RESUMO
The article throws light on the process of importing a novel preclinical drug into India based on the real-life experience from one of our studies. A novel drug "X" acting through a new mechanism of action was hypothesized by us to function as a neuroprotectant. It was decided to import this novel drug from a university located in Brazil. An official collaboration pact was exchanged between both the sides. In accordance with the Indian Drug and Cosmetics Act 1940, unauthorized import of drug into India is not permitted. Hence, we decided to apply for the import license from Government of India. During the process of registration, we realized that the CDSCO SUGAM portal did not have facilities for the application from academic institute. We further faced challenges in different steps of import such as registration of the institute, individual drug application, fee transaction through the bank for Form 12, and customs duty clearance in the New Delhi airport. The process of import of drug for the purpose of testing by academic institutes has not been regularized by the CDSCO, and we suggest the apex organization to make separate provision for the academic institutes. This will encourage more academic institutes in India to opt for global collaborative works. This narration will further help them in following the same footsteps without facing significant hurdles. If more research on novel chemical entities is carried out in various academic institutes of India, it would not be far that we discover a blockbuster drug making the whole world turn toward us.
Assuntos
Drogas em Investigação , Aplicação de Novas Drogas em Teste/métodos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Meios de Transporte/métodos , Universidades , Brasil , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Índia , Aplicação de Novas Drogas em Teste/legislação & jurisprudência , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Universidades/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
This article looks to propose a new way to understand the repair of failing large sociotechnical systems. Leaving aside romantic valuations, repair always involves a certain degree of normalization. Derived from conceptualizations by Foucault, repair as normalization is understood as a particular form of power that, first, recognizes a certain normal state to which the failing system should evolve and, second, develops different strategies to reach it, usually involving the deployment of particular disciplinary devices. The ultimate aim of such practices is usually not only the improvement of the system but centrally the maintenance of a certain kind of power. In order to show the empirical usability of such conceptualization, the article analyzes the case of Transantiago, a thoroughgoing reform of the public transport system of Santiago, Chile. The start of Transantiago in February 2007 was marred by multiple failures, becoming one of the biggest public controversies in the country in recent decades. Given this, several different strategies were developed to repair such failures, understanding them explicitly as normalization. The article analyzes two particular strategies: attempts to change the negative 'public perception' about Transantiago through the use of quantitative indicators and the introduction of an unexpected type of infrastructure to increase the overall speed of the system. Finally, the conclusion analyzes how the conception of repair as normalization can help us better understand the complexities involved in dealing with failing large sociotechnical systems such as Transantiago, pointing to the need to sometimes move beyond repair.
Assuntos
Atitude , Planejamento de Cidades , Percepção , Meios de Transporte , Chile , Cidades , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Meios de Transporte/métodos , Meios de Transporte/normasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine is a serious illicit drug problem in the United States and globally. For decades, methamphetamine has been supplied to the illicit market through local clandestine manufacturing and trafficking. In the early stages, illicit methamphetamine was produced and trafficked by motorcycle gangs and Mexican criminal groups. Over time, local clandestine manufacturing increasingly contributed to the illicit supply and broader methamphetamine problem. This review examines the evolution of the illicit methamphetamine supply in the U.S. METHODS: A review of the literature on methamphetamine production and trafficking was conducted. Information was obtained from numerous sources including governmental reports, books and academic articles. RESULTS: Attempts to control the supply of methamphetamine have only led to short term disruptions in availability. Clandestine manufacturing and trafficking have undergone significant changes over the past several decades. Shifts in local production have regularly been counterbalanced by changes in production and trafficking from criminal organizations in Mexico. Transnational criminal organizations now control much of the methamphetamine supply in the U.S. and methamphetamine remains widely available. CONCLUSIONS: The supply of methamphetamine in the United States is dynamic. Producers and traffickers have adapted to control efforts and the problem continues. Control efforts focused on eliminating supply are limited at best.
Assuntos
Comércio/legislação & jurisprudência , Crime/prevenção & controle , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Drogas Ilícitas/legislação & jurisprudência , Metanfetamina/provisão & distribuição , Formulação de Políticas , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/história , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/prevenção & controle , Comércio/economia , Comportamento Cooperativo , Crime/economia , Crime/história , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/economia , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/história , Regulamentação Governamental , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/economia , Drogas Ilícitas/história , Drogas Ilícitas/provisão & distribuição , Cooperação Internacional , Aplicação da Lei , Metanfetamina/síntese química , Metanfetamina/economia , Metanfetamina/história , México , Política Pública/economia , Política Pública/história , Fatores de Tempo , Meios de Transporte/economia , Meios de Transporte/história , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This ethnographic study was conducted along the U.S.-Mexico border, the centre of the western hemispheric illicit drugs trade. It examines factors that encouraged or discouraged drug traffickers to "get out of the game" (a common slang reference to leaving the drug business). METHODS: In-depth, life history interviews were conducted of thirty ex-traffickers in the El Paso/Ciudad Juárez area. Participants discussed their experiences exiting drug trafficking and their retrospective, often conflicted, feelings about the trade. RESULTS: Although leaving drug trafficking is a complex and multi-faceted process, the principle factors for study participants were (1) punishment (by authorities or other traffickers), (2) self-image and identity, (3) social ties, (4) life course changes and (5) drug use/abuse. CONCLUSION: Traffickers often want to quit, but their divided self-identities make it difficult to relinquish the power and exhilaration they derive from the illicit drugs business. Harm reduction policies are needed that address the embeddedness of trafficker identities in dense webs of family, community, street gangs and transnational cartels, and the larger society, as well as the seductive appeal of Hollywood and pro-cartel narco-media. Traffickers need pathways that allow them to exit the illicit drugs business without surrendering their identity. Prison sentences are not enough to encourage traffickers to stop-also needed are culturally sensitive policies that help traffickers get out of the game and stay out.
Assuntos
Crime/psicologia , Criminosos/psicologia , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes , Drogas Ilícitas/provisão & distribuição , Meios de Transporte , Conflito Psicológico , Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Criminosos/legislação & jurisprudência , Características Culturais , Usuários de Drogas/psicologia , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Identificação Psicológica , Drogas Ilícitas/legislação & jurisprudência , Aplicação da Lei , México , Autoimagem , Comportamento Social , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Illegal drug use and trafficking are closely connected to crime. This article estimates the socioeconomic impact of this connection in Chile. METHODS: Goldstein's tripartite model was applied quantifying drug-crime connections and then using those estimates to measure the socioeconomic impact of drug-related crimes. This was estimated in terms of both the monetary cost of law enforcement, and lost productivity due to incarceration. This socioeconomic impact can be divided into: (a) the direct costs arising from infractions to Chile's Drug Law, and the indirect costs originated by crimes linked only partially to drug consumption and trafficking; (b) is measured in productivity losses, as well as in costs to the three branches of Chile's criminal justice system (police, judiciary, and prisons); and (c) is attributed to the three illicit drugs most prevalent in Chile: cannabis, cocaine hydrochloride (CH) and cocaine base paste (CBP). RESULTS: The socioeconomic impact of Chile's drug-crime relationship in 2006 is estimated to be USD 268 million. Out of this amount, 36% is spent on national Drug Law enforcement, and the remaining 64% comes from the connection of drug use and trafficking with non-Drug-Law-related crimes. The police bear the largest share of drug enforcement costs (32%), followed by penitentiaries (25%). Productivity losses due to incarceration for drug-related crimes represent 29% of the total impact. 53% of the costs are attributable to CBP, 29% to CH, and the remaining 18% to cannabis. The impact of CBP is greater when indirect costs are taken into account, although direct costs are primarily associated with CH. CONCLUSION: The majority of costs is attributed to the trafficking and consumption of CBP, a drug with a relatively low prevalence. Based on the results, this study suggests reviewing drug enforcement policies to differentiate them according to the social and individual harm caused by each drug.
Assuntos
Comércio/economia , Crime/economia , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/economia , Drogas Ilícitas/economia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/economia , Meios de Transporte/economia , Cannabis , Chile , Cocaína/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/economia , Comércio/legislação & jurisprudência , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Crime/prevenção & controle , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Eficiência , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/legislação & jurisprudência , Aplicação da Lei , Abuso de Maconha/economia , Fumar Maconha/economia , Fumar Maconha/legislação & jurisprudência , Modelos Econômicos , Prisões/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/reabilitação , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
The restructuring of production resulting from the Port Modernization Law (Law 8.630/90) caused significant changes in work organization of Brazilian Ports. In the case of Mucuripe (Fortaleza, Ceará), in particular, the changes were very intense as Mucuripe is an old port that, before the Law, had labor regulation being governed by Trade Unions. This paper aims to present the perceptions of Union Representatives on the changes brought about by the Law on work organization in the port of Fortaleza, its influence in the organization and in the way the Unions deal with this new reality. Open and exploratory interviews were conducted with representatives of occasional labor workers registered in the Port of Fortaleza OGMO (Orgão Gestor de Mão de Obra, Labor Regulation Management). The analysis of the collected material in the interviews was based on the technique of content analysis proposed by Bardin (1979). Trade Unions have undergone a great loss of power and it has reflected in a relative inability to perform its function and to fight for the rights of the workers. The obvious Trade Unions weakness - a reduction of strikes and less unionized workers - reflects the dominating ideology of capital.
Assuntos
Sindicatos/legislação & jurisprudência , Mudança Social , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Brasil , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Sindicatos/tendências , Saúde Ocupacional , Meios de Transporte/métodosRESUMO
A falta de tempo e profundidade na abordagem do candidato a motorista pelo serviço de psicologia e a ausência do psiquiatra na equipe de avaliação faz com que grande parcela dos habilitados seja de indivíduos portadores de distúrbios psicossomáticos, comportamentais e mesmo psiquiátricos. A necessidade de avaliação prolongada se faz necessária não só na primeira habilitação como nas revalidações.Motoristas com distúrbios incompatíveis com a direção veicular não conseguem se sociabilizar no dramático trânsito das grandes cidades. A direção ofensiva provocada por tais motoristas desestabiliza a harmonia, gentileza e generosidade que deveriam estar presente em todos os momentos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Comportamento Perigoso , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Quarantine Stations at Ports of Entry: Protecting the Public's Health focused almost exclusively on U.S. airports and seaports, which served 106 million entries in 2005. IOM concluded that the primary function of these quarantine stations (QSs) should shift from providing inspection to providing strategic national public health leadership. The large expanse of our national borders, large number of crossings, sparse federal resources, and decreased regulation regarding conveyances crossing these borders make land borders more permeable to a variety of threats. To address the health challenges related to land borders, the QSs serving such borders must assume unique roles and partnerships to achieve the strategic leadership and public health research roles envisioned by the IOM. In this article, we examine how the IOM recommendations apply to the QSs that serve the land borders through which more than 319 million travelers, immigrants, and refugees entered the U.S. in 2005.
Assuntos
Notificação de Doenças , Emigração e Imigração/legislação & jurisprudência , Cooperação Internacional , Vigilância da População/métodos , Administração em Saúde Pública/normas , Quarentena/organização & administração , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Viagem/legislação & jurisprudência , Aeronaves , Canadá , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Humanos , Relações Interinstitucionais , Liderança , México , Veículos Automotores , National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division , Navios , Migrantes/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Fumonisins are mycotoxins found in maize. In developing countries, the resources required for analysis are often lacking, and the shipping of maize between countries can be difficult since the importation of plant materials requires permits/inspection to prevent the entry of pests that frequently infest maize. A simple, safe and legal method for shipping maize extracts to the USA was needed to conduct a survey of fumonisins in Central America. The objective was to develop a method for isolating and shipping maize extracts for fumonisin analysis so as to facilitate a survey of fumonisin exposure. The results indicate that fumonisins in acetonitrile:water extracts of maize can be isolated on C18 cartridges, held for at least 3 days at 22 degrees C and then an additional 4 days at 4 degrees C before elution and analysis with no losses. This method allows the importation and analysis of maize samples from foreign locations without complications from international safety concerns.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais/análise , Fumonisinas/análise , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Zea mays/química , Carbono , América Central , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Cooperação Internacional , Extratos Vegetais/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
No Distrito Federal, a Lei Distrital nº 566/93 concede gratuidade nos transportes coletivos às pessoas portadoras de deficiência mental, o denominado passe livre. Os objetivos do estudo foram: (1) identificar dificuldades operacionais e de natureza ética enfrentadas pela equipe de saúde multidisciplinar no encaminhamento para concessão do passe livre; (2) levantar a existência de constrangimento, discriminação ou outras dificuldades na utilização do passe livre, a partir de percepções de jovens portadores de deficiência mental e/ou transtorno mental e de seus responsáveis, à luz de princípios bioéticos. A pesquisa foi realizada em serviço público, especializado em saúde mental da criança e da adolescência. O passe livre foi percebido como útil e vantajoso, constituindo-se em benefício respaldado nos princípios bioéticos da eqüidade e beneficência. Há evidências de limitações na abrangência do benefício de indivíduos com outros diagnósticos. Quanto aos profissionais, constatou-se a diversidade de práticas adotadas, pautadas mais em decisões individuais do que institucionais. Recomendações para o aprimoramento do benefício são discutidas, visando à superação de problemas identificados junto aos usuários.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente/legislação & jurisprudência , Bioética , Saúde Mental , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Objetivo: Descreve a forma de atuaçäo do Poder Público Municipal com relaçäo aos acidentes decorrentes do transporte rodoviário de produtos perigosos no Município de Säo Paulo. Metodologia: Realizou-se a caracterizaçäo dos possíveis riscos ao homem e ao meio ambiente gerados por esta modalidade de transporte, através da análise de relatórios de atendimento a emergências, para o período de 1993 a 1998. Os acidentes foram descritos segundo algumas variáveis como: classe de risco do produto envolvido, horário da ocorrência, tipo de transporte e causa principal. Através de uma leitura analítica dos textos legais foram identificados os procedimentos adotados pela municipalidade com relaçäo a estes acidentes, observando-se convergência, divergência e complementaridade, entre eles. Resultados: A pesquisa revelou que o maior número de acidentes ocorreu em vias urbanas, envolvendo produtos das classes 3 - líquidos inflamáveis e 8 - Corrosivos, na sua maioria säo líquidos, o que propiciou um grande número de vazamentos. Aproximadamente 40 por cento das causas näo foram apuradas, ou o foram parcialmente. Na legislaçäo estudada identificou-se medidas preventivas, tais como: exigência de plano de emergência para o transportador, fiscalizaçäo, restriçäo de horários, criaçäo do plano de emergência municipal e programa mínimo de treinamento, etc. Conclusäo: O Município de Säo Paulo tem conseguido alguns avanços após a implantaçäo da Lei n§ 11.368/93. Muitas das causas dos acidentes estäo relacionadas ao erro humano, o que evidencia a necessidade de um treinamento constante. Há necessidade de fiscalizaçäo permanente, aliada a uma maior integraçäo entre aqueles envolvidos com a matéria em pauta