RESUMO
Resumo Objetivo sintetizar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre os tipos de superfícies de compressão utilizadas na RCP e analisar quais características das superfícies de compressão têm impacto na eficácia da compressão torácica durante a RCP. Método revisão integrativa da literatura, cujos critérios de seleção e inclusão foram: artigos completos, em inglês, português ou espanhol e que respondessem a seguinte questão de pesquisa: "Quais são as características das superfícies de compressão que têm impacto na eficácia das compressões torácicas durante a RCP?". Realizada entre os meses de junho e julho de 2019. Resultados inclui-se 12 artigos de estudos experimentais, cuja extração de dados revelou 13 tipos diferentes de colchões. Em relação às pranchas, seis tamanhos diferentes foram relatados, com diferentes materiais. Constatou-se influências do tipo de superfície de compressão na força necessária para realizar as compressões torácicas. Conclusão as evidências apontam que colchões de maiores dimensões e com tecnologia para redução de pressão e camas mais largas apresentam impactos negativos na qualidade das compressões torácicas. Implicação para prática o conhecimento sobre a influência do tipo e características das superfícies de apoio na qualidade das compressões torácicas podem subsidiar profissionais na escolha e incorporação de tecnologias no ambiente hospitalar.
Resumen Objetivo Sintetizar la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre los tipos de superficies de compresión utilizadas en la RCP y analizar qué características de las superficies de compresión tienen un impacto en la efectividad de la compresión torácica durante la RCP. Método Revisión bibliográfica integradora, cuyos criterios de selección e inclusión fueron: artículos completos, en inglés, portugués o español y que respondieran a la siguiente pregunta de investigación: "¿Cuáles son las características de las superficies de compresión que inciden en la efectividad de las compresiones torácicas durante la RCP?". Se llevó a cabo entre junio y julio de 2019. Resultados se incluyeron 12 artículos de estudios experimentales, cuya extracción de datos reveló 13 tipos diferentes de colchones. En cuanto a los Tabelaros, se reportaron seis tamaños diferentes, con diferentes materiales. Se encontraron influencias del tipo de superficie de compresión sobre la fuerza requerida para realizar las compresiones torácicas. Conclusión la evidencia señala que los colchones más grandes con tecnología de reducción de presión y las camas más grandes tienen impactos negativos en la calidad de las compresiones torácicas. Implicación para la práctica El conocimiento sobre la influencia del tipo y características de las superficies de apoyo en la calidad de las compresiones torácicas puede ayudar a los profesionales en la elección e incorporación de tecnologías en el ámbito hospitalario.
Abstract Objective To synthesize the available evidence in the literature on the types of compression surfaces used in CPR and to analyze which characteristics of the compression surfaces impact the effectiveness of chest compression during CPR. Method Integrative literature review, whose selection and inclusion criteria were complete articles, in English, Portuguese or Spanish and that answered the following research question: "What are the characteristics of the compression surfaces that impact the effectiveness of chest compressions during CPR?". It was carried out between June and July 2019. Results 12 articles from experimental studies were included. 13 different types of mattresses were found. Regarding the boards, six different sizes and many materials were reported. Influences of the type of compression surface on the force required to perform chest compressions were found. Conclusion Evidence points out that larger mattresses with pressure reduction technology and larger beds have negative impacts on the quality of chest compressions. Implication for practice Knowledge about the influence of the type and characteristics of support surfaces on the quality of chest compressions can support professionals in the choice and incorporation of technologies in the hospital environment.
Assuntos
Humanos , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar , Parada Cardíaca , Massagem Cardíaca , Leitos , Pisos e Cobertura de PisosRESUMO
Objetivo: apresentar atualizações para a ressuscitação cardiopulmonar em pacientes suspeitos e confirmados com COVID-19. Método: revisão compreensiva da literatura, com síntese narrativa das evidências de diretrizes e recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, American Heart Association, Resuscitation Council UK, American College of Surgions Committee on Trauma e National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. Resultados: as principais atualizações trazem informações sobre especificidades das manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar; preparação do ambiente, recursos humanos e materiais, reconhecimento da parada cardiorrespiratória e ações iniciais; estratégias de ventilação e acesso invasivo da via aérea; ajustes do ventilador mecânico e manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar em pacientes pronados. Considerações finais: profissionais de saúde envolvidos no atendimento à parada cardiorrespiratória de pacientes suspeitos e/ou confirmados com COVID-19 podem encontrar inúmeros desafios, portanto devem seguir com rigor o protocolo estabelecido para maximizar a efetividade das manobras de ressuscitação e minimizar o risco de contágio pelo vírus e sua disseminação.
Objective: to present updates for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in suspected and confirmed patients with COVID-19. Method: comprehensive literature review with narrative synthesis of the evidence of guidelines and recommendations from World Health Organization, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, American Heart Association, Resuscitation Council UK, American College of Surgions Committee on Trauma and National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. Results: the main updates bring information about the specifics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers; preparation of the environment and human and material resources, recognition of cardiorespiratory arrest and initial actions; ventilation and invasive airway access strategies; mechanical ventilator adjustments and cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers in patients in the prone position. Final considerations: health professionals involved in the care of cardiorespiratory arrest of suspected and/or confirmed patients with COVID-19 can face numerous challenges, so they must strictly follow the protocol established to maximize the effectiveness of resuscitation maneuvers and minimize the risk of contagion by the virus and its spread.
Objetivo: apresentar actualizaciones para la reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes sospechos os y confirmados con COVID-19. Método: revisión exhaustiva de la literatura con síntesis narrativa de la evidencia de guías y recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, American Heart Association, Resuscitation Council UK, American College of Surgions Committee on Trauma and National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. Resultados: las principales actualizaciones aportan información sobre los detalles de las maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar; preparación del medio ambiente y recursos humanos y materiales, reconocimiento de paro cardiorrespiratorio y acciones iniciales; estrategias de ventilación y acceso invasivo a las vías aéreas; ajustes del ventilador mecánico y maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes en decúbito prono. Consideraciones finales: los profesionales de la salud involucrados en la atención del paro cardiorrespiratorio de pacientes sospechosos y/o confirmados con COVID-19 pueden enfrentar numerosos desafíos, por lo que deben seguir estrictamente el protocolo establecido para maximizar la efectividad de las maniobras de reanimación y minimizar el riesgo de contagio por el virus y supropagación.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/normas , Infecções por Coronavirus/complicações , Betacoronavirus , Parada Cardíaca/etiologia , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Protocolos Clínicos/normas , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Contenção de Riscos Biológicos/normas , Parada Cardíaca/reabilitação , Massagem Cardíaca/métodos , Equipe de Enfermagem/normasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recommendations regarding ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are based on a low level of scientific evidence. We hypothesized that practices about ventilation during CPR might be heterogeneous and may differ worldwide. To address this question, we surveyed physicians from several countries on their practices during CPR. METHODS: We used a Web-based opinion survey. Links to the survey were sent by e-mail newsletters and displayed on the Web sites of medical societies involved in CPR practice from December 2013 to March 2014. RESULTS: 1,328 surveys were opened, and 548 were completed (41%). Responses came from 54 countries, but 64% came from 6 countries. Responders were mostly physicians (89%). From this group, 97% declared following specific CPR guidelines. Regarding practices, 28% declared always or frequently adopting only continuous chest compressions without additional ventilation. With regard to mechanical chest compression devices, 38% responded that such devices were available to them; when used, 28% declared always or frequently experiencing problems with ventilation such as frequent alarms. During bag-mask ventilation in intubated patients, 18% declared stopping chest compression during insufflation, and 39% applied > 10 breaths/min, which conflicts with international CPR guidelines. When a ventilator was used, the volume controlled mode was the most common strategy cited, but there was heterogeneity regarding ventilator settings for PEEP, trigger, FIO2 , and breathing frequency. SpO2 and end-tidal CO2 were the 2 most monitored variables cited. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians indicated heterogeneous practices that often differ significantly from international CPR guidelines. This may reflect the low level of evidence and a lack of detailed recommendations concerning ventilation during CPR.
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Reanimação Cardiopulmonar , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Respiração Artificial/estatística & dados numéricos , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Massagem Cardíaca/instrumentação , Massagem Cardíaca/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Respiração Artificial/instrumentação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Ventiladores MecânicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate chest compression (CC) quality and operator fatigue during CC, with coordinated ventilation, on a neonatal simulator and to explore its association with provider aerobic activity and body mass index. METHODS: This was a prospective observational experimental study on pediatricians, neonatologists, and neonatal nurses who frequently deliver newborns and who have signed the informed consent. Subjects performed CC coordinated with ventilations at a ratio of 3:1 for 10 minutes on a neonatal mannequin. Proxy of fatigue was defined as four consecutive CC below target. RESULTS: Forty subjects participated; 62% were women. Twenty one (52%) evidenced weariness, as they performed. No gender-based differences were found in weariness. No subject abandoned the procedure due to fatigue. Subjects who participated in aerobic exercise had a significantly better performance than those who did not participate. Early fatigue was significantly associated with higher BMI. The reduction in effectiveness occurred at a mean time of 7.7 minutes (range 3.5-9 minutes). CONCLUSION: CC performance quality decreased and fatigue was frequent before 10 minutes had elapsed on a neonatal simulator. Provider fatigue was associated with both lack of aerobic activity and BMI ≥ 25. Our findings support the need for guidelines requiring frequent rotation of CC providers during prolonged neonatal resuscitation.
Assuntos
Reanimação Cardiopulmonar , Fadiga , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Massagem Cardíaca/métodos , Manequins , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Parada Cardíaca/terapia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pressão , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/classificação , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/história , Parada Cardíaca/classificação , Parada Cardíaca/terapia , Epinefrina/administração & dosagem , Máscaras Faciais , Primeiros Socorros , Massagem Cardíaca , Intubação/enfermagem , Respiração Artificial/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to examine the decisions of pediatricians who teach neonatal resuscitation in Brazil, particularly those who start resuscitation in the delivery room for newborns born at 23-26 gestational weeks. METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional study that used electronic questionnaires (Dec/11-Sep/13) sent to instructors of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. The primary outcome was the gestational age at which the respondent said that he/she would initiate positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room. Latent class analysis was used to identify the major profiles of these instructors, and logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with belonging to one of the derived classes. RESULTS: Of 685 instructors, 82% agreed to participate. Two latent classes were identified: 'pro-resuscitation' (instructors with a high probability of performing ventilation on infants born at 23-26 weeks) and 'pro-limitation' (instructors with a high probability of starting ventilation only for infants born at 25-26 weeks). In the multivariate model, compared with the 'pro-limitation' class, 'pro-resuscitation' pediatricians were more likely to be board-certified neonatologists and less likely to base their decision on the probability of the infant's death or on moral/religious considerations. CONCLUSION: The pediatricians in the most aggressive group were more likely to be specialists in neonatology and to use less subjective criteria to make delivery room decisions.
Assuntos
Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/educação , Massagem Cardíaca/métodos , Lactente Extremamente Prematuro , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/normas , Brasil , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/normas , Tomada de Decisões , Salas de Parto , Avaliação Educacional , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Neonatologia , Pediatria , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to examine the decisions of pediatricians who teach neonatal resuscitation in Brazil, particularly those who start resuscitation in the delivery room for newborns born at 23-26 gestational weeks. METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional study that used electronic questionnaires (Dec/11-Sep/13) sent to instructors of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. The primary outcome was the gestational age at which the respondent said that he/she would initiate positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room. Latent class analysis was used to identify the major profiles of these instructors, and logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with belonging to one of the derived classes. RESULTS: Of 685 instructors, 82% agreed to participate. Two latent classes were identified: ‘pro-resuscitation’ (instructors with a high probability of performing ventilation on infants born at 23-26 weeks) and ‘pro-limitation’ (instructors with a high probability of starting ventilation only for infants born at 25-26 weeks). In the multivariate model, compared with the ‘pro-limitation’ class, ‘pro-resuscitation’ pediatricians were more likely to be board-certified neonatologists and less likely to base their decision on the probability of the infant’s death or on moral/religious considerations. CONCLUSION: The pediatricians in the most aggressive group were more likely to be specialists in neonatology and to use less subjective criteria to make delivery room decisions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/educação , Massagem Cardíaca/métodos , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/normas , Brasil , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/normas , Tomada de Decisões , Salas de Parto , Avaliação Educacional , Idade Gestacional , Lactente Extremamente Prematuro , Neonatologia , PediatriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and is treated by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR involves both chest compressions and positive pressure ventilations when given by medical providers. Mechanical chest compression devices automate chest compressions and are beginning to be adopted by emergency medical services with the intent of providing high-quality, consistent chest compressions that are not limited by human providers who can become fatigued. Biosignals acquired from cardiac arrest patients have been characterized in their ability to track the effect of CPR on the patient. The authors investigated the feasibility and appropriate response of a biosignal-guided mechanical chest compression device in a swine model of cardiac arrest. METHODS: After a custom signal-guided chest compression device was engineered, its ability to respond to biosignal changes in a swine model of cardiac arrest was tested. In a preliminary series of six swine, two biosignals were used: mean arterial pressure (MAP) and a mathematical derivative of the electrocardiogram waveform, median slope (MS). How these biosignals changed was observed when chest compression rate and depth were adjusted by the signal-guided chest compression device, independent of the user. Chest compression rate and depth were adjusted by the signal-guided chest compression device according to a preset threshold algorithm until either of the biosignals improved to satisfy a set "threshold" or until the chest compression rate and depth achieved maximum values. Defibrillation was attempted at the end of each resuscitation in an effort to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). RESULTS: The signal-guided chest compression device responded appropriately to biosignals by changing its rate and depth. All animals exhibited positive improvements in their biosignals. During the course of the resuscitation, three of the six animals improved their MS biosignal to reach the MS threshold, while two of the six animals improved their MAP biosignal to reach the MAP threshold. In the six experiments conducted, defibrillation was attempted on five animals, and two animals achieved ROSC. CONCLUSIONS: In this proof-of-concept study, a signal-guided chest compression device was demonstrated to be capable of responding to biosignal input and delivering chest compressions with a broad range of rates and depths.
Assuntos
Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Parada Cardíaca/terapia , Massagem Cardíaca/métodos , Animais , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/instrumentação , Cardioversão Elétrica/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , SuínosRESUMO
Os suportes básicos e avançados de vida continuam a ser a chave para melhorar os resultados de sobrevivência da parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR). O objetivo deste artigo é atualizar a abordagem da PCR, enfatizando os diferentes cenários clínicos e individualizando as terapias conforme o ritmo e a etiologia.
Basic life support and advanced cardiovascular life support continue to be the key to improve survival rates of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). The purpose of this article is to update the approach to SCA, emphasizing the different clinical scenarios and individualizing therapies according to rhythm and etiology.
Assuntos
Parada Cardíaca , Cardiopatias , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar , Massagem CardíacaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and rescuer fatigue when rescuers perform one or two minutes of continuous chest compressions. METHODS: This prospective crossover study included 148 lay rescuers who were continuously trained in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation course. The subjects underwent a 120-min training program comprising continuous chest compressions. After the course, half of the volunteers performed one minute of continuous chest compressions, and the others performed two minutes, both on a manikin model. After 30 minutes, the volunteers who had previously performed one minute now performed two minutes on the same manikin and vice versa. RESULTS: A comparison of continuous chest compressions performed for one and two minutes, respectively, showed that there were significant differences in the average rate of compressions per minute (121 vs. 124), the percentage of compressions of appropriate depth (76% vs. 54%), the average depth (53 vs. 47 mm), and the number of compressions with no errors (62 vs. 47%). No parameters were significantly different when comparing participants who performed regular physical activity with those who did not and participants who had a normal body mass index with overweight/obese participants. CONCLUSION: The quality of continuous chest compressions by lay rescuers is superior when it is performed for one minute rather than for two minutes, independent of the body mass index or regular physical activity, even if they are continuously trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is beneficial to rotate rescuers every minute when performing continuous chest compressions to provide higher quality and to achieve greater success in assisting a victim of cardiac arrest.
Assuntos
Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/educação , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/normas , Socorristas/educação , Massagem Cardíaca/normas , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Competência Clínica/normas , Estudos Cross-Over , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/normas , Exercício Físico , Fadiga/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Parada Cardíaca/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Manequins , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Dispositivos como o metrônomo tem demonstrado aumentar a qualidade da reanimação cardiopulmonar (RCP). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência e a profundidade das compressões torácicas (CT) realizadas com e sem o auxílio do metrônomo.MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 44 estudantes de medicina do 1º ano que foram avaliados imediatamente após o curso "Heartsaver DEA". Foi utilizado metrônomo durante o curso,na frequência de 100 por minuto, a fim de auxiliar as CT. Os estudantes realizaram um minuto de CT utilizando o manequim AmbuMan Prolife, parte sem o auxílio do metrônomo (Grupo A) e a outra parte com o auxílio do dispositivo (Grupo B), que permaneceu na frequência de 100 por minuto. Cada avaliação foi filmada e a análise das compressões foi realizada por um instrutor que desconhecia cada grupo. RESULTADOS: A média de idade e a porcentagem do sexo masculino no Grupo A e no Grupo B foram de 20,7 ± 3,5 versus 22,5± 1,9 (p = 0,004) e 45,4% versus 54,6% (p = 0,763), respectivamente. Durante um minuto de compressões torácicas, para os Grupos A e B, a média da frequência foi de 110,3 ± 14,2 versus103,6 ± 9,6, respectivamente (p = 0,37) e a média da porcentagem de compressões com profundidade adequada foi de 39,6% ± 34,7 versus 87,4% ± 21,7, respectivamente (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O uso do metrônomo durante o treinamento foi efetivo, demonstrado pela frequência correta obtida em ambos os grupos. A profundidade das compressões foi melhor no grupo que utilizou o metrônomo, talvez pelo fato dos estudantes concentrarem maior atenção na profundidade das compressões já que o dispositivo auxiliava na sua frequência.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Devices such as metronome have demonstrated to increase the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The objective was evaluating the frequency and depth of chest compressions (CC) performed with and without the aid of the metronome.METHOD: This prospective study involving 44 medical students coursing the first year, were evaluated immediately after the "Heartsaver AED" course. During the training, a metronome was used to guide the compressions frequency (100 per minute). The students performed CC during one minute, both using AmbuMan Prolife manikins, a group without metronome (Group A) and another group with metronome (Group B) guidance with "tock" prompts for compressions, at rate of 100 per minute. Each session was filmed and analysis of the compressions was performed by an instructor without knowledge of each group. RESULTS: The average age and percentage of male gender of Group A and Group B was 20.7 ± 3.5 vs. 22.5 ± 1.9 (p = 0.004) and 45.4% vs. 54.6% (p = 0.763), respectively. During 1 min of CC, considering Group A and Group B, the average rate of compressions was 110.3 ± 14.2 vs. 103.6 ± 9.6, respectively (p= 0.37) and the average percentage of correct depth compression was 39.6% ± 34.7 vs. 87.4% ± 21.7, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Using the metronome during training was effective, demonstrated by the frequency of correct CC in both groups. The greatest depth of CC in the group with metronome may be related to less concern with the frequency due to the presence of the stimulus sound and greater focus on appropriate depth of compressions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Parada Cardíaca , Massagem Cardíaca , Reanimação CardiopulmonarRESUMO
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A reanimação cardiopulmonar (RCP) somente com compressões torácicas (CT) tem sido amplamente discutida nos últimos anos, principalmente quando realizadas por leigos que testemunham vítimas de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR). O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a qualidade das CT realizadas por leigos antes e após curso "Familiares e Amigos: RCP a Qualquer Hora®". MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 73 indivíduos que não tinham conhecimento prévio sobre RCP. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira, foi solicitado ao voluntário que realizasse dois minutos de CT, da maneira que julgasse correta, em um manequim que registra tal habilidade. A seguir, o voluntário realizou o curso proposto e, por último, o participante executou novamente dois minutos de CT, utilizando o mesmo manequim da primeira etapa. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 20,2 ± 2,9 anos, 26% do sexo masculino. Antes e após o curso, durante dois minutos de CT, os seguintes parâmetros revelaram diferença significativa: a média do número total de compressões (166 versus 198, p = 0,0001), a frequência (89 versus 99 compressões/minuto, p = 0,0055) e a porcentagem de posição correta das mãos (51% versus 87%, p < 0,0001). Já a porcentagem de CT com profundidade adequada foi de 20% antes e de 27% após o curso, não revelando diferença significativa, p = 0,0580. CONCLUSÃO: A qualidade das CT melhorou significativamente após treinamento de RCP. A profundidade das CT ainda é insuficiente mesmo após o treinamento o que enfatiza a necessidade de dispositivos que forneçam um feedback durante a realizaçãoda RCP.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been widely studied and discusse din recent years, especially when performed by lay people who witnessed cardiopulmonary arrest. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of chest compressions (CCs) performed by lay people before and after the course "Family andFriends CPR Anytime®". METHOD: We evaluated 73 individuals who had no prior knowledge about CPR. The study was divided into three steps. At first, the volunteer was asked to conduct two minutes of CCs, as he/she deems proper, on a mannequin that records such skill. Then the volunteer made the course. Finally, the participant performed again two minutes of CCs using the same dummy first step. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 20.2 ± 2.9 years, 26% male. Before and after the course, two minutes of CCs, the following parameters have shown significant differences: the average total number of compressions (166 vs. 198, p = 0.0001),frequency (89 vs. 99 compressions/min, p = 0.0055) and percentage of correct position of the hands (51% vs. 87%, p < 0.0001).On the other hand, the percentage of CCs with adequate depth was 20% from 27% before and after the course, revealed no significant difference, p = 0.0580. CONCLUSION: The quality of CCs improved significantly after CPR training. However, the depth of CCs remained still insufficient even after training, which emphasizes the need of devices that can provide a quality feedback during CPR.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Massagem Cardíaca , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/educação , Estudantes , TutoriaRESUMO
A morte súbita, uma das principais causas de morte nos países industrializados, é um importante problema de saúde pública em vários países. A despeito dos protocolos e diretrizes para o tratamento dessa situação, com raras exceções, a taxa de sobrevida das vítimas cujo evento ocorra fora do ambiente hospitalar continua baixa. O atendimento inicial às vítimas de parada cardiorrespiratória realizado de maneira rápida por leigos no local da ocorrência é capaz de melhorar essa taxa. Porém, apesar de esforços de conscientização e treinamento, somente cerca de um terço dessas vítimas recebem esse atendimento. Recentemente, na universidade do Arizona (Estados Unidos), a taxa de sobrevida apresentou melhora com a utilização do protocolo de ressuscitação cardiocerebral juntamente com as orientações das diretrizes de 2005. Essa nova forma de atendimento para vítimas de morte súbita presenciada e com ritmo possível de reversão com choque elétrico foi desenvolvida pelo grupo de ressuscitação da universidade do Arizona e é composta de três etapas: compressão torácica externa contínua, realizada por leigos; utilização, por socorristas, de um protocolo diferenciado; e abordagem pós-reversão mais agressiva, com a realização de cateterismo e hipotermia. A manutenção da perfusão tanto cerebral como cardíaca por meio de compressão contínua durante o atendimento das vítimas é essencial para uma sobrevida livre de sequelas neurológicas. A ressuscitação cardiocerebral pode provocar modificações no atendimento subsequente, com significativo aumento (cerca de 300 por cento) das chances de sobrevida da vítima.
Sudden cardiac death is a leading cause of mortality in industrialized nations and is a major public health problem worldwide. In spite of the protocols and guidelines for the treatment of this condition, with rare exceptions, the survival rate of individuals whose event takes place out of hospitals remains low. The early care to victims of cardiorespiratory arrest by bystander resuscitations can improve this rate. However, despite the efforts to raise awareness and training, only one third of the victims receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Recently, at the University of Arizona (United States) the survival rate improved with the use of a cardiocerebral resuscitation protocol along with the 2005 guidelines. This new approach to the resuscitation of patients with witnessed sudden death and shockable rhythm was developed by the University of Arizona Resuscitation Group and is divided into three important components: continuous chest compression carried out by bystanders; use of a differentiated protocol, and a more aggressive post-resuscitation approach, using hypothermia and catheterization. Uninterrupted perfusion to the heart and brain by continuous chest compression during cardiac arrest is essential for a survival free from neurological sequelae. Cardiocerebral resuscitation may cause changes in subsequent care, with a significant increase (approximately 300%) in the probability of survival.
Assuntos
Humanos , Massagem Cardíaca , Ressuscitação/métodos , Ressuscitação , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
A parada cardíaca é uma situação dramática, definida pela ocorrência súbita de interrupção da circulação sanguínea, culminando em perda da consciência. O suporte básico de vida tem como principal objetivo propiciar o atendimento imediato às vitimas de parada cardiorrespiratória, mas também propiciar o treinamento ao reconhecimento de situações ameaçadoras de vida, como as situações de obstrução das vias aéreas. Acredita-se que, por meio da organização de um sistema de atendimento emergencial ágil e eficiente, a sobrevida dessas vítimas será maior. Nesse sentido é que a American Heart Association estabeleceu a corrente de sobrevivência há mais de duas décadas. Por meio de um programa de educação para profissionais de saúde e para a população leiga, cursos de treinamento em suporte básico de vida são realizados em todo o mundo, buscando que os quatro elos da corrente de sobrevivência sejam implantados; acesso rápido a serviço especializado em atendimentos de emergência, ressuscitação cardiopulmonar imediata, desfibrilação o mais breve possível, e suporte avançado de vida precoce. Sabe-se que os adultos, em sua maioria, apresentam parada cardiorrespiratória em ritmo de fibrilação ventricular / taquicardia ventricular sem pulso e por isso devem ser tratados com desfibrilação precoce, por ser o único tratamento efetivo para essa situação. No entanto, na situação em que a vítima se encontra em parada cardiorrespiratória por tempo indeterminado ou for vítima de afogamento...
Cardiac arrest is a dramatic situation defined by the occurrence of sudden interruption of effective circulation, leading to unconsciousness. The main objective of basic life support it to provide immediate care to the victims of cardiorespiratory arrest, and in addition offer training to identify life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction. It is believed that the survival of these victims is likely to be greater with the use of a responsive and efficient emergency care system. To achieve this goal, the American Heart Association created the Chain of Survival more than two decades ago. Through an education program for health professionals and the general population, training courses on Basic Life Support are held throughout the world pursuing the implementation of the four links in Chain of Survival: quick access to specialized emergency care, immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation, defibrillation as soon as possible and early advanced life support. It is known that most adults present cardiac arrest rhythm of ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia and therefore should be treated with early defibrillation since this is the only effective treatment for this situation. However, patients in cardiac arrest for an indefinite period of time or caused by drowning or asphyxia, should receive chest compressions for at least 2 minutes before defibrillation. Currently there is a worldwide trend to use chest compressions during cardiac arrest.
Assuntos
Humanos , Arritmias Cardíacas/complicações , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Massagem Cardíaca/métodos , Massagem Cardíaca , Parada Cardíaca/complicações , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar , Morte Súbita Cardíaca , SobrevidaRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Emergency cardiac care guidelines emphasize treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest with continuous uninterrupted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) chest compressions. Paramedics in the United States perform endotracheal intubation on nearly all victims of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. We quantified the frequency and duration of CPR chest compression interruptions associated with paramedic endotracheal intubation efforts during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. METHODS: We studied adult out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest treated by an urban and a rural emergency medical services agency from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium during November 2006 to June 2007. Cardiac monitors with compression sensors continuously recorded rescuer CPR chest compressions. A digital audio channel recorded all resuscitation events. We identified CPR interruptions related to endotracheal intubation efforts, including airway suctioning, laryngoscopy, endotracheal tube placement, confirmation and adjustment, securing the tube in place, bag-valve-mask ventilation between intubation attempts, and alternate airway insertion. We identified the number and duration of CPR interruptions associated with endotracheal intubation efforts. RESULTS: We included 100 of 182 out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrests in the analysis. The median number of endotracheal intubation-associated CPR interruption was 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 1 to 3; range 1 to 9). The median duration of the first endotracheal intubation-associated CPR interruption was 46.5 seconds (IQR 23.5 to 73 seconds; range 7 to 221 seconds); almost one third exceeded 1 minute. The median total duration of all endotracheal intubation-associated CPR interruptions was 109.5 seconds (IQR 54 to 198 seconds; range 13 to 446 seconds); one fourth exceeded 3 minutes. Endotracheal intubation-associated CPR pauses composed approximately 22.8% (IQR 12.6-36.5%; range 1.0% to 93.4%) of all CPR interruptions. CONCLUSION: In this series, paramedic out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation efforts were associated with multiple and prolonged CPR interruptions.
Assuntos
Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Parada Cardíaca/terapia , Massagem Cardíaca/métodos , Intubação Intratraqueal/métodos , Idoso , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/normas , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/tendências , Auxiliares de Emergência , Tratamento de Emergência , Feminino , Parada Cardíaca/mortalidade , Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Competência Profissional , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Medição de Risco , População Rural , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos , População UrbanaRESUMO
Cardiac arrest is a major concern in health care, owing to its high incidence and mortality rates. Since the development of external cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), there has been little advancement in nonpharmacologic therapies that have increased survival rates associated with cardiac arrest. Consequently, there has been much interest in the development of new techniques to improve the efficacy of CPR, particularly in the development of devices. Initially, many of the devices developed were not considered functional and failed to gain acceptance in the clinical setting. Recently, however, several devices have been developed which have progressed the administration of CPR and garnered acceptance in the clinical setting. In this article we will briefly review some of the more common mechanical devices developed to increase the safety and efficacy of CPR administration.