RESUMO
When exercises are done in intense or exhaustive modes, several acute biochemical mechanisms are triggered. The use of cryotherapy as cold-water immersion is largely used to accelerate the process of muscular recovery based on its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The present study aimed to study the biochemical effects of cold-water immersion treatment in mice submitted to exercise-induced exhaustion. Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 treatment groups: control, cold-water immersion (CWI), swimming exhaustive protocol (SEP), and SEP+CWI. Treatment groups were subdivided into times of analysis: 0, 1, 3, and 5 days. Exhaustion groups were submitted to one SEP session, and the CWI groups submitted to one immersion session (12 min at 12°C) every 24 h. Reactive species production, inflammatory, cell viability, and antioxidant status were assessed. The SEP+CWI group showed a decrease in inflammatory damage biomarkers, and reactive species production, and presented increased cell viability compared to the SEP group. Furthermore, CWI increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the first two sessions. The present study showed that CWI was an effective treatment after exercise-induced muscle damage. It enhanced anti-inflammatory response, decreased reactive species production, increased cell viability, and promoted redox balance, which could decrease the time for the recovery process.
Assuntos
Crioterapia/métodos , Imersão/fisiopatologia , Músculo Esquelético/lesões , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/efeitos adversos , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Natação/fisiologia , Acetilcolinesterase/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Sobrevivência Celular/fisiologia , Temperatura Baixa , Fluoresceínas/análise , Masculino , Camundongos , Miosite/prevenção & controle , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Natação/lesões , Sais de Tetrazólio , Tiazóis , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Água/fisiologiaRESUMO
A large number of researches have led to a substantial growth of knowledge about exercise and oxidative stress. Initial investigations reported that physical exercise generates free radical-mediated damages to cells; however, in recent years, studies have shown that regular exercise can upregulate endogenous antioxidants and reduce oxidative damage. Yet, strenuous exercise perturbs the antioxidant system by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. These alterations in the cellular environment seem to occur in an exercise type-dependent manner. The source of ROS generation during exercise is debatable, but now it is well established that both contracting and relaxing skeletal muscles generate reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. In particular, exercises of higher intensity and longer duration can cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleotides in myocytes. In this review, we summarize the ROS effects and interplay of antioxidants in skeletal muscle during physical exercise. Additionally, we discuss how ROS-mediated signaling influences physical exercise in antioxidant system.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Exercício Físico , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/antagonistas & inibidores , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Dieta Saudável , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Mitocôndrias Musculares/enzimologia , Mitocôndrias Musculares/imunologia , Mitocôndrias Musculares/metabolismo , Fadiga Muscular , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Músculo Esquelético/imunologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Mialgia/etiologia , Mialgia/prevenção & controle , Miosite/imunologia , Miosite/prevenção & controle , Consumo de Oxigênio , Esforço Físico , Espécies Reativas de Nitrogênio/antagonistas & inibidores , Espécies Reativas de Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/imunologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
When exercises are done in intense or exhaustive modes, several acute biochemical mechanisms are triggered. The use of cryotherapy as cold-water immersion is largely used to accelerate the process of muscular recovery based on its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The present study aimed to study the biochemical effects of cold-water immersion treatment in mice submitted to exercise-induced exhaustion. Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 treatment groups: control, cold-water immersion (CWI), swimming exhaustive protocol (SEP), and SEP+CWI. Treatment groups were subdivided into times of analysis: 0, 1, 3, and 5 days. Exhaustion groups were submitted to one SEP session, and the CWI groups submitted to one immersion session (12 min at 12°C) every 24 h. Reactive species production, inflammatory, cell viability, and antioxidant status were assessed. The SEP+CWI group showed a decrease in inflammatory damage biomarkers, and reactive species production, and presented increased cell viability compared to the SEP group. Furthermore, CWI increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the first two sessions. The present study showed that CWI was an effective treatment after exercise-induced muscle damage. It enhanced anti-inflammatory response, decreased reactive species production, increased cell viability, and promoted redox balance, which could decrease the time for the recovery process.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Coelhos , Condicionamento Físico Animal/efeitos adversos , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Crioterapia/métodos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Músculo Esquelético/lesões , Imersão/fisiopatologia , Acetilcolinesterase/análise , Natação/lesões , Tiazóis , Fatores de Tempo , Sobrevivência Celular/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/análise , Temperatura Baixa , Fluoresceínas/análise , Miosite/prevenção & controle , Antioxidantes/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Exercise under hypoxic conditions represents an additional stress in relation to exercise in normoxia. Hypoxia induces oxidative stress and inflammation as mediated through tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α release that might be exacerbated through exercise. In addition, vitamin E supplementation might attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from hypoxia during exercise. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation (250 mg) on inflammatory parameters and cellular damage after exercise under hypoxia simulating an altitude of 4200 m. METHODS: Nine volunteers performed three sessions of 60 min of exercise (70% maximal oxygen uptake) interspersed for 1 week under normoxia, hypoxia and hypoxia after vitamin E supplementation 1 h before exercise. Blood was collected before, immediately after and at 1 h after exercise to measure inflammatory parameters and cell damage. RESULTS: Percentage oxygen saturation of haemoglobin decreased after exercise and recovered 1 h later in the hypoxia + vitamin condition (P < 0.05). Supplementation decreased creatine kinase (CK)-TOTAL, CK-MB and lactate dehydrogenase 1 h after exercise (P < 0.05). The exercise in hypoxia increased interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α, IL-1ra and IL-10 immediately after exercise (P < 0.05). Supplementation reversed the changes observed after exercise in hypoxia without supplementation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that 250 mg of vitamin E supplementation at 1 h before exercise reduces cell damage markers after exercise in hypoxia and changes the concentration of cytokines, suggesting a possible protective effect against inflammation induced by hypoxia during exercise.
Assuntos
Doença da Altitude/fisiopatologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Exercício Físico , Miosite/prevenção & controle , Estresse Oxidativo , Vitamina E/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Câmaras de Exposição Atmosférica , Biomarcadores/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/imunologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Miosite/etiologia , Miosite/imunologia , Consumo de Oxigênio , Corrida , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Esportiva , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A monomeric basic PLA2 (PhTX-II) of 14149.08 Da molecular weight was purified to homogeneity from Porthidium hyoprora venom. Amino acid sequence by in tandem mass spectrometry revealed that PhTX-II belongs to Asp49 PLA2 enzyme class and displays conserved domains as the catalytic network, Ca²âº-binding loop and the hydrophobic channel of access to the catalytic site, reflected in the high catalytic activity displayed by the enzyme. Moreover, PhTX-II PLA2 showed an allosteric behavior and its enzymatic activity was dependent on Ca²âº. Examination of PhTX-II PLA2 by CD spectroscopy indicated a high content of alpha-helical structures, similar to the known structure of secreted phospholipase IIA group suggesting a similar folding. PhTX-II PLA2 causes neuromuscular blockade in avian neuromuscular preparations with a significant direct action on skeletal muscle function, as well as, induced local edema and myotoxicity, in mice. The treatment of PhTX-II by BPB resulted in complete loss of their catalytic activity that was accompanied by loss of their edematogenic effect. On the other hand, enzymatic activity of PhTX-II contributes to this neuromuscular blockade and local myotoxicity is dependent not only on enzymatic activity. These results show that PhTX-II is a myotoxic Asp49 PLA2 that contributes with toxic actions caused by P. hyoprora venom.
Assuntos
Venenos de Crotalídeos/enzimologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fosfolipases A2 do Grupo II/toxicidade , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Miosite/etiologia , Neurotoxinas/toxicidade , Mordeduras de Serpentes/fisiopatologia , Acetofenonas/uso terapêutico , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Quelantes de Cálcio/farmacologia , Domínio Catalítico , Galinhas , Sequência Conservada , Venenos de Crotalídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Venenos de Crotalídeos/toxicidade , Edema/etiologia , Edema/prevenção & controle , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Fosfolipases A2 do Grupo II/química , Fosfolipases A2 do Grupo II/isolamento & purificação , Fosfolipases A2 do Grupo II/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Miosite/prevenção & controle , Neurotoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Neurotoxinas/química , Neurotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Alinhamento de Sequência , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Mordeduras de Serpentes/patologia , ViperidaeRESUMO
Physical inactivity leads to the accumulation of visceral fat and, consequently, to the activation of a network of inflammatory pathways which may promote development of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and tumour growth. These conditions belong to the "diseasome of physical inactivity". In contrast, the protective effect of regular exercise against diseases associated with chronic inflammation may to some extent be ascribed to an anti-inflammatory effect. The so called "acute exercise threshold", the complex mixture of several variables involved in exercise, such as type, volume, frequency, and intensity range is capable of inducing positive physiological adaptations and has been specifically addressed in the recent literature. The major concern is related to the level of the threshold: "exercise training shifts from a therapeutic adaptive intervention to one with potential pathological consequences". Nonetheless, if the mechanical stimulus is too weak to disrupt cellular homeostasis, training adaptations will not occur. Answering these questions could present practical applications, especially during inflammatory diseases associated with detrimental muscle effects and could theoretically constitute a "new" therapeutic approach to treat/improve an inflammatory state. This paper aims to describe specific data from the literature regarding the effects of exercise on inflammatory diseases in order to promote a more sophisticated perspective on the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise.
Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Exercício Físico , Contração Muscular/imunologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Miosite/imunologia , Miosite/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Modelos ImunológicosRESUMO
Skeletal muscle is the source of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and recently, it has been recognized as an important source of interleukin 6 (IL-6), a cytokine that exerts inhibitory effects on several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although dynamic chronic resistance training has been shown to produce the known "repeated bout effect", which abolishes the acute muscle damage, performing of high-intensity resistance training has been regarded highly advisable, at least from the hypertrophy perspective. On the other hand, a more therapeutic, "non-damaging" resistance training program, mainly composed of concentric forces, low frequency/low volume of training, and the same exercise, could theoretically benefit the muscle when the main issue is to avoid muscle inflammation (as in the treatment of several "low-grade" inflammatory diseases) because the acute effect of each resistance exercise session could be diminished/avoided, at the same time that the muscle is still being overloaded in a concentric manner. However, the benefits of such "less demanding" resistance training schedule on the muscle inflammatory profile have never been investigated. Therefore, we assessed the protein expression of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio, and HSP70 levels and mRNA expression of SCF(beta-TrCP), IL-15, and TLR-4 in the skeletal muscle of rats submitted to resistance training. Briefly, animals were randomly assigned to either a control group (S, n = 8) or a resistance-trained group (T, n = 7). Trained rats were exercised over a duration of 12 weeks (two times per day, two times per week). Detection of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, and HSP70 protein expression was carried out by western blotting and SCF(beta-TrCP) (SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases), a class of enzymes involved in the ubiquitination of protein substrates to proteasomal degradation, IL-15, and TLR-4 by RT-PCR. Our results show a decreased expression of TNF-alpha and TLR4 mRNA (40 and 60%, respectively; p < 0.05) in the plantar muscle from trained, when compared with control rats. In conclusion, exercise training induced decreased TNF-alpha and TLR-4 expressions, resulting in a modified IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio in the skeletal muscle. These data show that, in healthy rats, 12-week resistance training, predominantly composed of concentric stimuli and low frequency/low volume schedule, down regulates skeletal muscle production of cytokines involved in the onset, maintenance, and regulation of inflammation.
Assuntos
Citocinas/imunologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Miosite/imunologia , Miosite/prevenção & controle , Condicionamento Físico Animal/métodos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genéticaRESUMO
La miositis infecciosa es una patología de diagnóstico poco frecuente y la similitud existente en su forma de presentación con otras entidades puede conducir a retardo en la instauración de una terapéutica adecuada. Este es un reporte que ejemplifica este hecho. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 6 años con unapiomiositis adecuada espontánea, producida por estafilococo dorado. El cuadro clínico y los exámenes paraclínicos realizados fueron contradictorios y la confirmación del diagnóstico fue posible sólo mediante estudio con resonancia magnética