RESUMO
Previous studies on anuran anomalies predominantly examine isolated cases or focus on external and skeletal features. Our study analyzes a comprehensive sample collected from 1991 to 2017, examining the muscle-tendon system in 24 anuran species across adult, juvenile, and metamorphic stages. This extensive sample size allows us to investigate consistent anomaly patterns across different developmental stages and anuran families, exploring potential common developmental or genetic factors. Our detailed anatomical examination, encompassing musculature, tendons, and skeletal structures, revealed that 21% of the specimens displayed anomalies, a noteworthy finding considering the extensive sample size and duration of the studied sample. Of these anomalies, 17% affected the locomotor system, predominantly in the upper limbs. Key anomalies included, forelimbs and hindlimbs brachydactyly, rotation in forelimbs, partial kyphotic lordosis, and scoliosis. Notably, the digit 4 in the forelimbs and digits 4 and 5 in the hindlimbs were particularly susceptible to teratogenic effects, indicating possible prolonged exposure during development. Our study also uncovered combinations of anomalies and identified a phenotype similar to Poland syndrome. The findings validate the "Logic of Monsters" (LoMo theory) by Alberch, although the name itself may not be deemed appropriate, showing that developmental disruptions in tetrapods are not random but follow distinct sequences and patterns. The name, while unfortunate, accurately reflects the unusual nature of these developmental anomalies. This contributes to the evolving "Evo-Devo-Path" framework, highlighting the study's importance in understanding developmental disruptions in tetrapods.
Assuntos
Anuros , Tendões , Animais , Anuros/anormalidades , Anuros/anatomia & histologia , Tendões/anormalidades , Locomoção/fisiologia , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Membro Posterior/anormalidades , Músculo Esquelético/anormalidadesRESUMO
As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.(AU)
Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Perfusão/veterinária , Perfusão/métodos , Cavalos , Membro Posterior/anormalidades , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Torniquetes/veterináriaRESUMO
As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.
Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.
Assuntos
Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Cavalos , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Perfusão/métodos , Perfusão/veterinária , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Membro Posterior/anormalidades , Torniquetes/veterináriaRESUMO
This research investigated the effects of neem oil on mortality, survival and malformations of the non-target stink bug predator, Podisus nigrispinus. Neurotoxic and growth inhibitor insecticides were used to compare the lethal and sublethal effects from neem oil on this predator. Six concentrations of neem oil were topically applied onto nymphs and adults of this predator. The mortality rates of third, fourth, and fifth instar nymphs increased with increasing neem oil concentrations, suggesting low toxicity to P. nigrispinus nymphs. Mortality of adults was low, but with sublethal effects of neem products on this predator. The developmental rate of P. nigrispinus decreased with increasing neem oil concentrations. Longevity of fourth instar nymphs varied from 3.74 to 3.05 d, fifth instar from 5.94 to 4.07 d and adult from 16.5 and 15.7 d with 0.5 and 50% neem doses. Podisus nigrispinus presented malformations and increase with neem oil concentrations. The main malformations occur in wings, scutellum and legs of this predator. The neem oil at high and sub lethal doses cause mortality, inhibits growth and survival and results in anomalies on wings and legs of the non-traget predator P. nigrispinus indicating that its use associated with biological control should be carefully evaluated.
Assuntos
Glicerídeos/farmacologia , Heterópteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Longevidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Ninfa/efeitos dos fármacos , Terpenos/farmacologia , Asas de Animais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Membro Anterior/efeitos dos fármacos , Heterópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Heterópteros/fisiologia , Membro Posterior/anormalidades , Membro Posterior/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Longevidade/fisiologia , Masculino , Ninfa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ninfa/fisiologia , Comportamento Predatório/efeitos dos fármacos , Asas de Animais/anormalidadesRESUMO
The cetacean flipper consists of a soft tissue that encases most of the forelimb containing humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Several studies have documented the typical cetacean's flipper anatomy, but only a few described digital anomalies and the most common are fusions and supernumerary such as polydactily and polyphalangy. The flippers of the Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis have a falciform general aspect showing individual differences and marks produced by individual contact in social interactions that mainly occur on the posterior border. Here, we report for the first time a case of flippers with anatomical anomalies of loss of digits and deviation of radius of an adult S. guianensis from Baía de Sepetiba (22°54'-23°04', 43°36'-44°02'W), Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil.
Assuntos
Nadadeiras de Animais/anormalidades , Golfinhos/anormalidades , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Rádio (Anatomia)/anormalidades , Animais , Brasil , FemininoRESUMO
A 3-year-old, female mixed-breed dog had malformations of both thoracic limbs and the vertebral column. Radiographs of the forelimbs showed bilateral development of 2 digits and aplasia of 3 carpal bones. Kyphosis, scoliosis, and deformed vertebrae were present in the thoracolumbar vertebral column.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães/anormalidades , Cifose/veterinária , Escoliose/veterinária , Anormalidades Múltiplas/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Dedos/anormalidades , Dedos/patologia , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Membro Anterior/anatomia & histologia , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/diagnóstico , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/patologia , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/veterinária , Cifose/diagnóstico , Cifose/patologia , Deformidades Congênitas dos Membros , Escoliose/diagnóstico , Escoliose/patologia , Coluna Vertebral/anormalidades , Coluna Vertebral/anatomia & histologia , Vértebras TorácicasRESUMO
A 6-month-old female crossbred dog with unilateral radial hemimelia was treated with a circular external fixator. During the first surgery, the dog underwent transverse osteotomy through the distal ulnar physis and rotation of the distal ulnar fragment (epiphysis) together with the forepaw in a lateral direction to achieve contact with the end of the proximal ulnar segment (shaft of the ulna); a circular external fixator was then applied. After removal of the fixator, a cast was applied. The initial intent was to preserve mobility of the ulnocarpal joint; however, the joint fused naturally. A second surgery was performed to lengthen the ulna by use of distraction osteogenesis. An Ilizarov external fixator was used, and the ulna was lengthened 25 mm. During the third surgery, osteotomy of the distal portion of the ulna was performed to treat residual deviation of the forepaw. The surgical treatment resulted in satisfactory use of the limb and a better quality of life.
Assuntos
Cães/anormalidades , Osteogênese por Distração/veterinária , Cirurgia Veterinária/métodos , Animais , Fixadores Externos/veterinária , Feminino , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Osteogênese por Distração/métodos , Osteotomia/veterinária , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome in 8 dogs of surgical reduction of congenital humeroulnar luxation by using the transarticular pin. Five cases were bilateral and 3 were unilateral, for a total of 13 elbows. The treatment was performed in animals between 45 and 150 days of age. Articular stabilization was achieved by using a transarticular pin driven from the caudal aspect of the olecranon into the body of the humerus or into the distal condyle and distal metaphysis of the humerus. The follow-up period was between 1 and 19 months. There were 5 postsurgical reluxations, 3 related to the insertion of the pin into the humeral condyle and 2 related to the insertion into the humeral body. These animals needed further surgery. Six animals showed near normal return to limb function and 2 had lameness. We conclude that the use of the transarticular pin is an effective and simple method for the treatment of humeroulnar congenital elbow luxation.
Assuntos
Pinos Ortopédicos/veterinária , Cães/cirurgia , Membro Anterior/cirurgia , Luxações Articulares/veterinária , Articulações/cirurgia , Animais , Cães/anormalidades , Feminino , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Membro Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Luxações Articulares/congênito , Luxações Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Luxações Articulares/cirurgia , Articulações/anormalidades , Masculino , Radiografia , Recidiva , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Two Morelet's crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii) captured on 21 March 1997 and 20 April 1998 in the New River system, Belize exhibited ectromelia of one forelimb. External and radiograph examination appears to indicate limb agenesis of unknown etiology, as there is no apparent scarring or skeletal trauma. These two individuals represent the only cases of missing limbs from 642 individuals captured in this study and to our knowledge, the first reported cases in Morelet's crocodile. Several factors including age and diet of the reproducing female, extremes in nest conditions (egg incubation temperature and humidity), and exposure to environmental contaminants can cause developmental abnormalities in crocodilians and may have contributed to the condition observed in these animals. Survival rates for hatchling crocodilians are generally low, and embryonic malformations such as ectromelia may constitute an added disadvantage to survival. However, both individuals examined in this study were vigorous and appeared in good condition.
Assuntos
Jacarés e Crocodilos/anormalidades , Ectromelia/veterinária , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , Animais , Belize , FemininoRESUMO
Two Morelet's crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletti) captured on 21 March 1997 and 20 April 1998 in the New River system, Belize exhibited ectromelia of one forelimb. External and radiograph examination appears to indicate limb agenesis of unknown etiology, as there is no apparent scarring or skeletal trauma. These two individuals represent the only cases of missing limbs from 642 individuals captured in this study and to our knowledge, the first reported cases in Morelet's crocodile. Several factors including age and diet of the reproducing female, extremes in nest conditions (egg incubation temperature and humidity), and exposure to environmental contaminants can cause developmental abnormalities in crocodilians and may have contributed to the condition observed in these animals. Survival rates for hatching crocodilians are generally low, and embryonic malformations such as ectromelia may constitute an added disadvantage to survival. However, both individuals examined in this study were vigorous and appeared in good condition.(Au)
Assuntos
21003 , Feminino , Jacarés e Crocodilos/anormalidades , Ectromelia/veterinária , Membro Anterior/anormalidades , BelizeRESUMO
Three mutant genes, st, mi, and h, were discovered in an axolotl male received from Mexico City. All three are recessive to their normal alleles, and appear to segregate independently. Larvae homozygous for st (for stasis) suffer blockage of the circulation at hatching or shortly after, and the majority soon die; any surviving live only a few weeks at most. The mi/mi (microphthalmic) can be identified at the feeding stage. None survives more than a few days. The h/h (hand lethals) live until the digits have appeared on the forelimb. They may then be recognized by the thumb-like orientation of digit 1. Transplants from st/st embryos into normal produce normal structures which persist indefinitely. Those from mi/mi and h/h donors do not survive. The structures (forelimb, gills) derived from h/h donors grow for a relatively long time, and their final death and degeneration result in defects leading to death of most of the recipients. Parabiosis is of no benefit to st/st or h/h mutants and leads to the death of the normal twin; mi/mi mutants undergo a gradual absorption by the normal twin.