RESUMO
Chromaffin granules isolated from adrenal glands constitute a powerful experimental tool to the study of secretory vesicle components and their participation in fusion and docking processes, vesicle aggregation, and interactions with cytosolic components. Although it is possible to isolate and purify chromaffin granules from adrenal glands of different species, bovine adrenal glands are the most used tissue source due to its easy handling and the large amount of granules that can be obtained from this tissue. In this chapter, we describe an easy-to-use and short-term protocol for efficiently obtaining highly purified chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medulla. We additionally include protocols to isolate granules from cultured bovine chromaffin cells and PC12 cells, as well as a section to obtain chromaffin granules from mouse adrenal glands.
Assuntos
Medula Suprarrenal , Células Cromafins , Células Neuroendócrinas , Glândulas Suprarrenais , Animais , Bovinos , Grânulos Cromafim , Camundongos , Células PC12 , RatosRESUMO
Introducción. El feocromocitoma es una neoplasia endocrina productora de catecolaminas, poco común, que generalmente se origina en la medula suprarrenal, y rara vez en el tejido cromafín extraadrenal, dándosele el nombre de paraganglioma. Existe una gran variedad de signos y síntomas secundarios a la secreción excesiva de catecolaminas por lo que su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos son fundamentales para evitar complicaciones potencialmente fatales. Caso clínico. Paciente femenina de 54 años, con dolor abdominal intermitente y con aumento progresivo, localizado en el cuadrante superior derecho. Por estudios imagenológicos se diagnosticó una gran masa suprarrenal derecha, con pruebas de laboratorio que encontraron niveles de metanefrinas y catecolaminas en orina normales. Discusión. Debido al tamaño del tumor y al íntimo contacto con las estructuras adyacentes, se realizó la resección por vía abierta, sin complicaciones y con una buena evolución postoperatoria. El informe anatomopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico de feocromocitoma suprarrenal derecho. Conclusión. Aunque poco frecuente, el feocromocitoma es una patología que se debe sospechar ante la presencia de masas suprarrenales y alteraciones relacionadas con la secreción elevada de catecolaminas. Se debe practicar el tratamiento quirúrgico de forma oportuna.
Introduction. Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-producing endocrine neoplasm that generally originates in the adrenal medulla, and rarely in extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue, giving it the name of paraganglioma. There is a wide variety of signs and symptoms secondary to excessive secretion of catecholamines, so its timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid potentially fatal complications. Clinical case. A 54-year-old female patient with intermittent abdominal pain and progressive increase, located in the right upper quadrant. By imaging studies, a large right adrenal mass was diagnosed, with laboratory tests that found normal levels of metanephrines and catecholamines in urine. Discussion. Due to the size of the tumor and the intimate contact with the adjacent structures, the resection was performed by open approach, without complications and with a good postoperative evolution. The pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of right adrenal pheochromocytoma. Conclusion. Although rare, pheochromocytoma is a pathology that should be suspected in the presence of adrenal masses and changes related to elevated catecholamine secretion. Surgical treatment should be performed in a timely manner.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feocromocitoma , Adrenalectomia , Catecolaminas , Medula SuprarrenalRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of adrenomedullary secretion on the plasma glucose, lactate, and free fatty acids (FFAs) during running exercise in rats submitted to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of physostigmine (PHY). PHY i.c.v. was used to activate the central cholinergic system. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into sham-saline (sham-SAL), sham-PHY, adrenal medullectomy-SAL, and ADM-PHY groups. The plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, and FFAs were determined immediately before and after i.c.v. injection of 20 µL of SAL or PHY at rest and during running exercise on a treadmill. RESULTS: The i.c.v. injection of PHY at rest increased plasma glucose in the sham group, but not in the ADM group. An increase in plasma glucose, lactate, and FFAs mobilization from adipose tissue was observed during physical exercise in the sham-SAL group; however, the increase in plasma glucose was greater with i.c.v. PHY. Moreover, the hyperglycemia induced by exercise and PHY in the ADM group were blunted by ADM, whereas FFA mobilization was unaffected. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that there is a dual metabolic control by which activation of the central cholinergic pathway increases plasma glucose but not FFA during rest and exercise, and that this hyperglycemic response is dependent on adrenomedullary secretion.
Assuntos
Medula Suprarrenal/fisiologia , Fibras Colinérgicas/fisiologia , Metabolismo/fisiologia , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Medula Suprarrenal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibras Colinérgicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Colinesterase/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Injeções Intraventriculares , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Masculino , Metabolismo/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Fisostigmina/administração & dosagem , Fisostigmina/farmacologia , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The adrenal medulla is crucial for the survival of species facing significant environmental changes. The parenchyma is composed mainly of chromaffin cells, ganglion cells and sustentacular cells (SC). The male viscacha exhibits seasonal variations of gonadal activity and other metabolic functions. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the reproductive conditions on the morphology of SC of this rodent. In addition, the effects of testosterone and melatonin on these cells were studied. Immunoexpression of S100 protein, GFAP and vimentin were analyzed. Furthermore, the distribution of adrenergic and noradrenergic chromaffin cells subpopulations was studied for the first time in this species. SC present long cytoplasmic processes in contact with chromaffin cells, probably generating an intraglandular communication network. Significant differences (pâ¯<â¯0.05) in the %IA (percentage of immunopositive area) for the S100 protein were observed according to winter (4.21⯱â¯0.34) and summer (3.51⯱â¯0.15) values. In castrated animals, the %IA (6.05⯱â¯0.35) was significantly higher in relation to intact animals (3.95⯱â¯0.40). In melatonin-treated animals the %IA (3.62⯱â¯0.23) was significantly higher compared to control animals (2.65⯱â¯0.26). GFAP immunoexpression was negative and no noradrenergic chromaffin cells were detected suggesting an adrenergic phenotype predominance. Vimentin was observed in SC, endothelial cells and connective tissue. Results indicate that SC exhibit variations along the annual reproductive cycle, along with castration and the melatonin administration. Our results suggest that in this rodent SC are not only support elements, but also participate in the modulation of the activity of the adrenal medulla; probably through paracrine effects.
Assuntos
Medula Suprarrenal/efeitos dos fármacos , Androgênios/farmacologia , Melatonina/farmacologia , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Suprarrenal/ultraestrutura , Animais , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Introducción: desde el año 1997 se comenzó a realizar la adrenalectomía laparoscópica en nuestro centro. Objetivo: analizar los resultados de la adrenalectomía laparoscópica desde su implementación en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos en 160 pacientes a los que se les realizó adrenalectomía por vía laparoscópica, en el período comprendido desde noviembre de 1997 hasta septiembre del año 2017 en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Universitario Hermanos Ameijeiras. Se empleó la técnica laparoscópica con abordaje lateral intraperitoneal en la mayoría de los casos y el abordaje en decúbito supino en 2 casos para la adrenalectomía bilateral. Resultados: se realizaron 162 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas en 160 pacientes, ya que a dos pacientes se les realizó la adrenalectomía bilateral en un tiempo. La edad promedio fue de 44,8 años. La indicación quirúrgica fue el incidentaloma en 68 pacientes (42,5 pr ciento), el síndrome de Cushing en 27 (16,8 por ciento), feocromocitoma en 26 (16,25 por ciento), la Enfermedad de Cushing con fracaso del tratamiento neuroquirúrgico en 12 (7,5 por ciento), mielolipomas en 7 (4,37 por ciento), tumor adrenal en 6 (3,75 por ciento), tumor metastásico en 5 (3,1 por ciento), quistes adrenales en 4 (2,5 por ciento), hiperaldosteronismo primario en 3 (1,87 por ciento), tumor virilizante adrenal en 1 paciente y 1 paciente con un Síndrome de secreción ectópica de ACTH que le provocaba un Síndrome de Cushing complicado. Predominaron las lesiones del lado izquierdo en 86 pacientes, 72 del lado derecho y 2 bilaterales. Fueron convertidos a cirugía convencional 2 pacientes (1,25 por ciento). El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 82 minutos. La estadía posoperatoria promedio fue de 2.5 días. Conclusiones: la adrenalectomía laparoscópica es una técnica reproducible y segura con las ventajas inherentes a la cirugía laparoscópica(AU)
Introduction: As far as 1997, the performing of laparoscopic adrenalectomy started in our center. Objective: To analyze the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy since its implementation in the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out with the results obtained from 160 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, in the period from November 1997 to September 2017, in the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras University Clinical Surgical Hospital. The laparoscopic technique with intraperitoneal lateral approach was used in the majority of cases and the supine approach was used in two cases for bilateral adrenalectomy. Results: 162 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed in 160 patients, since two patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy at one time. The average age was 44.8 years. Surgical indication cases were incidentalomas, in 68 patients (42.5 percent), Cushing's syndrome in 27 (16.8 percent), pheochromocytomas in 26 (16.25 percent), Cushing's disease with neurosurgical treatment failure in 12 (7.5 percent), myelolipomas in 7 (4.37 percent), adrenal tumor in 6 (3.75 percent), metastatic tumor in 5 (3.1 percent), adrenal cysts in 4 (2.5 percent), primary hyperaldosteronism in 3 (1.87 percent), adrenal virilizing tumor in 1 patient, and 1 patient with an ectopic ACTH secretion syndrome that caused a complicated Cushing's syndrome. Lesions on the left side were predominant in 86 patients, 72 on the right side and two bilateral. Two patients (1.25 percent) were converted to conventional surgery. The average surgical time was 82 minutes. The average postoperative stay was 2.5 days. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a reproducible and safe technique with the advantages inherent to laparoscopic surgery(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Laparoscopia/estatística & dados numéricos , Medula Suprarrenal/lesões , Adrenalectomia/métodos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Síndrome de Cushing/cirurgiaRESUMO
The extent and type of hormones and active peptides secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla have to be adjusted to physiological requirements. The chromaffin cell secretory activity is controlled by the splanchnic nerve firing frequency, which goes from approximately 0.5 Hz in basal conditions to more than 15 Hz in stress. Thus, these neuroendocrine cells maintain a tonic release of catecholamines under resting conditions, massively discharge intravesicular transmitters in response to stress, or adequately respond to moderate stimuli. In order to adjust the secretory response to the stimulus, the adrenal chromaffin cells have an appropriate organization of Ca2+ channels, secretory granules pools, and sets of proteins dedicated to selectively control different steps of the secretion process, such as the traffic, docking, priming and fusion of the chromaffin granules. Among the molecules implicated in such events are the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, Ca2+ sensors like Munc13 and synaptotagmin-1, chaperon proteins such as Munc18, and the actomyosin complex. In the present review, we discuss how these different actors contribute to the extent and maintenance of the stimulus-dependent exocytosis in the adrenal chromaffin cells.
Assuntos
Medula Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Grânulos Cromafim/metabolismo , Exocitose , Animais , Canais de Cálcio/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: El feocromocitoma es una neoplasia neuroendocrina localizada en la médula adrenal, llamado paraganglioma cuando su ubicación es extraadrenal. Su incidencia anual es de 2-8 por millón de personas, sin predilección de sexo. Su cuadro clínico se caracteriza por: cefalea, diaforesis, taquicardia e hipertensión arterial. El tratamiento es la resección quirúrgica con una preparación preoperatoria multidisciplinaria. CASO CLÍNICO: Se trata de una paciente de 36 años, femenina con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial de un año de evolución, acompañado de cefalea, pérdida de peso, dolor abdominal, diaforesis, malestar general y otros; hospitalizada por varias ocasiones debido a crisis hipertensivas. Tensión arterial 180/120 mmHg, Frecuencia cardíaca 90/min, Índice de masa corporal 19.2 Kg/m2. Abdomen: masa palpable en hipocondrio y flaco izquierdos de aproximadamente 10 cm, no doloroso a la palpación. EVOLUCIÓN: Dentro de los exámenes complementarios, la determinación de catecolaminas en plasma fueron normales, en la tomografía computarizada se evidenció una masa retroperitoneal que involucraba riñón y suprarrenal izquierdos; ante la persistencia de hipertensión, se realiza la resección de la neoplasia por laparotomía más nefrectomía izquierda, flebotomía de cava inferior y transversectomía. Como complicación en el postoperatorio inmediato presentó hemoperitoneo requiriendo relaparotomía con esplenectomía, además adquirió neumonía la cual fue superada satisfactoriamente y fue dada el alta médica en buenas condiciones. CONCLUSIONES: El feocromocitoma es una patología infrecuente y compleja, cuya resolución quirúrgica es mandatoria, con una preparación prequirúrgica multidisciplinaria para disminuir al máximo la morbimortalidad y con un seguimiento a largo plazo en todos los casos.(AU)
INTRODUCTION: Pheochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine tumor located in the adrenal medulla or paraganglioma when its location is extraadrenal. The annual incidence is 2-8million people, no sex predilection. Clinical symptoms are characterised by: headache, diaphoresis,tachycardia, and hypertension. The treatment is surgical resection with a multidisciplinary preoperative preparation. CASE REPORT: This isa36 year old female patient,withahistory of hypertension forayear,accompanied by headache, weight loss, abdominal pain, diaphoresis, malaise and others; hospitalized for several times due to hypertensive crises. BP: 180/120 mmHg; HR: 90 per minute; BMI 19.2 kg / m2. Abdomen: palpablemass in upper quadrant and left flank of approximately 10 cm, not painful on palpation. EVOLUTION: About the examinations, the plasma catecholamines tests were normal and the CT scan showed a retroperitoneal mass which involved kidney and adrenal on left side. At the persistence of hypertension, the resection of the tumor was performed by laparotomy; also was performed left nephrectomy, phlebotomy of inferior cava and the resection ofthe transverse colon. Inthe immediatepostoperativeperiod,thepatientpresentedhemoperitoneumandasplenectomy was performed; also contracted pneumonia which was successfully treated. She left the hospital in good condition. CONCLUSIONS: The Pheochromocytoma is an infrequent and complex disease, whose surgical treatment is mandatory. A multidisciplinary preoperative preparation is important to reduce the morbidity andmortality associated and the follow-upmust be long termin all cases.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Feocromocitoma/cirurgia , Administração de Caso , Paraganglioma , Medula Suprarrenal/patologia , Hipertensão/etiologiaRESUMO
El feocromocitoma quístico gigante es tumor adrenal raro en el que predomina el curso asintomático; por lo que muchos de los casos no son diagnosticados hasta el momento de la cirugía. La simple movilización del tumor se asocia con el paso a la sangre de grandes cantidades de catecolaminas y a una elevada morbimortalidad.; por esta razón la cirugía per se y su manejo perioperatorio constituyen un enorme desafío. En este artículo se presenta el caso de un feocromocitoma gigante maligno (35 cm) que ocupaba todo el hemiabdomen derecho. Aun con el diagnóstico preoperatorio de feocromocitoma, el bloqueo farmacológico preoperatorio y las medidas intraoperatorias, el paciente falleció poco antes de que finalizara la cirugía.
The giant cystic pheochromocytoma is a rare adrenal tumor in the predominantly asymptomatic course; so many cases are not diagnosed until the time of surgery. The simple mobilization of the tumor is associated with the passage to the blood of large amounts of catecholamines and high morbidity and mortality. So the surgery itself and perioperative management are a huge challenge. This article describes the case of a malignant giant pheochromocytoma (35 cm) which occupied the entire right abdomen. Even with the preoperative diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, pharmacological blockade preoperative and intraoperative measures, the patient died shortly before the end of surgery.
Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico por imagem , Feocromocitoma/cirurgia , Feocromocitoma/metabolismo , Feocromocitoma/patologia , Medicação Pré-Anestésica , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/cirurgia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/metabolismo , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Evolução Fatal , Medula Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Medula Suprarrenal/patologia , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Cistos/cirurgia , Cistos/metabolismo , Cistos/patologia , Cistos/diagnóstico por imagem , Carga Tumoral , Complicações Intraoperatórias/etiologia , Complicações Intraoperatórias/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Previous studies have shown that catecholamines in vivo and in vitro inhibit the activity of Ca2+-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscles under basal conditions. In the present study we sought to investigate the role of catecholamines in regulating the Ca2+-dependent proteolysis in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from rats acutely exposed to cold. Overall proteolysis, the activity of proteolytic systems, protein levels and gene expression of different components of the calpain system were investigated in rats submitted to adrenodemedullation (ADMX) and exposed to cold for 24 h. ADMX drastically reduced plasma epinephrine and promoted an additional increase in the overall proteolysis, which was already increased by cold exposure. The rise in the rate of protein degradation in soleus muscles from adrenodemedullated cold-exposed rats was caused by the high activity of the Ca2+-dependent proteolysis, which was associated with the generation of a 145-kDa cleaved α-fodrin fragment, a typical calpain substrate, and lower protein levels and mRNA expression of calpastatin, the endogenous calpain inhibitor. Unlike that observed for soleus muscles, the cold-induced muscle proteolysis in EDL was not affected by ADMX. In isolated soleus muscle, clenbuterol, a selective ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, reduced the basal Ca2+-dependent proteolysis and completely abolished the activation of this pathway by the cholinergic agonist carbachol. These data suggest that catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla inhibit cold-induced protein breakdown in soleus, and this antiproteolytic effect on the Ca2+-dependent proteolytic system is apparently mediated through expression of calpastatin, which leads to suppression of calpain activation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although many effects of the sympathetic nervous system on muscle physiology are known, the role of catecholamines in skeletal muscle protein metabolism has been scarcely studied. We suggest that catecholamines released from adrenal medulla may be of particular importance for restraining the activation of the Ca2+-dependent proteolysis in soleus muscles during acute cold exposure. This finding helps us to understand the adaptive changes that occur in skeletal muscle protein metabolism during cold stress.
Assuntos
Medula Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Medula Suprarrenal/fisiologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Animais , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Calpaína/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Temperatura Baixa , Epinefrina/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Proteólise , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
The giant cystic pheochromocytoma is a rare adrenal tumor in the predominantly asymptomatic course; so many cases are not diagnosed until the time of surgery. The simple mobilization of the tumor is associated with the passage to the blood of large amounts of catecholamines and high morbidity and mortality. So the surgery itself and perioperative management are a huge challenge. This article describes the case of a malignant giant pheochromocytoma (35 cm) which occupied the entire right abdomen. Even with the preoperative diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, pharmacological blockade preoperative and intraoperative measures, the patient died shortly before the end of surgery.
Assuntos
Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico por imagem , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/metabolismo , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/cirurgia , Medula Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Medula Suprarrenal/patologia , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Cistos/diagnóstico por imagem , Cistos/metabolismo , Cistos/patologia , Cistos/cirurgia , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Complicações Intraoperatórias/etiologia , Complicações Intraoperatórias/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Feocromocitoma/metabolismo , Feocromocitoma/patologia , Feocromocitoma/cirurgia , Medicação Pré-Anestésica , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Carga TumoralRESUMO
Undernutrition during brain development causes long lasting alterations in different neurotransmitter systems that may alter responses to psychoactive drugs. Despite the recognized effects of early undernutrition on the cholinergic system, no evidence that demonstrates the influence of this insult on nicotine susceptibility has been reported. We investigated the effects of protein/calorie restriction during lactation on the susceptibility to nicotine in adolescent mice. Dams were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Control (C, 20 litters)--free access to standard laboratory diet (23% protein); Protein Restricted (PR, 12 litters)--free access to a isoenergetic, 8% protein diet; Calorie Restricted (CR, 12 litters)--access to standard laboratory diet in restricted quantities (mean ingestion of PR: pair-fed group). Undernutrition extended from postnatal day 2 (PN2) to weaning (PN21). At PN30, animals either received an i.p. injection of nicotine (0.5mg/Kg) or saline and were immediately placed in open field (OF). After the OF, adrenal glands and serum were collected for the analyses of stress-related endocrine parameters and leptin concentration. PR and CR offspring showed less body mass gain and visceral fat mass. PR offspring presented reduced serum leptin concentration. In the OF, nicotine increased locomotor activity of C and PR, but not of CR. CR and PR offspring showed decreased adrenal catecholamine content, which was not dependent on nicotine exposure. Our results indicate that early undernutrition interferes with nicotine-elicited locomotor effects in adolescent mice and suggest that endocrine parameters alterations in malnourished animals do not influence the behavioral response to nicotine.
Assuntos
Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Nicotina/farmacologia , Agonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Medula Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Restrição Calórica , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras/metabolismo , Feminino , Hormônios/sangue , Leptina/metabolismo , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
Gait problems constitute an important and chronic welfare restriction for broiler chickens. The objective of the present study was to determine if adrenal gland morphology indicates chronic welfare restrictions in broiler chickens, using gait problems as the stressor. Sixty-six birds raised on a commercial unit were selected at 40 d of age and separated into groups according to gait score. One group was apparently healthy birds (AH) with gait scores of 0 to 2, and the other group had birds with gait problems (GP) that showed gait scores of 4 to 5. Birds were slaughtered and weighed, and their adrenal glands were measured and weighed; proportions of medullary and adrenocortical tissues, and lymphatic tissue and blood vessels were studied. GP birds had lower BW when compared to AH birds, and when adrenal gland weight values were adjusted to BW, a greater relative adrenal weight was observed for the GP group. Adrenals from GP birds also presented a higher proportion of blood vessels when compared to AH birds. These results might indicate increased adrenal activity and evidence of the inflammatory process as a consequence of chronic stress. Results showed that gait problems caused significant adrenal gland changes, suggesting a possible role for the study of adrenal gland morphology as an indicator of chronic welfare problems in broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Córtex Suprarrenal/anatomia & histologia , Medula Suprarrenal/anatomia & histologia , Bem-Estar do Animal , Galinhas/anatomia & histologia , Galinhas/fisiologia , Animais , Peso Corporal , Marcha , Masculino , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
We have recently shown that chronic fluoxetine treatment acted significantly increasing plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations both in control and chronically stressed adult male rats. However, possible effects of fluoxetine on catecholamine synthesis and re-uptake in adrenal medulla have been largely unknown. In the present study the effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on tyrosine hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, as well as a norepinephrine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 gene expressions in adrenal medulla of animals exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks, were investigated. Gene expression analyses were performed using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Chronically stressed animals had increased tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels and decreased expression of both transporters. Fluoxetine increased tyrosine hydroxylase and decreased norepinephrine transporter gene expression in both unstressed and CUMS rats. These findings suggest that chronic fluoxetine treatment increased plasma catecholamine levels by affecting opposing changes in catecholamine synthesis and uptake.
Assuntos
Medula Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/farmacologia , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Catecolaminas/biossíntese , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Proteínas Vesiculares de Transporte de Monoamina/metabolismo , Animais , Epinefrina/metabolismo , Masculino , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Estresse Psicológico , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismoRESUMO
We have assessed the effect of bradykinin and histamine on the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i ) of bovine adrenal medulla capillary endothelial cells (BAMCECs). To measure [Ca(2+)]i changes in BAMCECs the intracellular fluorescent probe, fluo-3 AM, was used. Bradykinin (3 µM) produced a transient monophasic increase in [Ca(2+)]i , which was depressed by B1650 (0.1 µM), a B2-bradykinin receptor antagonist (D-Arg-[Hyp(3), Thi(5,8) , D-Phe(7)]-Bradykinin). Similarly, increase in [Ca(2+)]i induced by histamine was also depressed by tripolidine (0.1 µM), an H1-histamine receptor antagonist. [Ca(2+)]i increase induced by both agonists was unaffected in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) or presence of antagonists of voltage operated Ca(2+) channels (VOCCs). Thapsigargin (1 µM) did not abolish the increase of [Ca(2+)]i produced by bradykinin, but abolished that of histamine. In contrast, caffeine (100 µM), abolished the [Ca(2+)]i response induced by bradykinin (3 µM), but did not affect the [Ca(2+)]i increase induced by histamine (100 µM). The results indicate the presence of B2 bradykinin- and H1 histamine-receptors in BAMCECs. Liberation of Ca(2+) induced by both agonists occurs through 2 different intracellular mechanisms. While bradykinin activates a sarco(endo) plasmic reticulum (SER) containing a SER Ca(2+) -ATPase (SERCA) thapsigargin-insensitive, histamine activates a SER containing a SERCA thapsigargin-sensitive. We suggest that the increase in [Ca(2+)]i induced by bradykinin and histamine could be of physiological relevance, modulating adrenal gland microcirculation.
Assuntos
Medula Suprarrenal/citologia , Bradicinina/farmacologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Histamina/farmacologia , Animais , Cafeína/farmacologia , Canais de Cálcio/química , Canais de Cálcio/metabolismo , Bovinos , Células Cultivadas , Citosol/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Receptores Histamínicos H1/metabolismo , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo Sarcoplasmático/metabolismo , Tapsigargina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Pheochromocytoma (PHEO), a rare catecholamine producing tumor arising from the chromaffin cells, may occurs sporadically (76%-80%) or as part of inherited syndromes (20%-24%). Angiogenesis is a fundamental step in tumor proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is the most well-characterized angiogenic factor. The role of angiogenic markers in PHEO is not fully understood; investigations were therefore made to evaluate the expression of VEGF-A and its receptors in PHEO and correlate to clinical parameters. Twenty-nine samples of PHEO were evaluated for VEGF-A, VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) VEGFR-2 expression and microvessel density (MVD) by immunohistochemistry. Clinical data were reviewed in medical records. The mean age of patients was 38±14 years, and 69% were woman. VEGF-A, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 staining were detected in nearly all PHEO samples. No significant correlation was observed between VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 expression or MVD and age at diagnosis, tumor size or sporadic and hereditary PHEO. However, the levels of expression of these molecules were significantly higher in malignant PHEO samples (p=0.027, p=0.003 and p=0.026, respectively).VEGF-A and its receptors were shown to be up-regulated in malignant PHEO, suggesting that these molecules might be considered as therapeutic targets for unresectable or metastatic tumors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/irrigação sanguínea , Feocromocitoma/irrigação sanguínea , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/biossíntese , Receptor 1 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/biossíntese , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/biossíntese , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico , Medula Suprarrenal/irrigação sanguínea , Medula Suprarrenal/citologia , Medula Suprarrenal/patologia , Adulto , Biomarcadores Tumorais/biossíntese , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Microvasos/fisiologia , Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla Tipo 2a , Neovascularização Patológica , Feocromocitoma/diagnósticoRESUMO
Los paragangliomas son tumores neuroendocrinos poco frecuentes que pueden originarse en cualquier lugar a lo largo del sistema paraganglial. La mayoría son benignos y de progresión lenta, sin embargo un 10% aproximadamente presentan metástasis. El 80-85% de estos tumores surgen de la médula suprarrenal y se nombran feocromocitomas, mientras que el 15-20% se encuentran en tejidos cromafines a nivel extra-adrenal y se conocen como paragangliomas. Tienen variantes hereditarias (25%), también pueden manifestarse con multifocalidad. Pueden aparecer en cualquier parte del sistema paraganglial y estar asociados con el tejido nervioso simpático (médula adrenal, el órgano de Zuckerkandl, u otras células cromafines que puedan persistir más allá de la embriogénesis), o con el sistema nervioso parasimpático (quimiorreceptores, que se encuentra principalmente en cabeza y cuello). Por lo tanto, los paragangliomas pueden estar distribuidos desde la base del cráneo hasta el sacro. Las imágenes de medicina nuclear ayudan a delinear plenamente la enfermedad.
The paragangliomas are a rare neuroendocrine group of tumors that can occur anywhere along paraganglia system. Most of them are benign and of slow progression, however about 10% of them will have metastases. The large majority (80-85%) of these tumors arise from the adrenal medulla and are called pheochromocytomas, while 15-20% originate in chromaffin tissue at extra-adrenal sites, and are called paragangliomas. There are inherited variants (25%), and the disease may also present with multifocality. They can appear anywhere in paraganglia system and may be associated with sympathetic nervous tissue (adrenal medulla, the organ of Zuckerkandl, or other chromaffin cells that can persist beyond embryogenesis), or the parasympathetic nervous system (chemoreceptors, which are found mainly in the head and neck). Therefore, paragangliomas can be distributed from the base of the skull to the sacrum. Nuclear medicine imaging can help to fully define the disease. © 2013 Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.
Assuntos
Humanos , Glomos Para-Aórticos , Paraganglioma , Medula Suprarrenal , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Metástase Neoplásica , Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático , Feocromocitoma , Tumores Neuroendócrinos , Base do Crânio , Cabeça , Pescoço , Neoplasias , Medicina NuclearRESUMO
El feocromocitoma es un tumor que produce catecolaminas,mayor responsable de la hipertensión arterial en jóvenes,con mayor frecuencia se localiza en la medula suprarrenal, unilateral.Generalmente asociado con neoplasia endócrina múltiple.Los pacientes presentan una serie de síntomas, entre ellosla hipertensión arterial.Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 31 años, con doloren hipocondrio derecho de un año de evolución, tipo pesadezy pérdida de peso de 3 kg. Al examen físico se constató tumoraciónen hipocondrio derecho que llega a epigastrio, de 12cm de diámetro. Con el diagnóstico de tumor retroperitonealobtenido por imágenes se decide una laparotomía exploradoradonde se visualizó un tumor de 18cm. de diámetro, sólido, enpolo superior del riñón derecho, adherido a vena cava. Se realizóuna exéresis tumoral y el informe de anatomía patológicaconfirmó feocromocitoma
Assuntos
Catecolaminas , Medula Suprarrenal , Neoplasia Endócrina MúltiplaRESUMO
Animals living in nontropical climates modify their physiology and behavior to adapt to seasonal environmental changes. Part of this adaptation involves the release of catecholamine from sympathetic nerve endings and the adrenal medulla, which play a major role in regulating energy balance. The aim of this work was to investigate whether adult male viscachas in their natural habitat exhibits structural changes in the adrenal medulla during the annual seasonal cycle. In August-September, chromaffin granules revealed ultrastructural changes suggestive of piecemeal degranulation. Quantitative morphometric analysis by transmission electron microscopy showed a significantly lower percentage of resting chromaffin granules and a higher percentage of altered granules and empty containers in August-September (late winter) compared to February-March (late summer), suggesting an increased secretory process of catecholamines in August-September. The mechanism of piecemeal degranulation might amplify this process, encouraging the adaptive response to winter environmental conditions. Tissue levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine (analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography) changed throughout the year, reaching maximum values in February-March and minimum values in August-September. These results demonstrate morphological and biochemical seasonal variations of the adrenal medulla, suggesting that epinephrine might promote energy mobilization, which allow the Lagostomus to cope with adverse environmental conditions and thus to survive during winter season.
Assuntos
Medula Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Grânulos Cromafim/metabolismo , Roedores/metabolismo , Estações do Ano , Adaptação Fisiológica , Medula Suprarrenal/ultraestrutura , Animais , Degranulação Celular , Grânulos Cromafim/ultraestrutura , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Dopamina/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Epinefrina/metabolismo , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Chuva , Luz Solar , Temperatura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Existen evidencias que apoyan la participación de las especies reactivas de oxígeno en las cascadas de señalización y transducción intracelular de la angiotensina II. La ANG II es importante en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis corporal, regulando la presión arterial y el metabolismo de fluidos y electrolitos. Se sabe que en la periferia, la ANG II es capaz de estimular a la NAD(P)H oxidasa con la subsiguiente producción de ERO. El anión superóxido es metabolizado secuencialmente por las enzimas antioxidantes como la superóxido dismutasa, la catalasa y la glutatión peroxidasa. A su vez, las especies reactivas de oxígeno son capaces de activar a las proteínas kinasas activadas por mitógenos, las cuales se encuentran asociadas al crecimiento y la diferenciación celular. Se evaluó la posible participación de las especies reactivas de oxígeno en el mecanismo de señalización intracelular mediado por el receptorAT1en el hipotálamo, el órgano subfornicaly médula suprarrenal de la rata. Nuestros resultados demostraron que la estimulación del tejido nervioso con ANG II in vitroincrementó la actividad de la enzimas antioxidante. Al evaluar el papel del receptor AT1, la NAD(P)H oxidasa, el anión superóxido y la proteína kinasa C; así como la activación de las ERK1/2 en la señalización de la ANG II en el hipotálamo, OSF y MSR, demostramos que el bloqueo del receptor AT1con losartán, la interferencia del ensamblaje de la NAD(P)H oxidasa con apocinina, el secuestro de anión superóxido empleando un mimético de la SOD, tempol,y la inhibición de la PKC con cheleritrina, bloquearon completamente el efecto que produce la ANG II sobre las enzimas antioxidantes in vitro.Igualmente, la activación de la ERK1/2 inducida por la ANG II fue reducida por APO y LOS a nivel hipotalámico. Adicionalmente, el bloqueo del receptor AT2hipotalámico con PD123319, no bloqueo sino que mas bien potenció la respuesta de las enzimas antioxidantes y la activación de las ERK1/2 inducida por la ANG II, lo que desenmascaró el efecto contra regulatorio del receptor AT2sobre la acción de la ANG II mediada por el receptor AT1. Se sabe que durante el estrés el sistema renina angiotensina circulante y cerebral se encuentra estimulado, por lo tanto el incremento de la ANG II endógena debería desencadenar vías de señalización similares a las reportadas in vitro. Efectivamente, nuestros hallazgos demostraron que tanto,el estrés agudo inducido por la inmovilización forzada,como el estrés crónico en ratas espontáneamente hipertensas incrementaron la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes en las tres estructuras cerebrales estudiadas. Este efecto es mediado por la vía del receptor AT1, la estimulación de la NAD(P)H oxidasa y la producción de anión superóxido ya que el tratamiento in vivo con LOS, APO y TEM fue capaz de bloquear completamente el incremento de la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes inducidas por el estrés y por ende por la ANG II endógena.A nivel de la MSR demostramos, por primera vez, que la estimulación del receptor AT2 esta asociada a la estimulación de la NAD(P)H oxidasa, ya que la APOy el PD 123319 fueron capaces de bloquear el incremento de la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes inducida por la ANG II. Demostrando así, que el receptor AT1en la MSR contrarregula la acción de la ANG II a través del receptor AT2.En conclusión, nuestros resultados indican que a nivel del sistema nervioso las especies reactivas de oxígeno participan en la cascada de señalización intracelular de la ANG II, y ejercen un importante papel en la respuesta al estrés y la hipertensión.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Angiotensina II/agonistas , Radicais Livres/farmacocinética , Tecido Nervoso/lesões , Superóxido Dismutase/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Angiotensina II/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/efeitos adversos , Medula Suprarrenal/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Losartan/uso terapêutico , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/agonistas , Regeneração Nervosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso/fisiopatologia , Antioxidantes/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
We examined the underlying neural-endocrine mechanisms of asthma associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) group, and anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) IgG group. An RSV infection model was established by nasal drip once a week. In the anti-NGF antibody intervention group, each rat was given an intraperitoneal injection of anti-NGF IgG 3 h before RSV infection. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the structural changes in adrenal medulla cells. Changes in adrenaline and norepinephrine in serum were detected by ELISA. NGF expression was assayed by immunohistochemistry. Expression differences in synaptophysin mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Transmission electron microscopy displayed widened adrenal medulla intercellular spaces, reduced chromaffin particle concentration, and increased mitochondria in the RSV infection group. At the same time, NGF expression was increased in the RSV infection group significantly. In addition, the adrenaline concentration was significantly decreased compared with the control and anti-NGF antibody groups. Synaptophysin mRNA expression was significantly increased in the RSV infection and anti-NGF antibody groups. However, compared with the RSV infection group, synaptophysin mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the anti-NGF antibody group. We conclude that RSV infection could induce adrenal medulla cell differentiation to nerve cells by over-expression of NGF, resulting in the decreased endocrine function found in asthma progression.