RESUMO
Purpose The aims of this study were to characterize hearing symptoms, habits, and sound pressure levels (SPLs) of personal audio system (PAS) used by young adults; estimate the risk of developing hearing loss and assess whether instructions given to users led to behavioral changes; and propose recommendations for PAS users. Method A cross-sectional study was performed in 50 subjects with normal hearing. Procedures included questionnaire and measurement of PAS SPLs (real ear and manikin) through the users' own headphones and devices while they listened to four songs. After 1 year, 30 subjects answered questions about their usage habits. For the statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, Lin and Spearman coefficients, the chi-square test, and logistic regression were used. Results Most subjects listened to music every day, usually in noisy environments. Sixty percent of the subjects reported hearing symptoms after using a PAS. Substantial variability in the equivalent music listening level (Leq) was noted (M = 84.7 dBA; min = 65.1 dBA, max = 97.5 dBA). A significant difference was found only in the 4-kHz band when comparing the real-ear and manikin techniques. Based on the Leq, 38% of the individuals exceeded the maximum daily time allowance. Comparison of the subjects according to the maximum allowed daily exposure time revealed a higher number of hearing complaints from people with greater exposure. After 1 year, 43% of the subjects reduced their usage time, and 70% reduced the volume. A volume not exceeding 80% was recommended, and at this volume, the maximum usage time should be 160 min. Conclusions The habit of listening to music at high intensities on a daily basis seems to cause hearing symptoms, even in individuals with normal hearing. The real-ear and manikin techniques produced similar results. Providing instructions on this topic combined with measuring PAS SPLs may be an appropriate strategy for raising the awareness of people who are at risk. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12431435.
Assuntos
Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído , MP3-Player , Música , Estudos Transversais , Hábitos , Audição , Humanos , Manequins , Som , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine if sonotherapy reduces the anxiety level and postoperative pain in adults undergoing outpatient orthopedic surgery under regional anesthesia. METHOD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 80 adult patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, 40 received intervention with sonotherapy and 40 did not receive it. Pain, anxiety in the preoperative period, immediate postoperative, high, 24 and 48 hours later were measured. Hemodynamic parameters were measured in four moments. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the two groups in the pain scales neither anxiety. A significant reduction of the systolic blood pressure was observed after the application of sonotherapy and in recovery. There was no difference in other hemodynamic variables such as heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation or diastolic blood pressure between groups, however, the observed changes in some of them occurred faster in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: In adult patients undergoing outpatient orthopaedic surgery under regional anaesthesia, sound therapy is a novel strategy that significantly reduces systolic blood pressure, considered as an indicator of decreased anxiety. However, in our study, no difference could be demonstrated in terms of pain control or the need for additional sedation or analgesia.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia de la sonoterapia en la diminución de la ansiedad y el dolor posoperatorio en adultos llevados a cirugía ambulatoria de ortopedia bajo anestesia regional. MÉTODO: estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo, en 80 pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía ortopédica; 40 recibieron intervención con sonoterapia y 40 no la recibieron. Se midieron el dolor y la ansiedad en el preoperatorio, en el posoperatorio inmediato, al alta, y 24 y 48 horas después. Se midieron parámetros hemodinámicos en cuatro momentos. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en las escalas de dolor ni ansiedad. Se observó una reducción significativa de la presión arterial sistólica luego de la aplicación de la intervención y en recuperación. No se observaron diferencias en otras variables hemodinámicas entre los grupos, pero la reducción de algunas ocurre de forma más rápida en el grupo de intervención. CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes adultos llevados a cirugía ambulatoria de ortopedia bajo anestesia regional, la sonoterapia es una estrategia novedosa que reduce la presión arterial sistólica, y esto puede considerarse como un indicador de disminución de la ansiedad. En nuestro estudio no se pudo demostrar diferencia en términos de control del dolor ni de requerimiento de sedación o analgesia adicional.
Assuntos
Anestesia por Condução , Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Musicoterapia , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Algoritmos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Ansiedade/etiologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Terapia Combinada , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , MP3-Player , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Musicoterapia/instrumentação , Musicoterapia/métodos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/psicologia , Medição da Dor , Dor Pós-Operatória/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Pós-Operatória/etiologia , Dor Pós-Operatória/psicologia , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: The main goal of this study was to measure the sound pressure level of digital audio players of high school students and investigate their auditory and non-auditory complaints, and their hearing habits. Another goal was to consider the concern with hearing health and the knowledge sources used by young people to gather information about the subject. METHODS: This is an observational, descriptive, quantitative, and cross-sectional study, which had the participation of high school students. The first step was an examination of transient-evoked optoacoustic emissions, followed by the application of a questionnaire and the measurement of the volume of audio players. RESULTS: The results showed harmful habits of young people regarding hearing health, such as an excessive time of use (hours, days and years) and high volume levels of digital audio players (DAPs), as well as symptoms that may point to hearing loss. It was found that most young people seem to be concerned about their hearing; however, there is no change of attitude to such situations. CONCLUSION: The students develop the habit of using DAPs at very early ages and, in many cases, this habit is practiced with the equipment operating at high intensities, which can cause several hearing losses in these students.
OBJETIVO: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo mensurar em um ambiente ruidoso o nível de pressão sonora dos estéreos pessoais de jovens do ensino médio, levantar suas queixas auditivas e extra-auditivas e seus hábitos de uso. Considerando-se ainda a preocupação com a saúde auditiva e as fontes utilizadas pelos jovens para obtenção de informações sobre o assunto. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo, quantitativo, de delineamento transversal, do qual participaram jovens do ensino médio. Inicialmente foi realizado o exame de emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulos transientes, seguido da resolução de um questionário e a mensuração do nível de pressão sonora dos reprodutores de música utilizados em situação ruidosa simulada. RESULTADOS: A partir da mensuração dos estéreos pessoais, foram encontradas as intensidades mínima, de 69 dB(A), e máxima, de 93 dB(A). Os resultados mostraram hábitos nocivos à saúde auditiva sendo realizados pelos jovens, tais como tempo de uso (horas, dias e anos) e intensidade utilizada nos estéreos pessoais, assim como sintomas que podem indicar suscetibilidade a perdas auditivas. Observou-se que os jovens, em sua maioria, afirmam preocupar-se com sua audição, no entanto não há mudança de atitude diante dessas situações. CONCLUSÃO: O hábito do uso do estéreo pessoal é iniciado muito cedo dentro da população escolar e, em muitos casos, esse costume é praticado com o equipamento em intensidades elevadas, o que pode acarretar diversos prejuízos a esses alunos.
Assuntos
Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/etiologia , MP3-Player/estatística & dados numéricos , Música , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hábitos , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Medição de Risco , Som/efeitos adversos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (2013) define entre las causas de pérdida auditiva, la exposición a ruido. Una fuente de este ruido son los reproductores personales de música, cuyo uso representa una conducta de riesgo emergente. Es así como, existen estudios que registran daño auditivo inducido por ruido en los usuarios de reproductores personales en comparación con los no usuarios. Objetivo: Investigar la relación entre hábitos auditivos recreacionales y el rendimiento audiométrico en la frecuencia 6.000 Hz en jóvenes universitarios. Material y método: Se evaluaron 50 sujetos entre 18 y 26 años sin antecedentes otológicos. Se aplicó el Cuestionario CHAR y se realizó una audiometría tonal por vía aérea de 125 Hz a 8.000 Hz. Resultados: El análisis audiométrico, determinó la existencia de escotoma en el umbral auditivo de la frecuencia 6.000 Hz en 52% de los sujetos evaluados. Además se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos con umbral bajo y sobre 20 dB en dicha frecuencia, relacionado con los años de exposición y volumen de uso del dispositivo. Conclusión: La exposición a ruido recreacional puede producir daño auditivo a temprana edad, generando la necesidad de planes para prevenir el daño prematuro de la audición en jóvenes.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Noise exposure is one of most common causes of hearing loss according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The use of personal music players is one of the sources of this harmful noise, which has been demonstrated to constitute a risky habit. Previous studies have found hearing loss produced by noise in users of music players compared to subjects who do not used them. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between recreational hearing habits and hearing performance at 6000 Hz frequency in university students. Material and method: Fifty subjects (age range of 18-26 years), without history of otologic disorders were assessed. The CHAR questionnaire and an air conduction pure tone audiometry (125 Hz-8000 Hz) were administered to each participant. Results: Findings from pure tone audiometry demonstrated the presence of hearing scotoma at 6000 Hz frequency in fifty-two percent of subjects. Moreover, statistically significant differences were found when comparing subjects with normal threshold and subjects with threshold greater than 20 dB at 6000 Hz. This was related to years and intensity of noise exposure. Conclusion: Recreational noise exposure may cause hearing loss in early stages of lifespan. Prevention strategies to avoid early hearing loss in young subjects are required.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Recreação , Audiometria/métodos , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/epidemiologia , Música , Ruído/efeitos adversos , Limiar Auditivo , Estudantes , Testes de Impedância Acústica , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Risco , MP3-Player , HábitosRESUMO
Operant-conditioning boxes are widely used in animal training, allowing researchers to shape specific behaviors through reinforcements and/or punishments. Commercially available devices are expensive and run with proprietary software and hardware, hampering adaptations for the specific needs of an experiment. Therefore, many low-cost and open-source devices have recently been developed, but there are still few options for studying auditory behaviors. To overcome this problem, we developed a device based on a computer and an Arduino Mega 2560 board, named OBAT (Operant Box for Auditory Tasks), designed to present two different auditory stimuli to small primates. It has three modules: sound delivery, response bars, and reward system. We estimate that OBAT is at least 4-10 times cheaper than commercially available operant-conditioning boxes. Data from a behavioral pilot test ensured that the device can be used to train a marmoset in an auditory discrimination task. In addition, despite its low cost, accuracy tests showed that the OBAT operates with a high temporal precision. All schematics and software source code are available so that other groups can easily replicate the experiment or adapt the device to their own needs.
Assuntos
Estimulação Acústica/métodos , Percepção Auditiva/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Pesquisa Comportamental/instrumentação , Condicionamento Operante , MP3-Player , Estimulação Acústica/instrumentação , Animais , Callithrix , Discriminação Psicológica , Recompensa , SoftwareRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo mensurar em um ambiente ruidoso o nível de pressão sonora dos estéreos pessoais de jovens do ensino médio, levantar suas queixas auditivas e extra-auditivas e seus hábitos de uso. Considerando-se ainda a preocupação com a saúde auditiva e as fontes utilizadas pelos jovens para obtenção de informações sobre o assunto. Método Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo, quantitativo, de delineamento transversal, do qual participaram jovens do ensino médio. Inicialmente foi realizado o exame de emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulos transientes, seguido da resolução de um questionário e a mensuração do nível de pressão sonora dos reprodutores de música utilizados em situação ruidosa simulada. Resultados A partir da mensuração dos estéreos pessoais, foram encontradas as intensidades mínima, de 69 dB(A), e máxima, de 93 dB(A). Os resultados mostraram hábitos nocivos à saúde auditiva sendo realizados pelos jovens, tais como tempo de uso (horas, dias e anos) e intensidade utilizada nos estéreos pessoais, assim como sintomas que podem indicar suscetibilidade a perdas auditivas. Observou-se que os jovens, em sua maioria, afirmam preocupar-se com sua audição, no entanto não há mudança de atitude diante dessas situações. Conclusão O hábito do uso do estéreo pessoal é iniciado muito cedo dentro da população escolar e, em muitos casos, esse costume é praticado com o equipamento em intensidades elevadas, o que pode acarretar diversos prejuízos a esses alunos.
ABSTRACT Purpose The main goal of this study was to measure the sound pressure level of digital audio players of high school students and investigate their auditory and non-auditory complaints, and their hearing habits. Another goal was to consider the concern with hearing health and the knowledge sources used by young people to gather information about the subject. Methods This is an observational, descriptive, quantitative, and cross-sectional study, which had the participation of high school students. The first step was an examination of transient-evoked optoacoustic emissions, followed by the application of a questionnaire and the measurement of the volume of audio players. Results The results showed harmful habits of young people regarding hearing health, such as an excessive time of use (hours, days and years) and high volume levels of digital audio players (DAPs), as well as symptoms that may point to hearing loss. It was found that most young people seem to be concerned about their hearing; however, there is no change of attitude to such situations. Conclusion The students develop the habit of using DAPs at very early ages and, in many cases, this habit is practiced with the equipment operating at high intensities, which can cause several hearing losses in these students.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , MP3-Player/estatística & dados numéricos , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/etiologia , Música , Som/efeitos adversos , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Comportamento do Adolescente , Medição de Risco , Hábitos , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/diagnósticoRESUMO
A exposição a ruídos em atividades de lazer, especialmente com o uso de fones de ouvido, pode afetar a saúde, o trabalho e as relações sociais de usuários desses dispositivos, sobretudo no que diz respeito à intensidade e ao tempo de exposição ao som. Objetivo: Caracterizar as queixas e hábitos auditivos de um grupo de usuários de equipamento portátil de som. Método: Foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado sobre hábitos auditivos em um grupo de alunos e profissionais de uma universidade privada durante um evento social na própria instituição. Oitenta sujeitos responderam perguntas sobre hábitos e queixas auditivas e tiveram o nível de pressão sonora do equipamento de som (MP3, celular, IPod) estimado por meio de um medidor de nível de pressão sonora. Resultados: As principais queixas referidas após o uso do equipamento foram zumbido, dificuldade para entender e necessidade de aumentar o volume da televisão ou rádio após ouvir música. As queixas auditivas foram mais frequentes entre aqueles usuários que ouviam música em mais elevada intensidade. Conclusão: A maioria dos entrevistados relatou queixas auditivas após o uso do equipamento portátil de som (EPS), sendo mais frequentes entre aqueles que ouviam música em mais elevada intensidade.
Exposure to noise in leisure activities, especially with the use of headphones, can affect the health, labor and social relations of users of these devices, especially with regard to the intensity and the sound exposure time. Objective: To characterize the complaints and hearing habits of a group of adults in their use of portable stereo set. Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire about hearing habits was applied to a group of students during a social event at the University. Eighty subjects answered questions about habits and hearing complaints and had the sound pressure level of sound equipment (MP3, mobile phone, iPod) estimated by means of a sound pressure level meter. Results: The main complaints reported after the use of the equipment were buzzing, trouble understanding and need to increase the volume of television or radio after listening to music. Hearing problems were more frequent among those users who listened to music at a higher intensity. Conclusion: The majority of respondents reported hearing problems after portable stereo set use, which were more frequent among those who listened to music at a higher intensity.
La exposición al ruido en actividades de ocio, especialmente con el uso de auriculares, puede afectar a la salud, el trabajo y las relaciones sociales de los usuarios de estos dispositivos, especialmente en relación con la intensidad y el tiempo de exposición al ruido. Objetivo: Caracterizar las quejas y hábitos de escucha de un grupo de adultos debido al uso portátil equipo de sonido. Se aplicó un cuestionario semi-estructurado sobre hábitos de escucha en un grupo de estudiantes durante un evento social en la Universidad. Método: Ochenta sujetos respondieron preguntas sobre los hábitos y recibir las quejas y tenía el nivel de presión sonora de equipos de sonido (MP3, teléfonos móviles, iPod) estimado utilizando un medidor de nivel de presión sonora. Resultados: Las principales quejas reportadas después de la utilización de los equipos zumbaban, problemas para comprender y necesitan aumentar la intensidad de la televisión o la radio después de escuchar música. las afecciones auditivas fueron más frecuentes entre aquellos usuarios que escucharon música a una mayor intensidad. Conclusión: La mayoría de los encuestados declaró haber oído las quejas después de EPS de uso, que fueron más frecuentes entre los que escuchaban música a una mayor intensidad.
Assuntos
Humanos , Perda Auditiva , MP3-Player , Música , Ruído , Efeitos do Ruído , Medição de RuídoRESUMO
Adolescent exposure to loud music has become a social and health problem whose study demands a holistic approach. The aims of the current study are: (1) To detect early noise-induced hearing loss among adolescents and establish its relationship with their participation in musical recreational activities and (2) to determine sound immission levels in nightclubs and personal music players (PMPs). The participants consisted in 172 14-15 years old adolescents from a technical high school. Conventional and extended high frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and questionnaire on recreational habits were administered. Hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were classified as: normal (Group 1), slightly shifted (Group 2), and significantly shifted (Group 3). The musical general exposure (MGE), from participation in recreational musical activities, was categorized in low, moderate, and high exposure. The results revealed an increase of HTL in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.01), in Group 3 compared with Group 2 (P < 0.05) only in extended high frequency range, in Group 3 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.01). Besides, a decrease in mean global amplitude, reproducibility and in frequencies amplitude in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.05) and in Group 3 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.05). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in Group 1's HTL between low and high exposure, showing higher HTL in high exposure. The sound immission measured in nightclubs (107.8-112.2) dBA and PMPs (82.9-104.6) dBA revealed sound levels risky for hearing health according to exposure times. It demonstrates the need to implement preventive and hearing health promoting actions in adolescents.
Assuntos
Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/etiologia , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/prevenção & controle , Música , Ruído/efeitos adversos , Recreação , Adolescente , Argentina , Audiometria de Tons Puros , Limiar Auditivo , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/epidemiologia , Humanos , MP3-Player , Masculino , Emissões Otoacústicas Espontâneas , Fatores de Risco , Meio Social , Espectrografia do SomRESUMO
Young people expose themselves to potentially damaging loud sounds while leisure activities and noise induced hearing loss is diagnosed in increasing number of adolescents. Hearing and music exposure in a group of adolescents of a technical high school was assessed at the ages of: 14-15 (test) and 17-18 (retest). The aims of the current study were: (1) To compare the auditory function between test and retest; (2) to compare the musical exposure levels during recreational activities in test and retest; (3) to compare the auditory function with the musical exposure along time in a subgroup of adolescents. The participants in the test were 172 male; in the retest, this number was reduced to 59. At the test and retest the conventional and extended high frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and recreational habits questionnaire were performed. In the test, hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were classified as: Normal (Group 1), slightly shifted (Group 2), and significantly shifted (Group 3); the Musical General Exposure (MGE), categorized in: Low, moderate, high, and very high exposure. The results revealed a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between test and retest in the HTL and global amplitude of TEOAEs in Group 1, showing an increase of the HTL and a decrease TEOAEs amplitude. A subgroup of adolescents, with normal hearing and low exposure to music in the test, showed an increase of the HTL according with the categories of MGE in the retest. To implement educational programs for assessing hearing function, ear vulnerability and to promote hearing health, would be advisable.
Assuntos
Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/etiologia , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/prevenção & controle , Música , Ruído/efeitos adversos , Recreação , Adolescente , Argentina , Audiometria de Tons Puros , Fadiga Auditiva , Limiar Auditivo , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/epidemiologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , MP3-Player , Masculino , Emissões Otoacústicas Espontâneas , Fatores de Risco , Meio Social , Espectrografia do SomRESUMO
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Our goal was to assess the impact of personal music players, earphones, and music styles on output, the subject's preferred listening levels, and outline recommendations for the prevention of music-induced hearing loss. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. Personal music players' output capabilities and volunteers' preferred output levels were assessed in different settings. Based on current noise-induced hearing loss exposure limits, recommendations were outlined. METHODS: On three different devices and earphone types and 10 music styles, free field equivalent sound pressure output levels were assessed by applying a microphone probe inside the auditory canal. Forty-five hearing-healthy volunteers were asked to select preferred listening levels in different background noise scenarios. RESULTS: Sound pressure output reached 126 dB. No difference was found between device types, whereas earbud and supra-aural earphones showed significantly lower outputs than in-ear earphones (P < .001). Three distinct music style groups were identified with as much as 14.4 dB difference between them. In silence, 17.8% of volunteers spontaneously selected a listening level above 85 dB. With 90 dB background noise, 40% selected a level above 94 dB. Earphone attenuation capability was found to correlate significantly with preferred level reductions (r = 0.585, P < .001). In-ear and especially supra-aural earphones reduced preferred listening levels the most. CONCLUSIONS: Safe-use recommendations were outlined, whereas selecting the lowest volume setting comfortable remained the main suggestion. High background noise attenuating earphones may help in reducing comfortable listening levels and should be preferred. A risk table was elaborated, presenting time limits before reaching a risky exposure.
Assuntos
Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/prevenção & controle , MP3-Player , Música , Adulto , Dispositivos de Proteção das Orelhas , Feminino , Testes Auditivos , Humanos , Percepção Sonora , Masculino , Pressão , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
We examined the effects of listening to music on attentional focus, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), pacing strategy and performance during a simulated 5-km running race. 15 participants performed 2 controlled trials to establish their best baseline time, followed by 2 counterbalanced experimental trials during which they listened to music during the first (M start) or the last (M finish) 1.5 km. The mean running velocity during the first 1.5 km was significantly higher in M start than in the fastest control condition (p<0.05), but there was no difference in velocity between conditions during the last 1.5 km (p>0.05). The faster first 1.5 m in M start was accompanied by a reduction in associative thoughts compared with the fastest control condition. There were no significant differences in RPE between conditions (p>0.05). These results suggest that listening to music at the beginning of a trial may draw the attentional focus away from internal sensations of fatigue to thoughts about the external environment. However, along with the reduction in associative thoughts and the increase in running velocity while listening to music, the RPE increased linearly and similarly under all conditions, suggesting that the change in velocity throughout the race may be to maintain the same rate of RPE increase.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético/psicologia , Música , Corrida/psicologia , Adulto , Atenção , Fadiga/psicologia , Humanos , MP3-Player , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Automotive sound systems vary widely in terms of functions and way of use between different brands and models what can bring difficulties and lack of consistency to the user. This study aimed to analyze the usability of car stereo commonly found in the market. Four products were analyzed by task analysis and after use reports and the results indicate serious usability issues with respect to the form of operation, organization, clarity and quality of information, visibility and readability, among others.
Assuntos
Discos Compactos , Ergonomia , MP3-Player , Rádio , Adolescente , Adulto , Automóveis , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Exposure to loud noise is one of the main causes of tinnitus. AIM: To analyze the incidence of tinnitus in mp3 player users and non-users. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred subjects aged from 15 to 30 years were enrolled, 54 of them were regular mp3 player users and 46 were not. Patients with continuous tinnitus for at least 6 months completed the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and were tested with high frequency audiometry and transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TAOE). STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional cohort study. RESULTS: The incidence of tinnitus in non-users was about 8 %; in mp3 player users it was about 28 %, a statistically significant difference. Hearing thresholds at 8 kHz were significantly higher in tinnitus patients that used mp3 portable players.TAOE were reduced at 2 kHz in the users group. No statistically significant difference was found in the THI scores between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Tinnitus was more frequent in teenagers and young adults who regularly listen to mp3 music in players. Moreover, the incidence of tinnitus among mp3 player users was associated with higher hearing thresholds at 8 kHz and lower TOAE at 2 kHz.
Assuntos
Limiar Auditivo/fisiologia , MP3-Player , Emissões Otoacústicas Espontâneas/fisiologia , Zumbido/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Audiometria/métodos , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/etiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Zumbido/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A new strategy for idiopathic subjective tinnitus treatment - sound stimulation during sleep - has been applied. It was based on the acknowledgement that the auditory system also works during sleep, processing the incoming information. Eleven patients were stimulated every night during 6 months. The stimulus was a sound that mimetized the tinnitus and was fixed at the same tinnitus intensity, applied through an iPod. All patients decreased their tinnitus intensity in the first month of treatment (statistically significant), most of them in the first week. Tinnitus intensity continued decreasing in the following weeks; three patients presented periods of total silence.