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The aim of this study was to analyse a series of five cases of early surgical treatment in juvenile canine patients with high-grade medial patellar luxation. Canine patients, with immature skeleton, affected by grade III or IV medial patellar luxation and treated by multimodal surgical techniques were selected. Five dogs of different breeds, mean age 7.2 ± 3.0 months, met the inclusion criteria. Simultaneous distal femoral varus and external tibial torsion were identified in three of the five cases, whereas in the others, femoral varus with associated tibial valgus and isolated external tibial torsion were observed. Four of the five patients were treated surgically with closing wedge osteotomy of the distal femur, and three of them underwent tibial tuberosity transposition simultaneously. Only two animals required trochleoplasty. Mean time to beginning of weight bearing was 9.8 ± 5.5 days, whereas time to bone healing was 55 ± 24 days. Bone realignment of the extensor apparatus and return to limb support were achieved in all cases. Postoperative reintervention was needed in one patient; however, it was not linked to the initial surgery. Patients were followed up to 1 year postoperatively, with maintenance of extensor alignment and no late complications. The early surgical approach has been shown to be effective in the definitive treatment of juvenile dogs affected by high-grade medial patellar luxation.

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The aim of this study was to present a novel surgical method for correction of medial patellar luxation in small-breed dogs with trochlear dysplasia and marked hypoplasia of the medial femoral condyle. The "Watermelon" approach was applied together with trochlear wedge recession or trochlear block recession and consisted in increasing the height of the medial condyle with an osteochondral autograft resembling a watermelon slice, placed into an additional slot in the medial femoral condyle to prevent the postoperative reluxation of the patella. The study cohort included 19 dogs (25 joints) from small breeds (Pinscher, Pomeranian, and Chihuahua) with second-grade medial patellar luxation. Fourteen joints were submitted to wedge recession surgery combined with "Watermelon" grafting, and 11 joints: to block recession surgery with "Watermelon" grafting. The sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty combined with "Watermelon" grafting was clinically successful and with low percentage of minor postoperative complications. The mean duration of anesthesia was significantly longer for block recession combined with "Watermelon" (P<0.001), but the recovery period was shorter (P<0.05).

O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar um novo método cirúrgico para correção da luxação patelar medial em cães de raça pequena com displasia troquelar e hipoplasia marcada do côndilo femoral medial. A abordagem "Melancia" foi aplicada juntamente com a recessão da cunha trocolear ou recessão do bloco trocolear e consistiu em aumentar a altura do côndilo medial com um auto-enxerto osteocondral parecido com uma fatia de melancia, colocado em uma fenda adicional no côndilo femoral medial para evitar o relaxamento pós-operatório da patela. A coorte do estudo incluiu 19 cães (25 juntas) de raças pequenas (Pinscher, Pomeranian, e Chihuahua) com luxação patelar medial de segundo grau. Catorze juntas foram submetidas à cirurgia de recessão em cunha combinada com enxerto de "melancia", e 11 juntas: para bloquear a cirurgia de recessão com enxerto de "melancia". A trocleoplastia de "melancia" combinada com o enxerto de "melancia" foi clinicamente bem sucedida e com baixo percentual de pequenas complicações pós-operatórias. A duração média da anestesia foi significativamente maior para a recessão em bloco combinada com "Melancia" (P<0,001), mas o período de recuperação foi mais curto (P<0,05).

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Background: The evaluation of vertical kneecap position within the trochlear groove is essential for understanding the anatomical changes that may lead to canine patellar luxation. Unlike other important diagnostic imaging measurements (e.g. measures of pelvic limb alignment), no data on patellofemoral congruence parameters of canine stifles (congruence angle, linear axial patellar displacement, lateral patellofemoral angle, patellar tilt angle) are reported. The aim of this study was to present metric values of these parameters in healthy dogs from small breeds from both sexes in order to use them for identification of animals with increased risk for medial patellar luxation. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was performed on 44 stifle joints from 22 healthy dogs of both sexes from 4 small breeds (Pinscher, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Yorkshire terrier). Inclusion criteria were negative patellar displacement and dancing patella tests after orthopaedic examination, lack of femoral and gluteal muscles asymmetry after palpation, lack of signs of long-term proprioceptive dysfunction, normal patellar and withdrawal reflexes after neurological examination. The translation of the patella in the axial plane was evaluated by means of congruence angle and axial linear patellar displacement. The rotation of the patella in the axial plane was evaluated through measurement of lateral patellofemoral angle and patellar tilt angle. Reference ranges of parameters were analysed in agreement with the guidelines of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists for the determination of reference intervals in veterinary species for sample sizes of 40-120 with non-Gaussian distribution - robust method, 95% confidence interval (CI) with 90 % CI for upper and lower reference limits. All measured patellofemoral congruence angles were negative. Their reference range was from -8.06o to -0.58o (median value -3o ). The axial patellar displacement was negligible, with values ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 mm. Lateral patellofemoral angles in all dogs were open to the lateral side (positive); the computed reference interval was from 21.61o to 41.80o (median 31.5o ). Patellar tilt angles ranged from 2o to 8o (median 5o ). A statistically significant difference between sexes was demonstrated for angles describing the rotation of the patella in the axial plane: the lateral patellofemoral angle (P = 0.0248) and the patellar tilt angle (P = 0.0004) were greater in stifles of male dogs. Discussion: This is the first study presenting reference values of parameters describing patellofemoral alignment in healthy dogs from small breeds on tangential radiographs. The values of one of most commonly measured parameters on tangential radiographs (the lateral patellofemoral angle) in stifles of small breed dogs were higher than values in humans, supposedly due to the specific joint anatomy. The patellar tilt angle is considered as more objective and not influenced by limb rotation. For the detection of patellar misalignment, the tilt angle was reported to be almost as specific as the congruence angle but more sensitive and more accurate. It is the most specific and sensitive parameter determining the direction of patellar luxation. In male dogs, the median lateral patellofemoral angle was greater than in females (P = 0.0248). Similar tendency was shown for patellar tilt angle that was also greater in male stifles (P = 0.0004). The reported statistically significant between-sex differences in lateral patellofemoral angle and patellar tilt angle with higher values of both angles in stifles of male dogs could be attributed to the better developed femoral muscles, in particular m. vastus medialis and m. sartorius, and to differences in trochlear groove and kneecap morphology. The presented reference intervals may be useful for early detection of subjects with increased risk to medial patellar luxation.

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Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis,which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint,with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvicfor 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade IIpatellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showedlateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibialshaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animalwas submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy.Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. Thesamples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in thedermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of thepatella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closingwedge osteotomy to correct the tibial...(AU)

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Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis,which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint,with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvicfor 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade IIpatellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showedlateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibialshaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animalwas submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy.Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. Thesamples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in thedermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of thepatella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closingwedge osteotomy to correct the tibial...

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation and the associated risk factors in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 13,072 clinical records of dogs were reviewed from School Hospital (Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata). Data of age, breed, sex, body weight, patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament rupture condition were registered. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation with the variables and then univariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk of having cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation. Multivariable logistic regression was used including all variables to assess the odds of having patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament rupture. RESULTS: Of 13,072 patients treated, 72 and 51 had cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation respectively. Sex was not a major risk factor for either condition. Adult (odds ratio [OR] = 8.2) and senior (OR = 4.3) patients had increased risk of having cranial cruciate ligament rupture, while for patellar luxation age was not a risk factor. Groups 2, 3 and 8 were more likely to have cranial cruciate ligament rupture (OR = 5.5, OR = 9.1 and OR = 2.6), and group 11 had lower risk of having patellar luxation (OR = 0.08). Maxi (OR = 2.4) and giant (OR = 6.0) breeds had higher risk of having cranial cruciate ligament rupture, and medium and maxi breeds had higher risk of patellar luxation (OR = 0.05 and OR = 0.3). Multivariate OR test confirmed that age (adult), body size (giant and maxi) and breed group (Group 3) were significantly associated with having cranial cruciate ligament rupture, and age was associated with having patellar luxation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first epidemiological study of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation in dogs from School Hospital (Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata). Giant and large adult dogs from the Molossoid and Terrier breeds were more likely to have cranial cruciate ligament rupture, while mixed and large dog breeds showed the lowest risk of having patellar luxation.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar as dimensões da patela de cadáveres caninos e avaliar sua relação com a massa corporal. Para a realização das medidas patelares, foram utilizados 70 cadáveres de cães adultos, com massa corpórea de 1 a 50kg, sem evidência clínica de afecção na articulação femorotibiopatelar. Com auxílio de um paquímetro, foram mensurados os comprimentos externo e interno, a largura externa no terço médio, a largura e a espessura internas nos terços proximal, médio e distal das patelas. Também foram mensuradas a largura nos terços proximal, médio e distal, a profundidade nos terços proximal, médio e distal do sulco troclear; essas medidas foram exclusivamente internas. Observou-se, de forma geral, forte correlação entre as medidas patelares e a massa corporal de cadáveres de cães. Nas condições deste estudo, pode-se concluir que o tamanho da patela varia segundo a massa corporal do cão e que essas medidas devem ser consideradas ao se planejar uma substituição protética.(AU)

The aim of this study was to measure the canine cadaver patellar dimensions and evaluate its relationship with body mass. 70 cadavers of adult dogs were used, with a body mass between 1 and 50kg, without clinical evidence of affection in the stifle joint. The external and internal lengths, external width in the middle third, width and thickness of the proximal, middle and distal thirds were measured using a pachymeter. The width was also measured in the proximal third, middle third and distal third, depth in the proximal third, middle third and distal third of the trochlear groove; these measurements were exclusively internal. A strong correlation was observed between the patellar dimension and body mass of canine cadavers. Under this study conditions, it is possible to conclude that the patellar size varies according to the canine body mass and these measures should be considered when planning a prosthetic replacement.(AU)

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Background: Patellar luxation is an alteration of bone development for which the indicated treatment is surgery. Failure to correct it may result in clinical worsening. The most commonly used surgical approach is the transposition of the tibial crest with trochleoplasty, which aims to accommodate 50% of the patella in the trochlea. The femoral groove and trochlea can be evaluated radiographically by tangential projection, tomography, or ultrasonography; however, all these methodologies have limitations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the depth of the trochlear groove in three regions and to compare it with the patellar diameter on simple mediolateral radiographic images. Materials, Methods & Results: Fifty non-paired pelvic limbs of adult dogs of a specific breed, weighing less than 40 kg and without orthopedic changes, were used. In the mediolateral radiographic projection, three evaluators measured the femoral trochlear sulcus at three different points and the patellar diameter. After imaging examinations, all limbs were skeletonized, and the trochlea and patella were measured with a digital caliper in the same regions as that of the radiographic measurements. All post-skeletonization calculations were performed by an evaluator. The highest mean radiographic and ex vivo trochlear depth was 3.4 ± 1.2 mm and 2.7 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. The lowest mean radiographic and ex vivo patellar diameter was 7.7 ± 1.7 mm and 7.9 ± 1.6 mm, respectively. The average relationship between the trochlear depth and patellar diameter was less than 50% in all animals, with the highest radiographically determined ratio being 44.15% and that determined ex vivo as 34.17%. The mean patellar diameter calculated radiographically was similar among the animals. Discussion: Radiographic images made it possible to assess the patella and bone surface regions of the femoral condyles. A wide arthrotomy...

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar as dimensões da patela de cadáveres caninos e avaliar sua relação com a massa corporal. Para a realização das medidas patelares, foram utilizados 70 cadáveres de cães adultos, com massa corpórea de 1 a 50kg, sem evidência clínica de afecção na articulação femorotibiopatelar. Com auxílio de um paquímetro, foram mensurados os comprimentos externo e interno, a largura externa no terço médio, a largura e a espessura internas nos terços proximal, médio e distal das patelas. Também foram mensuradas a largura nos terços proximal, médio e distal, a profundidade nos terços proximal, médio e distal do sulco troclear; essas medidas foram exclusivamente internas. Observou-se, de forma geral, forte correlação entre as medidas patelares e a massa corporal de cadáveres de cães. Nas condições deste estudo, pode-se concluir que o tamanho da patela varia segundo a massa corporal do cão e que essas medidas devem ser consideradas ao se planejar uma substituição protética.(AU)

The aim of this study was to measure the canine cadaver patellar dimensions and evaluate its relationship with body mass. 70 cadavers of adult dogs were used, with a body mass between 1 and 50kg, without clinical evidence of affection in the stifle joint. The external and internal lengths, external width in the middle third, width and thickness of the proximal, middle and distal thirds were measured using a pachymeter. The width was also measured in the proximal third, middle third and distal third, depth in the proximal third, middle third and distal third of the trochlear groove; these measurements were exclusively internal. A strong correlation was observed between the patellar dimension and body mass of canine cadavers. Under this study conditions, it is possible to conclude that the patellar size varies according to the canine body mass and these measures should be considered when planning a prosthetic replacement.(AU)

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A luxação patelar é o deslocamento medial ou lateral da patela a partir de sua posição anatômica normal no sulco troclear. Ela normalmente é causada por uma má formação congênita ou por trauma e pode ser classificada em 4 graus, sendo uma condição rara o grau IV de causa traumática em felinos. Diagnosticamos a luxação patelar a partir do exame físico, o tratamento pode ser cirúrgico ou conservativo, dependendo do grau da luxação. Foi atendido um felino, macho, de 5 meses, com histórico de trauma e após apresentou claudicação que persistia há 20 dias. Ao exame físico, foi observada presença de luxação patelar medial grau IV, do membro pélvico esquerdo. O raio X evidenciou luxação patelar medial esquerda e ausência de deformidade angular. O tratamento preconizado foi a correção cirúrgica e o paciente apresentou uma ótima recuperação. O objetivo deste relato é evidenciar esse tipo de afecção pouco diagnosticada e investigada nos felinos.(AU)

The patellar luxation is a medial or lateral patella displacement from your normal anatomical position in the trochlear groove. It is usually caused by poor congenital formation or by trauma and can be classified in 4 degrees, being a rare condition the 4th degree of traumatic cause in felines. We diagnose the patellar luxation from the physical examination. The treatment can be surgical or conservative, depending on the degree of the luxation. It was attended a feline, male, 5 months old, with a history of trauma and after showing lameness that persisted for 20 days. At physical examination, the presence of medial patellar luxation grade IV, of the left pelvic limb was observed. The x-ray showed left medial patellar dislocation and absence of angular deformity. The recommended treatment was surgical correction and the patient presented an excellent recovery. The purpose of this report is to high light this type of condition that is little diagnosed and investigated in felines.(AU)

La luxación patelar es el desplazamiento medial o lateral de la patela a partir de suposición anatómica normal en el surco troclear. Por lo general es causada por una mala formación congénita o por trauma y puede ser clasificada en 4 grados, siendo una condición rara el grado IV de causa traumática en felinos. Diagnosticamos la luxación patelar a partir del examen físico, el tratamiento puede ser quirúrgico o conservador, dependiendo del grado de la luxación. Fue atendido un felino, macho, de 5 meses, con historial de trauma y después, presentó claudicación que persistió hace 20 días. En el examen físico, se observó presencia de luxación patelar medial grado IV, del miembro pélvico izquierdo. El rayo x evidenció luxación patelar medial izquierda y ausencia de deformidad angular. El tratamiento preconizado fue la corrección quirúrgica y el paciente presentó una óptima recuperación. El objetivo de este relato es evidenciar este tipo de afección poco diagnosticada e investigada en los felinos.(AU)

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A luxação patelar é o deslocamento medial ou lateral da patela a partir de sua posição anatômica normal no sulco troclear. Ela normalmente é causada por uma má formação congênita ou por trauma e pode ser classificada em 4 graus, sendo uma condição rara o grau IV de causa traumática em felinos. Diagnosticamos a luxação patelar a partir do exame físico, o tratamento pode ser cirúrgico ou conservativo, dependendo do grau da luxação. Foi atendido um felino, macho, de 5 meses, com histórico de trauma e após apresentou claudicação que persistia há 20 dias. Ao exame físico, foi observada presença de luxação patelar medial grau IV, do membro pélvico esquerdo. O raio X evidenciou luxação patelar medial esquerda e ausência de deformidade angular. O tratamento preconizado foi a correção cirúrgica e o paciente apresentou uma ótima recuperação. O objetivo deste relato é evidenciar esse tipo de afecção pouco diagnosticada e investigada nos felinos.

The patellar luxation is a medial or lateral patella displacement from your normal anatomical position in the trochlear groove. It is usually caused by poor congenital formation or by trauma and can be classified in 4 degrees, being a rare condition the 4th degree of traumatic cause in felines. We diagnose the patellar luxation from the physical examination. The treatment can be surgical or conservative, depending on the degree of the luxation. It was attended a feline, male, 5 months old, with a history of trauma and after showing lameness that persisted for 20 days. At physical examination, the presence of medial patellar luxation grade IV, of the left pelvic limb was observed. The x-ray showed left medial patellar dislocation and absence of angular deformity. The recommended treatment was surgical correction and the patient presented an excellent recovery. The purpose of this report is to high light this type of condition that is little diagnosed and investigated in felines.

La luxación patelar es el desplazamiento medial o lateral de la patela a partir de suposición anatómica normal en el surco troclear. Por lo general es causada por una mala formación congénita o por trauma y puede ser clasificada en 4 grados, siendo una condición rara el grado IV de causa traumática en felinos. Diagnosticamos la luxación patelar a partir del examen físico, el tratamiento puede ser quirúrgico o conservador, dependiendo del grado de la luxación. Fue atendido un felino, macho, de 5 meses, con historial de trauma y después, presentó claudicación que persistió hace 20 días. En el examen físico, se observó presencia de luxación patelar medial grado IV, del miembro pélvico izquierdo. El rayo x evidenció luxación patelar medial izquierda y ausencia de deformidad angular. El tratamiento preconizado fue la corrección quirúrgica y el paciente presentó una óptima recuperación. El objetivo de este relato es evidenciar este tipo de afección poco diagnosticada e investigada en los felinos.

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A luxação patelar é uma das condições mais comuns da articulação do joelho em cães e pode evoluir para doença articular degenerativa. A luxação pode ocorrer medial ou lateralmente, sendo unilateral ou bilateral, onde a ocorrência medial é mais frequente em animais de raças pequenas e a lateral é mais comum em animais de raças grandes. A classificação da luxação patelar compreende quatro graus, de acordo com a posição patelar, sinais clínicos e gravidade das deformidades ósseas encontradas. O diagnóstico é feito com base na avaliação clínica, associada a uma radiografia. O presente estudo apresenta uma fêmea de 10 meses de idade, na qual o tutor relatou que o animal já havia sido submetido à cirurgia para corrigir o deslocamento medular da patela e ainda apresentava claudicação e dor. Após a radiografia, foi encontrado o diagnóstico de luxação patelar medial do membro em que a cirurgia havia sido realizada.(AU)

Patellar dislocation is one of the most common knee joint conditions in dogs and may progress to degenerative joint disease. The dislocation can run medially or laterally, being unilateral or bilateral, where the medial occurrence is more frequent in small breed animals and the lateral one is more common in large breed animals. The classification of patellar luxation comprises four grades, according to the patellar position, clinical signs and seriousness of the bone deformities found. The diagnosis is made based on the clinical evaluation, associated with a radiograph. The present study presents a 10-month-oldfemale canine in which the tutor reported that the animal had already undergone surgery to correct medial patellar dislocation and still had lameness and pain. After x-ray the diagnosis of medial patellar dislocation of the limb in which surgery had been performed was found.(AU)

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Background: The most common conditions that compromise the stifle joint in dogs are medial patellar luxation (MPL) and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. Surgical procedures are usually indicated for the treatment of these diseases. One ordinarytechnique for the treatment of MPL is the tibial tuberosity transposition, and one prominent technique for CCL rupture is the tibialtuberosity advancement. These techniques can be associated in one surgical procedure called tibial tuberosity transposition andadvancement (TTTA) for the simultaneous treatment of both stifle diseases. The aim of this study is to report the surgical treatmentof a dog with MPL and CCL rupture affecting the same joint by the TTTA technique with the use of a TTA-Maquet cage-only.Case: A 3-year-old Pitbull dog weighing 39 kg was attended at Veterinary Hospital with a history of marked lameness in theleft pelvic limb. The orthopedic examination showed positive results for cranial drawer motion and tibial compression tests,and a complete CCL rupture was diagnosed. The presence of patellar luxation was evaluated by manual pressure on the patella, and grade 3 of MPL was diagnosed. Both conditions were affecting the same stifle joint. In addition, survey radiographsof the affected joint were performed. Surgical treatment was indicated by the TTTA technique. Radiographic measurementswere taken to calculate the cranial tibial tuberosity advancement by the tibial plateau and the common tangent methods, and atitanium TTA-Maquet cage-only of 10.5 x 20.0 mm was selected. Linear osteotomy was performed on the tibial tuberosity withthe aid of an oscillating saw, based on the Maquet hole technique. The tibial tuberosity was carefully displaced cranially and thecage was inserted at the site of osteotomy. The cage ears were molded on the tibial surface and fixed with 2.4 mm self-tappingcortical screws...(AU)

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Background: The most common conditions that compromise the stifle joint in dogs are medial patellar luxation (MPL) and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. Surgical procedures are usually indicated for the treatment of these diseases. One ordinarytechnique for the treatment of MPL is the tibial tuberosity transposition, and one prominent technique for CCL rupture is the tibialtuberosity advancement. These techniques can be associated in one surgical procedure called tibial tuberosity transposition andadvancement (TTTA) for the simultaneous treatment of both stifle diseases. The aim of this study is to report the surgical treatmentof a dog with MPL and CCL rupture affecting the same joint by the TTTA technique with the use of a TTA-Maquet cage-only.Case: A 3-year-old Pitbull dog weighing 39 kg was attended at Veterinary Hospital with a history of marked lameness in theleft pelvic limb. The orthopedic examination showed positive results for cranial drawer motion and tibial compression tests,and a complete CCL rupture was diagnosed. The presence of patellar luxation was evaluated by manual pressure on the patella, and grade 3 of MPL was diagnosed. Both conditions were affecting the same stifle joint. In addition, survey radiographsof the affected joint were performed. Surgical treatment was indicated by the TTTA technique. Radiographic measurementswere taken to calculate the cranial tibial tuberosity advancement by the tibial plateau and the common tangent methods, and atitanium TTA-Maquet cage-only of 10.5 x 20.0 mm was selected. Linear osteotomy was performed on the tibial tuberosity withthe aid of an oscillating saw, based on the Maquet hole technique. The tibial tuberosity was carefully displaced cranially and thecage was inserted at the site of osteotomy. The cage ears were molded on the tibial surface and fixed with 2.4 mm self-tappingcortical screws...

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A luxação de patela representa casuística importante entre as afecções ortopédicas que acometem o membro pélvico dos cães. É consenso que a luxação de patela é sinal clínico e não doença, sendo causada por deformidades musculoesqueléticas, como a torção externa ou interna da tíbia proximal. A transposição da tuberosidade tibial (TTT) é técnica frequentemente empregada para correção desses desvios torcionais, consistindo no deslocamento lateral ou medial da tuberosidade tibial (TT), permitindo o reestabelecimento da posição da patela no sulco troclear do fêmur. Esta técnica é considerada indispensável por muitos autores, mesmo nos casos mais graves. A TTTT® (Tibial Tuberosity Transposition Tool) é técnica que permite o deslocamento da TT após osteotomia parcial e que não necessita de fixação da TT deslocada com banda de tensão. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo comparar os aspectos relacionados à execução, condições de aplicabilidade e incidência de complicações pós-operatórias da técnica tradicional de transposição e fixação da tuberosidade tibial, em relação à TTTT®.(AU)

The patellar dislocation is a important casuistry among the orthopedic disorders affecting the dogs hindlimb. Theres a consensus that patellar luxation is a clinical sign and not the disease, caused by underlying musculoskeletal deformities, which we can highlight the external or internal torsion of the proximal tibia. Tibial tuberosity Transposition (TTT) is the technique commonly performed to correct these torsional deviations, consisting on lateral or medial displacement of the tibial tuberosity (TT), allowing the restoration of the patella neutral path in the femoral trochlear groove. This technique is considered indispensable by many authors, even in the most severe cases. The TTTT® (Tibial Tuberosity Transposition Tool) provides a method that allows the displacement of tibial tuberosity, after partial osteotomy, that doesnt require fixation of the transposed tuberosity with tension band wire. The present paper aims to compare the aspects related to performance, applicability and incidence of postoperative complications of the established technique of transposition and attachment of tibial tuberosity in relation to TTTT®.(AU)

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RESUMO

A luxação de patela representa casuística importante entre as afecções ortopédicas que acometem o membro pélvico dos cães. É consenso que a luxação de patela é sinal clínico e não doença, sendo causada por deformidades musculoesqueléticas, como a torção externa ou interna da tíbia proximal. A transposição da tuberosidade tibial (TTT) é técnica frequentemente empregada para correção desses desvios torcionais, consistindo no deslocamento lateral ou medial da tuberosidade tibial (TT), permitindo o reestabelecimento da posição da patela no sulco troclear do fêmur. Esta técnica é considerada indispensável por muitos autores, mesmo nos casos mais graves. A TTTT® (Tibial Tuberosity Transposition Tool) é técnica que permite o deslocamento da TT após osteotomia parcial e que não necessita de fixação da TT deslocada com banda de tensão. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo comparar os aspectos relacionados à execução, condições de aplicabilidade e incidência de complicações pós-operatórias da técnica tradicional de transposição e fixação da tuberosidade tibial, em relação à TTTT®.

The patellar dislocation is a important casuistry among the orthopedic disorders affecting the dog’s hindlimb. There’s a consensus that patellar luxation is a clinical sign and not the disease, caused by underlying musculoskeletal deformities, which we can highlight the external or internal torsion of the proximal tibia. Tibial tuberosity Transposition (TTT) is the technique commonly performed to correct these torsional deviations, consisting on lateral or medial displacement of the tibial tuberosity (TT), allowing the restoration of the patella neutral path in the femoral trochlear groove. This technique is considered indispensable by many authors, even in the most severe cases. The TTTT® (Tibial Tuberosity Transposition Tool) provides a method that allows the displacement of tibial tuberosity, after partial osteotomy, that doesn’t require fixation of the transposed tuberosity with tension band wire. The present paper aims to compare the aspects related to performance, applicability and incidence of postoperative complications of the established technique of transposition and attachment of tibial tuberosity in relation to TTTT®.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliaram-se, por meio de estudo retrospectivo, o perfil epidemiológico, os sinais clínicos, as técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas e a recuperação de cães apresentados para tratamento de luxação de patela no Hospital Veterinário da UFMG, no período de 2000 a 2010. Utilizaram-se as fichas clínico-cirúrgicas dos cães e registraram-se os dados referentes a cada animal. Foram estudadas 342 articulações nos registros de 210 animais. A luxação medial congênita bilateral foi a apresentação mais frequente, e as fêmeas foram mais acometidas. A idade dos animais variou de 32 dias a 16 anos, com maior ocorrência da luxação nos animais com até um ano de idade e massa corporal inferior a 9,1kg. Em 11,7% dos membros, a luxação era de grau I, em 39,8% grau II, em 20,5% grau III e em 28% grau IV. A frequência de claudicação pré-operatória foi maior nos cães com luxações graus III e IV. Das 342 articulações, 218 foram submetidas à cirurgia. Na avaliação pós-operatória, os animais com luxação grau IV mostraram maior frequência de claudicação. A luxação patelar acomete principalmente fêmeas, sendo a luxação congênita bilateral a apresentação mais comum, e animais jovens e de pequeno porte são mais susceptíveis. A recuperação funcional pós-operatória nas luxações grau IV é lenta e parcial.

The epidemiological profile, clinical signs, and surgical techniques used and the recovery of dogs presented for treatment of patellar luxation in the Veterinary Hospital of UFMG in the period from 2000 to 2010 were evaluated through a retrospective study. The clinical and surgical records of dogs and the data recorded for each animal were used. 342 joints in the records of 210 animals were studied. The congenital bilateral medial luxation was the most frequent occurrence and females were more affected. The age of the animals ranged from 32 days to 16 years, with higher incidence of luxation in animals under one year of age and body mass below 9.1kg. In 11.7% of the members had grade I luxation, 39.8% were grade II, 20.5% were grade III and 28% were grade IV. The frequency of preoperative claudicating was higher in dogs with luxation grades III and IV. Of the 342 joints, 218 underwent surgery. In the postoperative evaluation of animals, those with grade IV luxation showed higher claudicating frequency. The patellar luxation mainly affects females, and the bilateral congenital luxation is the most common occurrence, and young and small animals are more likely to have it. Functional recovery postoperative luxation in grade IV is slow and partial.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliaram-se, por meio de estudo retrospectivo, o perfil epidemiológico, os sinais clínicos, as técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas e a recuperação de cães apresentados para tratamento de luxação de patela no Hospital Veterinário da UFMG, no período de 2000 a 2010. Utilizaram-se as fichas clínico-cirúrgicas dos cães e registraram-se os dados referentes a cada animal. Foram estudadas 342 articulações nos registros de 210 animais. A luxação medial congênita bilateral foi a apresentação mais frequente, e as fêmeas foram mais acometidas. A idade dos animais variou de 32 dias a 16 anos, com maior ocorrência da luxação nos animais com até um ano de idade e massa corporal inferior a 9,1kg. Em 11,7% dos membros, a luxação era de grau I, em 39,8% grau II, em 20,5% grau III e em 28% grau IV. A frequência de claudicação pré-operatória foi maior nos cães com luxações graus III e IV. Das 342 articulações, 218 foram submetidas à cirurgia. Na avaliação pós-operatória, os animais com luxação grau IV mostraram maior frequência de claudicação. A luxação patelar acomete principalmente fêmeas, sendo a luxação congênita bilateral a apresentação mais comum, e animais jovens e de pequeno porte são mais susceptíveis. A recuperação funcional pós-operatória nas luxações grau IV é lenta e parcial.(AU)

The epidemiological profile, clinical signs, and surgical techniques used and the recovery of dogs presented for treatment of patellar luxation in the Veterinary Hospital of UFMG in the period from 2000 to 2010 were evaluated through a retrospective study. The clinical and surgical records of dogs and the data recorded for each animal were used. 342 joints in the records of 210 animals were studied. The congenital bilateral medial luxation was the most frequent occurrence and females were more affected. The age of the animals ranged from 32 days to 16 years, with higher incidence of luxation in animals under one year of age and body mass below 9.1kg. In 11.7% of the members had grade I luxation, 39.8% were grade II, 20.5% were grade III and 28% were grade IV. The frequency of preoperative claudicating was higher in dogs with luxation grades III and IV. Of the 342 joints, 218 underwent surgery. In the postoperative evaluation of animals, those with grade IV luxation showed higher claudicating frequency. The patellar luxation mainly affects females, and the bilateral congenital luxation is the most common occurrence, and young and small animals are more likely to have it. Functional recovery postoperative luxation in grade IV is slow and partial.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Diversas causas estão relacionadas com a ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr), dentre elas, está a luxação medial de patela que é uma injúria ortopédica comum na rotina clínico cirúrgica, especialmente em cães de pequeno porte. Objetivou-se com este estudo descrever e avaliar a técnica cirúrgica de trocleoplastia e sutura antirrotacional com fio de poliéster trançado em cães com RLCCr associada à luxação medial de patela. Seis cães da rotina clínico cirúrgica dos autores, diagnosticados com RLCCr associada à luxação medial de patela, foram submetidos à técnica cirúrgica estudada e reavaliados no 10º e 30º dia de pós-operatório. No 30º dia após a cirurgia, todos os pacientes apresentavam boa cicatrização da ferida e boa marcha. A técnica utilizada mostrou bons resultados de forma simples e com baixo custo, quando comparada a outras técnicas d escritas na literatura.AU

Several causes are related to the cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR), among which is the medial patellar luxation that is a common orthopedic injury in routine clinical surgery, especially in small dogs. The objective of this study to describe and evaluate the surgical technique of the trochleoplasty and anti-rotational suture with braided polyester in dogs with CrCLR associated medial patellar luxation. Six dogs of routine clinical and surgical author, diagnosed with CrCLR associated with medial patellar luxation,underwent surgical technique studied and reevaluated at 10 and 30 days post-op. On the 30th day after surgery, all patients showed good wound healing and proper locomotion. The technique has shown good results in a simple, rapid and low cost when compared to other techniques described in the literature.AU

Assuntos

RESUMO

Diversas causas estão relacionadas com a ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr), dentre elas, está a luxação medial de patela que é uma injúria ortopédica comum na rotina clínico cirúrgica, especialmente em cães de pequeno porte. Objetivou-se com este estudo descrever e avaliar a técnica cirúrgica de trocleoplastia e sutura antirrotacional com fio de poliéster trançado em cães com RLCCr associada à luxação medial de patela. Seis cães da rotina clínico cirúrgica dos autores, diagnosticados com RLCCr associada à luxação medial de patela, foram submetidos à técnica cirúrgica estudada e reavaliados no 10º e 30º dia de pós-operatório. No 30º dia após a cirurgia, todos os pacientes apresentavam boa cicatrização da ferida e boa marcha. A técnica utilizada mostrou bons resultados de forma simples e com baixo custo, quando comparada a outras técnicas d escritas na literatura.

Several causes are related to the cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR), among which is the medial patellar luxation that is a common orthopedic injury in routine clinical surgery, especially in small dogs. The objective of this study to describe and evaluate the surgical technique of the trochleoplasty and anti-rotational suture with braided polyester in dogs with CrCLR associated medial patellar luxation. Six dogs of routine clinical and surgical author, diagnosed with CrCLR associated with medial patellar luxation,underwent surgical technique studied and reevaluated at 10 and 30 days post-op. On the 30th day after surgery, all patients showed good wound healing and proper locomotion. The technique has shown good results in a simple, rapid and low cost when compared to other techniques described in the literature.

Assuntos