RESUMO
Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) is an understudied filarial nematode, originally described by Patrick Manson in 1897, that can be transmitted by two families of dipteran vectors, biting midges (most of them members of the genus Culicoides) and black flies (genus Simulium). With a patchy geographic distribution from southern Mexico to northwestern Argentina, human infection with M. ozzardi is highly prevalent in some of the Caribbean islands, along riverine communities in the Amazon Basin, and on both sides of the border between Bolivia and Argentina. There is no clinical entity unequivocally associated with M. ozzardi infection, although fever, arthralgia, headache, cold lower extremities, and itchy cutaneous rashes are occasionally mentioned in case report series. More recently, ocular manifestations (especially keratitis) have been associated with mansonelliasis, opening an important area of investigation. Here, we briefly review the biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical aspects of M. ozzardi infection and point to some existing knowledge gaps, aiming to stimulate a research agenda to help filling them.
Assuntos
Mansonella , Mansonelose/epidemiologia , Mansonelose/parasitologia , Doenças Negligenciadas/epidemiologia , Doenças Negligenciadas/parasitologia , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Vetores Artrópodes/classificação , Vetores Artrópodes/parasitologia , Humanos , Mansonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Mansonella/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mansonella/isolamento & purificação , Mansonella/fisiologia , Mansonelose/diagnóstico , Mansonelose/terapia , Doenças Negligenciadas/diagnóstico , Doenças Negligenciadas/terapia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi and calculate the parasitic infection rate in simuliid blackflies. The research was conducted in communities on the Purus River, Boca do Acre municipality, Amazonas State, Brazil. Prevalence was measured using the thick smear method. Captured blackflies were dissected to verify the parasitic infection rate. M. ozzardi prevalence was 27.30% (77/282). The study showed higher prevalence in men (31.97%) than women (22.22%), farmers (48.99%), and individuals in the 38-47 (60.00%), 48-57 (66.66%), and 58-67-year age brackets (75.00%). Microfilaremia was higher in individuals 58 to 67 years of age (average= 58.41 mf/40 microl), men (41.44 mf/40 microl), and farmers (49.94 mf/40 microl). Only the simuliid Cerqueirellum amazonicum was found infected with a parasitic infection rate of 0.98%.
Assuntos
Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Mansonella/fisiologia , Mansonelose/epidemiologia , Microfilárias/fisiologia , Simuliidae/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Animais , Sangue/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mansonelose/sangue , Mansonelose/transmissão , Microfilárias/isolamento & purificação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ocupações/estatística & dados numéricos , Prevalência , Características de Residência , Rios , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Este estudo teve o objetivo de estimar as prevalências de Mansonella ozzardi e calcular taxa de infecção parasitária nos simulídeos. O trabalho foi realizado em comunidades ribeirinhas do rio Purus, Boca do Acre, Amazonas, Brasil. As prevalências foram obtidas por meio do método de gota espessa de sangue obtido por porção digital. Os simulídeos coletados foram dissecados para estimar a taxa de infecção parasitária. A prevalência de M. ozzardi foi de 27,3 por cento (282/77). Foram observadas maiores prevalências nos homens (31,97 por cento) que nas mulheres (22,22 por cento), nos agricultores (48 por cento) e nos indivíduos entre: 38-47 (60 por cento), 48-57 (66,66 por cento) e 58-67 (75 por cento). A microfilaremia foi maior nos indivíduos entre 58-67 anos (média = 58,41mf/40µL), sexo masculino (41,44mf/40µL) e nos agricultores (49,94mf/40µL). Somente o simulídeo Cerqueirellum amazonicum foi encontrado infectado com taxa de infecção parasitária de 0,98 por cento.
The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi and calculate the parasitic infection rate in simuliid blackflies. The research was conducted in communities on the Purus River, Boca do Acre municipality, Amazonas State, Brazil. Prevalence was measured using the thick smear method. Captured blackflies were dissected to verify the parasitic infection rate. M. ozzardi prevalence was 27.30 percent (77/282). The study showed higher prevalence in men (31.97 percent) than women (22.22 percent), farmers (48.99 percent), and individuals in the 38-47 (60.00 percent), 48-57 (66.66 percent), and 58-67-year age brackets (75.00 percent). Microfilaremia was higher in individuals 58 to 67 years of age (average= 58.41mf/40µl), men (41.44mf/40µl), and farmers (49.94mf/40µl). Only the simuliid Cerqueirellum amazonicum was found infected with a parasitic infection rate of 0.98 percent.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Mansonella/fisiologia , Mansonelose/epidemiologia , Microfilárias/fisiologia , Simuliidae/parasitologia , Fatores Etários , Sangue/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Mansonelose/sangue , Mansonelose/transmissão , Microfilárias/isolamento & purificação , Ocupações/estatística & dados numéricos , Prevalência , Características de Residência , Rios , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Studies in the southern peninsula of Haiti showed that the biting midge, Culicoides barbosai, was capable of supporting the development of Mansonella ozzardi to the infective stage. The known vector, Culicoides furens, also was encountered. Both species showed distinct biting site preferences, i.e., 98% of the midges that engorged on the arms and head were C. barbosai whereas C. furens was collected mostly from the lower legs. Nine days after engorgement, 19 infective larvae were recovered from 13 C. barbosai versus six larvae from four C. furens. It was judged that C. barbosai may be as importantly involved in the natural transmission cycle as C. furens in this community.
Assuntos
Ceratopogonidae/parasitologia , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Mansonella/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Braço , Cabeça , Humanos , Mordeduras e Picadas de Insetos/parasitologia , Perna (Membro) , Mansonella/fisiologia , Mansonelose/transmissãoRESUMO
One hundred and twelve inhabitants of an area endemic for M. ozzardi received 20 cmm capillary blood samples by finger prick before and 30 minutes after the ingestion of 100 mg of diethylcarbamazine citrate. No significant variations in microfilaremia were detected. Thus, a provocative dose of DEC would not appear to be helpful in sampling for mansonellosis in Haiti.