; - 29, Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadería y Alimentación - 29, se adiciona artículo 29 bis, el cual establece, Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales - 34, literal e), regula el cumplimiento de las normas y especificaciones ambientales que en materia de recursos no renovables establezca el Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales; Modifica DCX 68-86 Ley de Protección y Mejoramiento del Medio Ambiente, artículo 2, establece que la aplicación de esta ley y sus reglamentos compete el Organismo Ejecutivo a través del Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales cuyas funciones establece la Ley del Organismo Ejecutivo; Deroga art. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 y 38. Modifica DCX 101-96 Ley Forestal, artículo 10, literales a) y h); a) El Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales quien la preside y nombrará a su suplente; h) Un representante titular y su suplente designado por el Ministro de Agricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación; Deroga AGX 35-2000. 12 Artículos
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Desequilíbrio Ecológico/legislação & jurisprudência , Equilíbrio Ecológico/legislação & jurisprudência , Meio Ambiente , Poluentes Ambientais , Poluição Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Poluentes do Solo , Poluentes da Água/administração & dosagem , Monitoramento do Solo , Recursos Naturais , Reservas Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Gestão dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , GuatemalaRESUMO
El objetivo del trabajo es brindar herramientas para caracterizar la situacion en cursos de agua superficiales y suelos receptores de efluentes y residuos industriales. Se presentan guías que abarcan la preparación de la campaña, materiales e instrumental para realizar muestras en rios y suelos, preservación y medidas de las muestras, medidas de seguridad para el personal, y el diseño de la red de monitoreo. También se presentan criterios para el buen manejo de la informacion recolectada, recomendando la aplicación de técnicas matemáticas y estadísticas que faciliten la interpretación de los resultados. Esta información puede ser utilizada, por ejemplo, para corregir las medidas de saneamiento implementadas
Assuntos
Estudos de Amostragem , Efluentes Industriais , Indústrias , Monitoramento da Água , Monitoramento do Solo , Poluição Ambiental , Poluição Industrial , Poluição da Água , Resíduos Industriais , SoloRESUMO
El objetivo del trabajo es brindar herramientas para caracterizar la situacion en cursos de agua superficiales y suelos receptores de efluentes y residuos industriales. Se presentan guías que abarcan la preparación de la campaña, materiales e instrumental para realizar muestras en rios y suelos, preservación y medidas de las muestras, medidas de seguridad para el personal, y el diseño de la red de monitoreo. También se presentan criterios para el buen manejo de la informacion recolectada, recomendando la aplicación de técnicas matemáticas y estadísticas que faciliten la interpretación de los resultados. Esta información puede ser utilizada, por ejemplo, para corregir las medidas de saneamiento implementadas
Assuntos
Estudos de Amostragem , Amostras de Água , Análise do Solo , Efluentes Industriais , Indústrias , Microbiologia da Água , Monitoramento da Água , Monitoramento do Solo , Poluição Ambiental , Poluição Industrial , Poluição da Água , Resíduos Industriais , SoloRESUMO
Se brinda informacion sobre el diseño de redes de monitoreo de aguas superficiales y suelos contaminados por desechos industriales, así como la evaluación de los parámetros de diseño, y alternativas para optimizarlas. También se desarrollan técnicas estadísticas que permitan contribuir a la toma de decisiones sobre el control de la contaminación
Assuntos
Estudos de Amostragem , Efluentes Industriais , Estatística , Indústrias , Monitoramento da Água , Monitoramento do Solo , Métodos de Análise Laboratorial e de Campo , Poluição Ambiental , Poluição Industrial , Redes de Monitoramento da Qualidade da Água , Resíduos Industriais , Tomada de DecisõesRESUMO
El objetivo del trabajo es brindar herramientas para caracterizar la situacion en cursos de agua superficiales y suelos receptores de efluentes y residuos industriales. Se presentan guías que abarcan la preparación de la campaña, materiales e instrumental para realizar muestras en rios y suelos, preservación y medidas de las muestras, medidas de seguridad para el personal, y el diseño de la red de monitoreo. También se presentan criterios para el buen manejo de la informacion recolectada, recomendando la aplicación de técnicas matemáticas y estadísticas que faciliten la interpretación de los resultados. Esta información puede ser utilizada, por ejemplo, para corregir las medidas de saneamiento implementadas