RESUMO

The objective of this research was to evaluate the behavior of twenty buffalo heifers reared during the dry season on Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil. The animals were distributed into two groups, those with shade (WS) and those without shade (WOS). The experimental day was divided into six shifts: morning (6:00 to 9:55 a.m.), intermediate (10:00 a.m. to 1:55 p.m.), afternoon (2:00 to 5:55 p.m.), evening (6:00 to 9:55 p.m.), night (10:00 p.m. to 1:55 a.m.), and early morning (2:00 to 5:55 a.m.). The WS group was kept in silvipastoral system paddocks, while the WOS group was kept in unshaded paddocks. Climatic data were registered and temperature and humidity index (THI) were calculated. Behavior data such as grazing, rumination, idle time, and other activities (walking, defecating, mounting, drinking water, urinating, eating salt) were evaluated. The results showed that the THI was higher in the WOS group. Grazing time was higher in the WOS group than in the WS group in the intermediate shift (p < 0.05), while in the afternoon, evening, and early morning shifts, the WS group spent more time grazing than the WOS group. In the intermediate and early morning shifts, the WS group spent more time ruminating (p < 0.05); the WS group ruminated more than the WOS group. The WOS group had more idle time, especially in the evening and early morning shifts (p < 0.05), while the WS group had more idle time in the intermediate shift (p < 0.05). We conclude that buffaloes graze and ruminate more intensely when they are reared in a shaded system on the island of Marajó.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this research was to evaluate the behavior of twenty buffalo heifers reared during the dry season on Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil. The animals were distributed into two groups, those with shade (WS) and those without shade (WOS). The experimental day was divided into six shifts: morning (6:00 to 9:55 a.m.), intermediate (10:00 a.m. to 1:55 p.m.), afternoon (2:00 to 5:55 p.m.), evening (6:00 to 9:55 p.m.), night (10:00 p.m. to 1:55 a.m.), and early morning (2:00 to 5:55 a.m.). The WS group was kept in silvipastoral system paddocks, while the WOS group was kept in unshaded paddocks. Climatic data were registered and temperature and humidity index (THI) were calculated. Behavior data such as grazing, rumination, idle time, and other activities (walking, defecating, mounting, drinking water, urinating, eating salt) were evaluated. The results showed that the THI was higher in the WOS group. Grazing time was higher in the WOS group than in the WS group in the intermediate shift (p < 0.05), while in the afternoon, evening, and early morning shifts, the WS group spent more time grazing than the WOS group. In the intermediate and early morning shifts, the WS group spent more time ruminating (p < 0.05); the WS group ruminated more than the WOS group. The WOS group had more idle time, especially in the evening and early morning shifts (p < 0.05), while the WS group had more idle time in the intermediate shift (p < 0.05). We conclude that buffaloes graze and ruminate more intensely when they are reared in a shaded system on the island of Marajó.

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This research aimed to determine the most appropriate thermal comfort index for buffaloesreared in the Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil. Twenty male Murrah buffaloes were used, and data on climatevariables, rectal temperature (RT), body surface temperature (BST), and respiratory rate (RR) wererecorded. Subsequently, the following indices were calculated: Temperature and Humidity Index (THI),Global Temperature and Humidity Index (GTHI), Benezras Thermal Comfort Index (BTCI), IbériasHeat Tolerance Index (IHTI), the general, effective, and practical Buffalo Comfort Climatic ConditionsIndices (BCCCIg, BCCCIe, and BCCCIp, respectively) and the general, effective, and practical BuffaloEnvironmental Comfort Indices (BECIg, BECIe, and BECIp, respectively) in the morning and afternoon.Higher values for THI, GTHI, RT, BST, RR, BTCI, BCCCIg, BCCCIe, BCCCIp, BECIg, BECIe, andBECIp were observed in the afternoon, and the highest IHTI values were found in the morning. A positivecorrelation was found among the physiological variables and THI, GTHI, BTCI, BCCCIg, BECIg,BCCCIe, BECIe, BCCCIp, BECIp, while a negative correlation was found for RT and BST with IHTI. Theindices THI, GTHI, BCCCIg, BECIg, BCCCIe, BECIe, BCCCIp, and BECIp were determined to be veryefficient to assess the thermal comfort status of buffaloes under the conditions of the present research.(AU)

A pesquisa objetivou determinar o índice de conforto térmico mais adequado para búfaloscriados na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Foram utilizados vinte búfalos Murrah. Foram registradosdados de variáveis climáticas e temperatura retal (TR), temperatura da superfície corporal (TSC) efrequência respiratória (FR), e foram calculados os índices: Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU),Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade (ITGU), Índice de Conforto Térmico de Benezra (ICB),Índice de Tolerância ao Calor de Ibéria (ITCI), Índice de Condições Climáticas de Conforto para búfalosgeral (BCCCIg), efetivo (BCCCIe) e prático (BCCCIp) e Índice de Conforto Ambiental para búfalos geral(BECIg), efetivo (BECIe) e prático (BECIp), nos períodos da manhã e da tarde. Foram observados valoresde ITU, ITGU, TR, TSC, FR, ICB, BCCCIg, BCCCIe, BCCCIp, BECIg, BECIe e BECIp mais elevados à tarde. Os maiores valores de ITCI foram encontrados de manhã. Houve correlação positiva entre as variáveis fisiológicas e ITU, ITGU, ITCI, BCCCIg, BECIg, BCCCIe, BECIg, BCCCIe, BECIp, enquanto uma correlação negativa foi encontrada para TR e TSC com ITCI. Os índices THI, GTHI, BCCCIg, BECIg, BCCCIe, BECIe, BCCCIp e BECIp são eficientes para avaliar o estado de conforto térmico dos búfalos na Amazônia Oriental.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This research aimed to determine the most appropriate thermal comfort index for buffaloesreared in the Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil. Twenty male Murrah buffaloes were used, and data on climatevariables, rectal temperature (RT), body surface temperature (BST), and respiratory rate (RR) wererecorded. Subsequently, the following indices were calculated: Temperature and Humidity Index (THI),Global Temperature and Humidity Index (GTHI), Benezra’s Thermal Comfort Index (BTCI), Ibéria’sHeat Tolerance Index (IHTI), the general, effective, and practical Buffalo Comfort Climatic ConditionsIndices (BCCCIg, BCCCIe, and BCCCIp, respectively) and the general, effective, and practical BuffaloEnvironmental Comfort Indices (BECIg, BECIe, and BECIp, respectively) in the morning and afternoon.Higher values for THI, GTHI, RT, BST, RR, BTCI, BCCCIg, BCCCIe, BCCCIp, BECIg, BECIe, andBECIp were observed in the afternoon, and the highest IHTI values were found in the morning. A positivecorrelation was found among the physiological variables and THI, GTHI, BTCI, BCCCIg, BECIg,BCCCIe, BECIe, BCCCIp, BECIp, while a negative correlation was found for RT and BST with IHTI. Theindices THI, GTHI, BCCCIg, BECIg, BCCCIe, BECIe, BCCCIp, and BECIp were determined to be veryefficient to assess the thermal comfort status of buffaloes under the conditions of the present research.

A pesquisa objetivou determinar o índice de conforto térmico mais adequado para búfaloscriados na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Foram utilizados vinte búfalos Murrah. Foram registradosdados de variáveis climáticas e temperatura retal (TR), temperatura da superfície corporal (TSC) efrequência respiratória (FR), e foram calculados os índices: Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU),Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade (ITGU), Índice de Conforto Térmico de Benezra (ICB),Índice de Tolerância ao Calor de Ibéria (ITCI), Índice de Condições Climáticas de Conforto para búfalosgeral (BCCCIg), efetivo (BCCCIe) e prático (BCCCIp) e Índice de Conforto Ambiental para búfalos geral(BECIg), efetivo (BECIe) e prático (BECIp), nos períodos da manhã e da tarde. Foram observados valoresde ITU, ITGU, TR, TSC, FR, ICB, BCCCIg, BCCCIe, BCCCIp, BECIg, BECIe e BECIp mais elevados à tarde. Os maiores valores de ITCI foram encontrados de manhã. Houve correlação positiva entre as variáveis fisiológicas e ITU, ITGU, ITCI, BCCCIg, BECIg, BCCCIe, BECIg, BCCCIe, BECIp, enquanto uma correlação negativa foi encontrada para TR e TSC com ITCI. Os índices THI, GTHI, BCCCIg, BECIg, BCCCIe, BECIe, BCCCIp e BECIp são eficientes para avaliar o estado de conforto térmico dos búfalos na Amazônia Oriental.

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RESUMO

This paper aimed to evaluate the surface temperatures of buffalo bulls using infrared thermography, considering four distinct anatomical parts over time, and to correlate surface temperatures and thermal comfort indexes. The humid tropical climate (Kõppen's Afi) was predominant in the research station where the experiment was performed and the trial lasted from April to August. Ten bulls (n=10) were evaluated every 25 days (morning: 6:00-9:00; afternoon: 12:00-15:00) and the parameters assessed were respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and the thermograms of surface temperature for orbital area (ORB), right flank (RF), left flank (LF) and scrotum (SCR). Climatological data was continuously monitored and the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and the Index of Comfort of Benezra (ICB) were calculated. The average values of THI were ≥78, and significant differences between shifts were observed (P<0.05). The ICB ranged from 1.96 to 2.25 and significant differences were observed for shifts and throughout the months (P<0.05). The averages of surface temperatures were RT=38.2±0.5°C, ORB=36.1±0.8°C, LF=33.5±2.5°C, RF=35.4±1.7ºC and SCR=33.3±1.1°C, which exhibited significant differences for shifts and throughout the months (P<0.05). Positive correlations were obtained between THI and ORB (0.72), RF (0.77), LF (0.75) and SCR (0.41) (P<0.0001). The maximum temperature of ORB showed the highest correlation with RT (0.58, P<0.0001). Therefore, the surface temperatures are subject to climatic variations and increase throughout the day, due to the variation in thermal comfort indexes, and the maximum ORB temperature was the parameter most related to rectal temperature. Lastly, the results indicate that IRT may be a useful non-invasive and accurate tool to detect the variations in ORB, LF, RF and SCR temperature in buffalo bulls.

O presente trabalho visou avaliar as temperaturas superficiais de diferentes regiões anatômicas de búfalos ao longo do tempo, por meio da termografia infravermelha, e correlacioná-las a índices bioclimatológicos de conforto térmico. O ensaio foi realizado em região de clima tropical úmido (Afi de Kõppen), de abril a agosto. Dez touros (n=10) foram avaliados a cada 25 dias (manhã: seis-nove horas; tarde: 12-15h), quanto à frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR) e imagens termográficas da órbita ocular (ORB), flanco direito (FLd), flanco esquerdo (FLe) e escroto (ESC). Os dados climatológicos foram ininterruptamente monitorados, e calculados o índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) e o índice de conforto de Benezra (ICB). O ITU foi ≥78, com diferença entre turnos (P<0,05). Já o ICB variou de 1,96 a 2,25 e apresentou diferenças ao longo dos meses e entre turnos (P<0,05). As temperaturas observadas foram de TR=38,2±0,5ºC, ORB=36,1±0,8ºC, FLd=33,5±2,5ºC, FLe=35,4±1,7ºC e ESC=33,3±1,1ºC, as quais variaram significativamente ao longo dos meses e entre turnos (P<0,05). O ITU apresentou correlações positivas com ORB (0,72), FLd (0,77), FLe (0,75) e ESC (0,41) (P<0,0001). A temperatura máxima de ORB apresentou a maior correlação com a TR (0,58; P<0,0001). Portanto, as temperaturas superficiais dos animais sofrem interferências das variações climáticas e se elevam ao longo do dia, devido à variação nos índices de conforto térmico; a temperatura máxima de ORB foi o parâmetro mais condicionado à temperatura retal. Também, as oscilações de temperatura de superfície de ORB, FLd, FLe e ESC podem ser aferidas em bubalinos com o uso da termografia infravermelha, de modo preciso e não invasivo.

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RESUMO

This paper aimed to evaluate the surface temperatures of buffalo bulls using infrared thermography, considering four distinct anatomical parts over time, and to correlate surface temperatures and thermal comfort indexes. The humid tropical climate (Kõppen's Afi) was predominant in the research station where the experiment was performed and the trial lasted from April to August. Ten bulls (n=10) were evaluated every 25 days (morning: 6:00-9:00; afternoon: 12:00-15:00) and the parameters assessed were respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and the thermograms of surface temperature for orbital area (ORB), right flank (RF), left flank (LF) and scrotum (SCR). Climatological data was continuously monitored and the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and the Index of Comfort of Benezra (ICB) were calculated. The average values of THI were ≥78, and significant differences between shifts were observed (P<0.05). The ICB ranged from 1.96 to 2.25 and significant differences were observed for shifts and throughout the months (P<0.05). The averages of surface temperatures were RT=38.2±0.5°C, ORB=36.1±0.8°C, LF=33.5±2.5°C, RF=35.4±1.7ºC and SCR=33.3±1.1°C, which exhibited significant differences for shifts and throughout the months (P<0.05). Positive correlations were obtained between THI and ORB (0.72), RF (0.77), LF (0.75) and SCR (0.41) (P<0.0001). The maximum temperature of ORB showed the highest correlation with RT (0.58, P<0.0001). Therefore, the surface temperatures are subject to climatic variations and increase throughout the day, due to the variation in thermal comfort indexes, and the maximum ORB temperature was the parameter most related to rectal temperature. Lastly, the results indicate that IRT may be a useful non-invasive and accurate tool to detect the variations in ORB, LF, RF and SCR temperature in buffalo bulls.(AU)

O presente trabalho visou avaliar as temperaturas superficiais de diferentes regiões anatômicas de búfalos ao longo do tempo, por meio da termografia infravermelha, e correlacioná-las a índices bioclimatológicos de conforto térmico. O ensaio foi realizado em região de clima tropical úmido (Afi de Kõppen), de abril a agosto. Dez touros (n=10) foram avaliados a cada 25 dias (manhã: seis-nove horas; tarde: 12-15h), quanto à frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR) e imagens termográficas da órbita ocular (ORB), flanco direito (FLd), flanco esquerdo (FLe) e escroto (ESC). Os dados climatológicos foram ininterruptamente monitorados, e calculados o índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) e o índice de conforto de Benezra (ICB). O ITU foi ≥78, com diferença entre turnos (P<0,05). Já o ICB variou de 1,96 a 2,25 e apresentou diferenças ao longo dos meses e entre turnos (P<0,05). As temperaturas observadas foram de TR=38,2±0,5ºC, ORB=36,1±0,8ºC, FLd=33,5±2,5ºC, FLe=35,4±1,7ºC e ESC=33,3±1,1ºC, as quais variaram significativamente ao longo dos meses e entre turnos (P<0,05). O ITU apresentou correlações positivas com ORB (0,72), FLd (0,77), FLe (0,75) e ESC (0,41) (P<0,0001). A temperatura máxima de ORB apresentou a maior correlação com a TR (0,58; P<0,0001). Portanto, as temperaturas superficiais dos animais sofrem interferências das variações climáticas e se elevam ao longo do dia, devido à variação nos índices de conforto térmico; a temperatura máxima de ORB foi o parâmetro mais condicionado à temperatura retal. Também, as oscilações de temperatura de superfície de ORB, FLd, FLe e ESC podem ser aferidas em bubalinos com o uso da termografia infravermelha, de modo preciso e não invasivo.(AU)

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The study aimed to assess the environmental parameters and physiological parameters and Saanen goats and Marota in Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil, in the rainy and dry periods during the months from april to november. We used adult female Saanen goats (n = 7) and Marota (n = 7), clinically healthy, the same age group and subject to the same management conditions. The physiological indices were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) in schedules 7-8, 10-11, 14-15 and 1718 hours. The environmental indices analyzed were room temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature index and temperature and humidity index. The results of the environmental parameters show that the dry period is more stressful than the rainy and the afternoon shift is more stressful than the morning and among these parameters, it is observed that the relative humidity has the opposite behavior of the temperature air, temperature and black globe temperature and humidity index, showing higher values in the rainy season and in the morning shift. Regarding the physiological parameters of the animals, it was observed that all animals were able to maintain rectal temperature within normal limits and the respiratory rate was the most sensitive indicator of stress, showing that the animals Marota race had lower values and more close to normal, indicating greater adaptability

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os parâmetros ambientais e os parâmetros e fisiológicos dos caprinos Saanen e Marota na cidade de Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil, nos períodos chuvosos e secos, durante os meses de abril a novembro. Utilizaram-se fêmeas caprinas adultas Saanen (n=7) e Marota (n=7), clinicamente saudáveis, de mesmas faixas etárias e submetidas às mesmas condições de manejo. Os índices fisiológicos foram a frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR) e temperatura retal (TR) nos horários de 7-8, 10-11, 14-15 e 17-18horas. Os índices ambientais analisados foram a temperatura ambiente, umidade relativa do ar,temperatura de globo negro e índices de temperatura e umidade. Os resultados dos parâmetros ambientais mostram que o período seco é mais estressante que o chuvoso e que o turno da tarde é mais estressante que o da manhã e, dentre os esses parâmetros, observa-se que a umidade relativa do ar tem comportamento inverso ao da temperatura do ar, temperatura de globo negro e índices de temperatura e umidade, mostrando maiores valores no período chuvoso e no turno da manhã. Quanto aos parâmetros fisiológicos dos animais, observou-se que todos os animais conseguiram manter a temperatura retal dentro dos limites normais, e que a frequência respiratória foi o indicador de estresse mais sensível, mostrando que os animais da raça Marota

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RESUMO

The study aimed to assess the environmental parameters and physiological parameters and Saanen goats and Marota in Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil, in the rainy and dry periods during the months from april to november. We used adult female Saanen goats (n = 7) and Marota (n = 7), clinically healthy, the same age group and subject to the same management conditions. The physiological indices were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) in schedules 7-8, 10-11, 14-15 and 1718 hours. The environmental indices analyzed were room temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature index and temperature and humidity index. The results of the environmental parameters show that the dry period is more stressful than the rainy and the afternoon shift is more stressful than the morning and among these parameters, it is observed that the relative humidity has the opposite behavior of the temperature air, temperature and black globe temperature and humidity index, showing higher values in the rainy season and in the morning shift. Regarding the physiological parameters of the animals, it was observed that all animals were able to maintain rectal temperature within normal limits and the respiratory rate was the most sensitive indicator of stress, showing that the animals Marota race had lower values and more close to normal, indicating greater adaptability(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os parâmetros ambientais e os parâmetros e fisiológicos dos caprinos Saanen e Marota na cidade de Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil, nos períodos chuvosos e secos, durante os meses de abril a novembro. Utilizaram-se fêmeas caprinas adultas Saanen (n=7) e Marota (n=7), clinicamente saudáveis, de mesmas faixas etárias e submetidas às mesmas condições de manejo. Os índices fisiológicos foram a frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR) e temperatura retal (TR) nos horários de 7-8, 10-11, 14-15 e 17-18horas. Os índices ambientais analisados foram a temperatura ambiente, umidade relativa do ar,temperatura de globo negro e índices de temperatura e umidade. Os resultados dos parâmetros ambientais mostram que o período seco é mais estressante que o chuvoso e que o turno da tarde é mais estressante que o da manhã e, dentre os esses parâmetros, observa-se que a umidade relativa do ar tem comportamento inverso ao da temperatura do ar, temperatura de globo negro e índices de temperatura e umidade, mostrando maiores valores no período chuvoso e no turno da manhã. Quanto aos parâmetros fisiológicos dos animais, observou-se que todos os animais conseguiram manter a temperatura retal dentro dos limites normais, e que a frequência respiratória foi o indicador de estresse mais sensível, mostrando que os animais da raça Marota(AU)

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CONTEXTO: Os fatores desencadeantes da doença tromboembólica venosa vêm sendo cada vez melhor identificados. Causas externas podem influir na sua ocorrência, e algum destaque tem sido dado a fatores climáticos. Nada se sabe quanto a essa interferência em nossa latitude. OBJETIVOS: Analisar se há diferença na incidência do tromboembolismo venoso de acordo com as estações do ano, num hospital da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, cujo clima é categorizado como subtropical. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado trabalho retrospectivo de levantamento de dados a partir de prontuários de pacientes cujo diagnóstico de internação ou óbito foi de trombose venosa profunda ou tromboembolismo pulmonar, no período de janeiro de 1996 a outubro de 2003, no Hospital da Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo. Para comparação e estudo, os casos foram agrupados em trimestres (primeiro trimestre = janeiro, fevereiro e março; segundo trimestre = abril, maio e junho; terceiro trimestre = julho, agosto e setembro; e quarto trimestre = outubro, novembro e dezembro) e conforme sua ocorrência nos chamados meses quentes e frios, de acordo com a média de temperatura mensal (meses quentes = outubro a abril; meses frios = maio a setembro). RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 955 casos de tromboembolismo venoso no período analisado. Foi utilizado o teste ANOVA para análise, que não revelou diferença estatisticamente significativa na incidência do tromboembolismo venoso de acordo com os trimestres. Quando analisados separadamente, também não se evidenciou significância estatística em relação ao tromboembolismo pulmonar e à trombose venosa profunda. Quando comparados os meses quentes e frios, observou-se aumento da incidência de trombose venosa profunda nos meses quentes (p < 0,05, teste de Mann-Whitney). CONCLUSÃO: O tromboembolismo venoso é uma doença que não tem uma relação bem estabelecida com as variações climáticas. A influência da temperatura ambiental na coagulabilidade ainda precisa ser ...

BACKGROUND: The triggering factors of venous thromboembolic disease have been increasingly clarified. External causes may influence its occurrence, and some climactic factors have stood out. Nothing is known about such interference in our latitude. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there are seasonal variations in venous thromboembolism in a hospital-based population in São Paulo, Brazil, which has subtropical climate. METHODS: Medical records of patients admitted to Hospital da Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo with the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary thromboembolism were reviewed from January 1996 to October 2003. Cases were grouped in trimesters (first trimester = January, February and March; second trimester = April, May and June; third trimester = July, August and September; fourth trimester = October, November and December). They were also grouped as to warm and cold months, according to mean temperature (warm months = October through April; cold months = May through September). RESULTS: A total of 955 cases of venous thromboembolism were found during the study period. The ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis, showing no significant difference in the occurrence of venous thromboembolism considering the four trimesters. Separate analysis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism incidence showed no differences either. Comparing warm and cold months, there was an increased incidence of deep venous thrombosis during warm months (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). CONCLUSION: Venous thromboembolism is not clearly related to climatic variations. The influence of climate and temperature on blood coagulability is poorly understood and needs to be further studied.

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