RESUMO
Nearly 75 years after the first woman neurosurgeon was trained in Latin America, the field of neurosurgery is changing and the prominence of women neurosurgeons within the specialty is increasing. By researching the histories of individual physicians and neurosurgeons, as well as neurosurgical departments and societies, we present, for the first time, the history of the women in neurosurgery in Latin America. Women neurosurgeons in the region have made notable progress, inspiring subsequent generations and actively participating in organized neurosurgery, medical leadership outside neurosurgery, academic neurosurgery, and leadership in contemporary society. The establishment of "Women in Neurosurgery" networks and organizations has been important to the success of many of these efforts. This collaborative study, which identifies the known women neurosurgeons in Latin America for the first time, may serve to provide background and context for further contributions of women neurosurgeons for our profession and our patients.
Assuntos
Neurocirurgiões/história , Neurocirurgia/história , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/história , Médicas/história , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , América Latina , Neurocirurgiões/tendências , Neurocirurgia/tendências , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/tendências , Médicas/tendênciasRESUMO
PURPOSE: To identify female authorship trends in first author and last author positions in Cornea from 2007 to 2019. METHODS: First and last authors of all Clinical Science and Basic Investigation publications in Cornea over 13 years were sorted by sex. Identification of sex was based on the author's institutional profile or a Google-based name identifier in cases of equivocal names. The proportion of female board-certified ophthalmologists between 2007 and 2019 was collected from the American Board of Ophthalmology total roster of certified diplomats. RESULTS: First and last author sexes were collected from 2313 publications (1837 Clinical Science and 476 Basic Investigation). Between 2007 and 2019, the percentage of female first authors increased from 30.5% to 41.5%, although this change was not significant (P = 0.240). Female last author percentage increased significantly from 14.9% to 26.6% (P = 0.016). The percentage of female American Board of Ophthalmology-certified diplomats also increased significantly from 17.4% to 24.5% (P < 0.001). Similarly, when comparing 2007 and 2008 with 2018 and 2019, we noted a significant increase in the proportion of women in the last author (P < 0.001) but not in the first author (P = 0.208) position. We also identified a significantly higher proportion of female first authors than that of female board-certified ophthalmologists (P < 0.001). Finally, there was a strong association between first author sex and last author sex (P < 0.001) across manuscripts. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of women in last author positions increased over 13 years among manuscripts in Cornea. Despite these advances in academic female representation within the cornea subspecialty, a gender gap in authorship persists.
Assuntos
Autoria , Bibliometria , Córnea , Oftalmologistas/tendências , Médicas/tendências , Editoração/tendências , Feminino , Equidade de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Oftalmologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Sociedades Médicas/estatística & dados numéricosAssuntos
Escolha da Profissão , Médicas/tendências , Cirurgiões/tendências , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/tendências , Mulheres Trabalhadoras , Acreditação/tendências , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Brasil , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina/tendências , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cirurgiões/educação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/educação , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/educaçãoRESUMO
In the framework of an increasing feminization of the medical profession in Mexico, this article explores the characteristics of this process in the obstetrics and gynecology specialty. Understanding feminization as a process of change to be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively, the article focuses special attention on the experiences of female obstetrician-gynecologists within a medical specialty that has since its origins functioned as a mechanism of control over women's bodies. Based on ethnographic research, the article combines statistical and archival sources and field observation. The interviews reveal the experiences and tensions women obstetrician-gynecologists encounter in this context.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Ginecologia/tendências , Obstetrícia/tendências , Relações Médico-Paciente , Médicas/tendências , Sexismo , Feminino , Ginecologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , México , Obstetrícia/estatística & dados numéricos , Médicas/psicologia , Médicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Sexismo/psicologia , Sexismo/tendênciasRESUMO
The history of women in medicine has been marked by many challenges and achievements. Although the role of women in the "art of healing" can be traced back many centuries, only males are traditionally highlighted in history. Across antiquity, access to medical education was denied to females. Dermatology is a medical specialty in which women displayed particular skill and proficiency. Gradually, determination and competence allowed women to lay claim in an essentially male-dominated world. This article presents a brief review of the performance, progress and achievements of women in the history of medicine and dermatology.
Assuntos
Dermatologia/história , Médicas/história , Brasil , Feminino , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Médicas/tendênciasRESUMO
Medicine remained as a male profession during many centuries, but the proportion of women rosesteadily during the second part of the 20th century in the world and in Brazil. In 2006 they became themajority (51.75%) of the new physicians licensed by the Regional Council of Medicine of the State of SãoPaulo. Nevertheless, the proportion of women in Neurosurgery and in directive posts in entities of thespecialty in Brazil continue very low or absent. Data obtained from the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgeryand the Brazilian Academy of Neurosurgery are very similar to those of the American counterparts, likethe proportion of women among the associates, around 5%, and one single female chief of a servicecertified for training in each country. Authors from WINS, an American entity, reported several problemssuffered by female neurosurgeons, including gender discrimination. Such occurrences, as reported inonline news, should alert against discriminatory attitudes.
Mulheres na neurocirurgia no BrasilA medicina remanesceu como uma profissão masculina durante muitos séculos, mas a proporção demulheres aumentou constantemente durante a segunda metade do século XX no mundo e no Brasil.Em 2006, elas passaram a constituir a maioria (51,75%) dos novos médicos licenciados pelo ConselhoRegional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo. Todavia, a proporção de mulheres na neurocirurgia e emcargos diretivos de entidades da especialidade no Brasil continua muito baixa ou ausente. Dados obtidos daSociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia e da Academia Brasileira de Neurocirurgia são muito semelhantes aosdas congêneres americanas, como a proporção de mulheres entre as associadas, em torno de 5%, e umaúnica chefe de serviço credenciado para treinamento em cada país. Autoras da WINS, entidade americana,relataram diversos problemas enfrentados pelas neurocirurgiãs, incluindo discriminações de gênero.Ocorrências dessa natureza, noticiadas em jornais eletrônicos, devem alertar contra atitudes discriminatórias.