RESUMO
Species in the genus Gorgoderina Looss, 1902 are parasites of the urinary bladder of amphibians and include around 50 species described globally. Molecular data on species of the genus are scarce, as is the information of their life-cycle patterns. During a survey on the genetic characterization of the frog trematodes in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, in the Gulf of Mexico slope of Mexico, specimens of two morphotypes of Gorgoderina were sampled from the Rio Grande leopard frog, Rana berlandieri. One of them represented an undescribed species which is described herein as Gorgoderina rosamondae n. sp., whereas the other one was morphologically very similar to an apparently widely distributed North American species, G. attenuata, which has been previously reported in the same geographical area. Specimens of both morphotypes were sequenced for two nuclear and one mitochondrial genes. Phylogenetic trees corroborated the distinction of the new species, and data on the internal transcribed spacer 2 revealed genetic differences between G. attenuata sequenced from frogs in USA and specimens of Gorgoderina sp. from Los Tuxtlas, indicating the possibility that they also represent an undescribed species. COI sequences showed high genetic divergence values between the new species and Gorgoderina sp. from Los Tuxtlas (8.63-9.99%). Additionally, COI sequences of the larval forms (sporocyst, cercariae and metacercariae) sampled in the same locality from their first and second intermediate hosts (Pisidium sp. and Agriogomphus tumens, respectively) showed conspecificity, and the 3 host life-cycle of the new species was elucidated.
Assuntos
Ranidae , Trematódeos/classificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Cercárias/anatomia & histologia , Cercárias/classificação , Cercárias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cercárias/ultraestrutura , Metacercárias/anatomia & histologia , Metacercárias/classificação , Metacercárias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metacercárias/ultraestrutura , México/epidemiologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Oocistos/classificação , Oocistos/citologia , Oocistos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oocistos/ultraestrutura , Filogenia , Prevalência , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trematódeos/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Trematódeos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
The intestinal trematode, Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924), is an important in public health that causes infection in humans and animals especially in Asia and in parts of Africa and the Americas. Haplorchis taitui metacercariae were found in the gills of Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) and Capoeta barroisi persica (Karaman) collected from the Shapour River. Morphological excysted metacercariae were identified as wet mounts under a stereomicroscope. Then, the samples were subjected to molecular analysis. The result showed that 69% of examined fish (n=30) were diagnosed infected with encysted metacercariae in gills. The mean intensity was 8.3±16.9 parasites per fish. The morphometrical values agree with the findings of other studies with the small differences and polymerase chain reaction product length and nucleotide sequence analysis of 18S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid gene showed a similarity of over 99% between the specimens and the Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) recorded in GenBank.(AU)
O trematódeo intestinal, Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924), é importante na saúde pública que causa infecção em humanos e animais, especialmente na Ásia e em partes da África e das Américas. Haplorchis taitui metacercariae foram encontradas nas brânquias de Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) e Capoeta barroisi pérsica (Karaman) coletadas no rio Shapour. Metacercárias foram identificadas microscopicamente sob um estereomicroscópio. Em seguida, as amostras foram submetidas à análise molecular. O resultado mostrou que 69% dos peixes examinados (n=30) foram diagnosticados infectados com metacercárias encistadas em brânquias. A intensidade média foi de 8,3±16,9 parasitas por peixe. Os valores morfométricos concordam com os achados de outros estudos com as pequenas diferenças e o comprimento do produto da reação em cadeia da polimerase e a análise da sequência nucleotídica do gene do ácido desoxirribonucleico ribossômico 18S mostraram uma similaridade de mais de 99% entre as amostras e o Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) registrado no GenBank.(AU)
El trematodo intestinal, Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924), es importante en la salud pública que causa infección en humanos y animales, especialmente em Asia y em partes de África y América. Se encontraron Haplorchis taitui metacercariae en las branquias de Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) y Capoeta barroisi persica (Karaman) colectadas del río Shapour. Las metacercarias se identificaron bajo un microscopio estereoscópico. Luego, las muestras fueron sometidas a análisis molecular. El resultado mostró que el 69% de los peces examinados (n=30) fueron diagnosticados infectados con metacercarias enquistadas en las branquias. La intensidad media fue de 8.3±16.9 parásitos por pece. Los valores morfométricos concuerdan con los hallazgos de otros estudios con las pequeñas diferencias y la longitud del producto de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y el análisis de la secuencia de nucleótidos del gen del ácido desoxirribonucleico ribosómico 18S mostró una similitud de más del 99% entre las muestras y el Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) registrado en GenBank.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Metacercárias/anatomia & histologia , Metacercárias/ultraestrutura , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Cyprinidae , Heterophyidae/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Irã (Geográfico)RESUMO
The intestinal trematode, Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924), is an important in public health that causes infection in humans and animals especially in Asia and in parts of Africa and the Americas. Haplorchis taitui metacercariae were found in the gills of Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) and Capoeta barroisi persica (Karaman) collected from the Shapour River. Morphological excysted metacercariae were identified as wet mounts under a stereomicroscope. Then, the samples were subjected to molecular analysis. The result showed that 69% of examined fish (n=30) were diagnosed infected with encysted metacercariae in gills. The mean intensity was 8.3±16.9 parasites per fish. The morphometrical values agree with the findings of other studies with the small differences and polymerase chain reaction product length and nucleotide sequence analysis of 18S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid gene showed a similarity of over 99% between the specimens and the Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) recorded in GenBank.
O trematódeo intestinal, Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924), é importante na saúde pública que causa infecção em humanos e animais, especialmente na Ásia e em partes da África e das Américas. Haplorchis taitui metacercariae foram encontradas nas brânquias de Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) e Capoeta barroisi pérsica (Karaman) coletadas no rio Shapour. Metacercárias foram identificadas microscopicamente sob um estereomicroscópio. Em seguida, as amostras foram submetidas à análise molecular. O resultado mostrou que 69% dos peixes examinados (n=30) foram diagnosticados infectados com metacercárias encistadas em brânquias. A intensidade média foi de 8,3±16,9 parasitas por peixe. Os valores morfométricos concordam com os achados de outros estudos com as pequenas diferenças e o comprimento do produto da reação em cadeia da polimerase e a análise da sequência nucleotídica do gene do ácido desoxirribonucleico ribossômico 18S mostraram uma similaridade de mais de 99% entre as amostras e o Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) registrado no GenBank.
El trematodo intestinal, Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924), es importante en la salud pública que causa infección en humanos y animales, especialmente em Asia y em partes de África y América. Se encontraron Haplorchis taitui metacercariae en las branquias de Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) y Capoeta barroisi persica (Karaman) colectadas del río Shapour. Las metacercarias se identificaron bajo un microscopio estereoscópico. Luego, las muestras fueron sometidas a análisis molecular. El resultado mostró que el 69% de los peces examinados (n=30) fueron diagnosticados infectados con metacercarias enquistadas en las branquias. La intensidad media fue de 8.3±16.9 parásitos por pece. Los valores morfométricos concuerdan con los hallazgos de otros estudios con las pequeñas diferencias y la longitud del producto de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y el análisis de la secuencia de nucleótidos del gen del ácido desoxirribonucleico ribosómico 18S mostró una similitud de más del 99% entre las muestras y el Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) registrado en GenBank.
Assuntos
Animais , Cyprinidae , Heterophyidae/isolamento & purificação , Metacercárias/anatomia & histologia , Metacercárias/ultraestrutura , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Irã (Geográfico) , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Trematodes are one of the largest taxa of mollusk parasites. The clam Leukoma thaca is an economically exploited bivalve found along the south-eastern Pacific coast of Peru and Chile. This bivalve is parasitized by various unidentified larval stages of digeneans in the mantle, gonads and digestive gland. The aims of this study were to determine and describe the different larval stages of the digeneans based on morphological characteristics, to identify them at the species level by performing molecular analyses, and to evaluate pathologies associated with the parasites of this clam. Individuals of L. thaca were collected in San Jorge Bay (23°S), Chile, between November 2018 and February 2019. Morphological description was carried out using in vivo and fixed specimens, and analyses including histological and scanning electron microscopy were performed. Individuals were also isolated for molecular analysis using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), including partial subunit 18S rDNA (18S) and small subunit 5.8S gene (5.8S). Morphological characteristics indicated that the metacercaria larval stage belongs to the family Gymnophallidae, genus Parvatrema, which was supported by molecular analysis. Molecular results revealed that metacercaria, sporocysts and cercaria stages found in this clam belong to the same species of Parvatrema (genetic distance 0%), evidencing that this species uses L. thaca as the first and second intermediate host. Pathologies examined in the host were similar in nature to those reported in other gymnophallids in bivalves, but high prevalence of cercariae (20%) in gonads suggested an important castrator effect on the host.
Assuntos
Bivalves/parasitologia , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Cercárias/anatomia & histologia , Cercárias/genética , Cercárias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cercárias/ultraestrutura , Chile , DNA de Helmintos/análise , DNA Ribossômico/análise , Metacercárias/anatomia & histologia , Metacercárias/genética , Metacercárias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metacercárias/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Abstract Clarias gariepinus is a fish from North of South Africa and was later introduced in several countries, including Brazil. The present study aimed to describe the first report of Diplostomidae metacercariae in C. gariepinus in Brazil. For this, 30 C. gariepinus were captured in a lake in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. Fishes were euthanized using freezing and necropsied for collection of parasites. The organs were dissected and analyzed for the presence of parasites that were processed for light and scanning electron microscopy. Trematodes were stained with Semichon's Carmine and Gomori's Trichrome, observed and schematized under a light microscope with image analysis software. A total of 190 trematodes were collected from the gills, suprabranchial organs, heart, stomach, intestinal mesentery, liver and body cavity of the fish. The parasites had a foliaceous body divided by a discrete constriction, without genital primordia, and a holdfast organ present at the posterior region, typical of metacercariae of the family Diplostomidae. It was classified as the 'Diplostomulum' morphotype, based on the morphology of the reserve bladder structure. This is the first report of the metacercariae of Diplostomidae parasitizing C. gariepinus in the Americas. This fish acts as an intermediate or paratenic host of this digenean in Brazil.
Resumo Clarias gariepinus é um peixe do Norte da África do Sul e posteriormente introduzido em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o primeiro relato de metacercárias em C. gariepinus no Brasil. Para tanto, 30 C. gariepinus foram capturados em um lago na cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil. Os peixes foram eutanasiados por congelamento e necropsiados para a coleta de parasitos. Os órgãos foram dissecados e analisados para a presença de parasitos que foram processados para microscopia ótica e electronica de varredura. Os Trematodeos foram corados com carmim de Semichon e tricrômico de Gomori, observados e esquematizados sob microscópio ótico equipado com software de análise de imagens. Um total de 190 trematodeos foram coletados das brânquias, órgãos suprabrânquiais, coração, estômago, mesentério intestinal, fígado e cavidade corporal dos peixes. Os parasitos tinham corpo foliáceo, dividido por uma discrete contrição, sem primórdio genital, e órgão tribocítico presente na região posterior, típico das metacercárias da fámilia Diplostomidae. Foram classificados como do morfotipo 'Diplostomulum', baseado na morfologia da estrutura da bexiga de reserva. Este é o primeiro relato de metacercárias de Diplostomidae parasitando C. gariepinus nas Américas. Este peixe atua como hospedeiro intermediário ou paratênico deste Digenea no Brasil.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Peixes-Gato/parasitologia , Metacercárias/isolamento & purificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Peixes-Gato/classificação , Brasil , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Metacercárias/anatomia & histologia , Metacercárias/classificação , Metacercárias/ultraestrutura , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologiaRESUMO
Clarias gariepinus is a fish from North of South Africa and was later introduced in several countries, including Brazil. The present study aimed to describe the first report of Diplostomidae metacercariae in C. gariepinus in Brazil. For this, 30 C. gariepinus were captured in a lake in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. Fishes were euthanized using freezing and necropsied for collection of parasites. The organs were dissected and analyzed for the presence of parasites that were processed for light and scanning electron microscopy. Trematodes were stained with Semichon's Carmine and Gomori's Trichrome, observed and schematized under a light microscope with image analysis software. A total of 190 trematodes were collected from the gills, suprabranchial organs, heart, stomach, intestinal mesentery, liver and body cavity of the fish. The parasites had a foliaceous body divided by a discrete constriction, without genital primordia, and a holdfast organ present at the posterior region, typical of metacercariae of the family Diplostomidae. It was classified as the 'Diplostomulum' morphotype, based on the morphology of the reserve bladder structure. This is the first report of the metacercariae of Diplostomidae parasitizing C. gariepinus in the Americas. This fish acts as an intermediate or paratenic host of this digenean in Brazil.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/parasitologia , Metacercárias/isolamento & purificação , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil , Peixes-Gato/classificação , Feminino , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Masculino , Metacercárias/anatomia & histologia , Metacercárias/classificação , Metacercárias/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterináriaRESUMO
The trematode Paragonimus mexicanus is the etiological agent of paragonimiasis, a food-borne zoonotic disease in Latin America. This species, as well as Paragonimus caliensis, have been reported from Costa Rica, but it is not known if the two are synonymous. Two types of Paragonimus metacercariae from freshwater pseudothelphusid crabs from several localities in Costa Rica were recognized by light microscopy. Morphologically, these corresponded to descriptions of P. mexicanus and P. caliensis. Metacercariae of the former species lacked a membrane or cyst and their bodies were yellow in color. Those of P. caliensis were contained in a transparent thin cyst and were pink in color. Morphotypes of metacercariae were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the number and distribution of papillae in the ventral sucker, three morphotypes were found for P. mexicanus and two for P. caliensis. Analysis of DNA sequences (nuclear ribosomal 28S and ITS2 genes, and partial mitochondrial cox1 gene) confirmed the presence of P. mexicanus and provided the first molecular data for P. caliensis. The two species are phylogenetically distinct from each other and distant from the Asian species. The confirmation of P. caliensis as a separate species from P. mexicanus raises several questions about the ecology, biological diversity, and epidemiology of the genus Paragonimus in Costa Rica.
Assuntos
Metacercárias/anatomia & histologia , Metacercárias/genética , Paragonimus/classificação , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Braquiúros/parasitologia , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Água Doce/parasitologia , Genes Mitocondriais , Metacercárias/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia de Polarização , Paragonimíase/epidemiologia , Paragonimíase/parasitologia , Paragonimus/genética , Paragonimus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Paragonimus/ultraestrutura , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
We elucidate the life cycle of Maritrema orensense for the first time and experimentally confirm that of the sympatric Maritrema bonaerense. In Argentinean estuaries, both species parasitize the cochliopid snail Heleobia australis as first intermediate host, the grapsid crabs Neohelice granulata and Cyrtograpsus angulatus as second intermediate hosts, and gulls as definitive hosts. Here, we describe the daughter sporocysts and cercariae of M. orensense and redescribe these stages for M. bonaerense. Sporocysts of M. orensense are shorter, with fewer developed cercariae than M. bonaerense. The cercariae of M. orensense have longer, larger, and more undulating cephalic glands than M. bonaerense. We redescribe metacercariae and adults of both species and compare them with the previous descriptions. Intestinal ceca length, vitellaria shape and extension, and egg size are the most relevant characteristics in metacercariae and adults for differentiating the species. Hence, the detailed morphological description and comparative analyses of morphometrics obtained from natural and experimental infections permit clear differentiation of M. orensense and M. bonaerense at each life stage.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Braquiúros/parasitologia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Caramujos/parasitologia , Trematódeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Cercárias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cercárias/ultraestrutura , Charadriiformes/parasitologia , Galinhas , Análise Discriminante , Brânquias/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Intestinos/parasitologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/ultraestrutura , Metacercárias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metacercárias/isolamento & purificação , Metacercárias/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Oocistos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oocistos/ultraestrutura , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Experiments on hybridization between Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica were carried out to clarify whether a reproductive isolating mechanism appears between the two Fasciola species. Molecular evidence for hybridization was based on the DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region in nuclear ribosomal DNA, which differs between the species. The results suggested that there were not pre-mating but post-mating isolating mechanisms between the two species. However, viable adults of the hybrids F1 and F2 were produced from both parental F. hepatica and F. gigantica. The hybrids inherited phenotypic characteristics such as ratio of body length and width and infectivity to rats from parental Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. These findings suggest that reproductive isolation is incomplete between Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Adults of the hybrids F1 and F2 were completely different in mode of reproduction from aspermic Fasciola forms that occur in Asia and seem to be offspring originated from hybridization between F. hepatica and F. gigantica and to reproduce parthenogenetically.