RESUMO
Mainstream research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender Los Angeles (LA) has ignored Latinx queer communities until recently, and lesbian Latinas, particularly those who are migrants and/or refugees, have been especially marginalized. Building on scholarship and creative work by Chicana, Latina, women of color feminist, queer of color, and queer migration activists and scholars, this essay contributes to research on Mexican, Central American, and Latina lesbians in LA. In her research on sexually non-conforming Latinas, Katie L. Acosta argues that to better understand Latinas' sexualities in all their complexities, future scholarly work should address the pleasures and desires of Latina lesbians, as well as the quality and stability of the relationships they nurture in the borderlands. Building on queer migration research and using what Nan Alamilla Boyd and Horacio Roque Ramírez call "queer oral history," this article focuses on two everyday lesbians in LA whose stories add depth to our understandings of LA queer history and to the lives of queer migrants in the city. The narratives of Luna and Dulce, migrant lesbians from Mexico and Guatemala, respectively, provide a context for better understanding diverse experiences of migrant Latina lesbians in LA. Situating their lives within ongoing research on lesbian Latinas, this essay focuses on three themes-migration, leisure spaces, and family-to explore how these inform the women's everyday choices and shape their practices of freedom. Their stories and perspectives have been instrumental in enabling me to develop an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that I call "finding sequins in the rubble," through which we can recognize and understand how queer Latinx communities engage in processes of queer-world making and radical possibility through everyday acts of resilience and self-care in the midst of familial, institutional, and state violence.
Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino , Homossexualidade Feminina/etnologia , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Migrantes , Adulto , Feminino , Guatemala/etnologia , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnologia , México/etnologiaRESUMO
Identifying data-driven subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD) is an important topic of psychiatric research. Currently, MDD subtypes are based on clinically defined depression symptom patterns. Although a few data-driven attempts have been made to identify more homogenous subgroups within MDD, other studies have not focused on using human genetic data for MDD subtyping. Here we used a computational strategy to identify MDD subtypes based on single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping data from MDD cases and controls using Hamming distance and cluster analysis. We examined a cohort of Mexican-American participants from Los Angeles, including MDD patients (n=203) and healthy controls (n=196). The results in cluster trees indicate that a significant latent subtype exists in the Mexican-American MDD group. The individuals in this hidden subtype have increased common genetic substrates related to major depression and they also have more anxiety and less middle insomnia, depersonalization and derealisation, and paranoid symptoms. Advances in this line of research to validate this strategy in other patient groups of different ethnicities will have the potential to eventually be translated to clinical practice, with the tantalising possibility that in the future it may be possible to refine MDD diagnosis based on genetic data.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/genética , Exoma/genética , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/etnologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/genética , Análise por Conglomerados , Despersonalização/diagnóstico , Despersonalização/etnologia , Despersonalização/genética , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/classificação , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Comportamento Paranoide/diagnóstico , Comportamento Paranoide/etnologia , Comportamento Paranoide/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/diagnóstico , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/etnologia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare perceptions and barriers between Spanish-speaking and English-speaking women in public and private hospitals being treated for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). METHODS: Eight focus groups, 4 in English and 4 in Spanish, were conducted at 3 institutions with care in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery. Standardized questions were asked regarding patients' emotions to when they initially noticed the POP, if they sought family support, and their response to the diagnosis and treatment. Transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory qualitative methods. RESULTS: Thirty-three women were Spanish-speaking and 25 were English-speaking. Spanish speakers were younger (P = 0.0469) and less likely to have a high school diploma (P < 0.0001) than English speakers. Spanish-speaking women had more concerns that the bulge or treatments could lead to cancer, were more resistant to treatment options, and were less likely to be offered surgery. Women in the private hospital desired more information, were less embarrassed, and were more likely to be offered surgery as first-line treatment. The concept emerged that patient care for POP varied based on socioeconomic status and language and suggested the presence of disparities in care for underserved women with POP. CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancies in care for Spanish-speaking women and women being treated at public hospitals suggest that there are disparities in care for POP treatment for underserved women. These differences may be secondary to profit-driven pressures from private hospitals or language barriers, low socioeconomic status, low health literacy, and barriers to health care.
Assuntos
Barreiras de Comunicação , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/etnologia , Prolapso de Órgão Pélvico/terapia , Revelação , Terapia por Exercício/estatística & dados numéricos , Medo , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Hispânico ou Latino , Hospitais Privados , Hospitais Públicos , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnologia , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/psicologia , New Mexico/etnologia , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Satisfação do Paciente , Prolapso de Órgão Pélvico/etnologia , Pessários/estatística & dados numéricos , Relações Médico-Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Recusa do Paciente ao Tratamento/etnologiaRESUMO
Cultural transmission is often viewed as a domain-general process. However, a growing literature suggests that learnability is influenced by content and context. The idea of a learnability landscape is introduced as a way of representing the effects of interacting factors on how easily information is acquired. Extending prior work (Barrett & Broesch, ), learnability of danger and other properties is compared for animals, artifacts, and foods in the urban American children (ages 4-5) and in the Shuar children in Ecuador (ages 4-9). There is an advantage for acquiring danger information that is strongest for animals and weakest for artifacts in both populations, with culture-specific variations. The potential of learnability landscapes for assessing biological and cultural influences on cultural transmission is discussed.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Cultura , Medo , Aprendizagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnologia , MasculinoRESUMO
This study examined whether Mexican-American parents' experiences with discrimination are related to adolescent psychological adjustment over time. The extent to which associations between parent discrimination and adolescent adjustment vary as a function of parents' ethnic socialization of their children was also examined. Participants included 344 high school students from Mexican or Mexican-American backgrounds (primarily second generation; ages 14-16 at Wave 1) and their primary caregivers who completed surveys in a 2-year longitudinal study. Results revealed that parent discrimination predicted internalizing symptoms and self-esteem among adolescents 1 year later. Additionally, adolescents were more likely to report low self-esteem in relation to parents' increased experiences of discrimination when parents conveyed ethnic socialization messages to them.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Ajustamento Emocional , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Pais/psicologia , Preconceito/psicologia , Autoimagem , Socialização , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Los Angeles/etnologia , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore how women of Mexican-origin conceptualized caregiving as a construct in terms of cultural beliefs, social norms, role functioning, and familial obligations. We examined the personal experiences of U.S-born and immigrant Mexican female caregivers to identify how these 2 groups differed in their views of the caregiver role. METHODS: We conducted 1-time in-depth interviews with 44 caregivers living in Southern California. Our study was guided by marianismo, a traditional role occupied by women in the Mexican family. We analyzed data from a grounded theory approach involving the constant comparative method to refine and categorize the data. RESULTS: The majority of all caregivers had similar views about caregiving as an undertaking by choice, and almost all caregivers engaged in self-sacrificing actions to fulfill the marianismo role. Despite these similarities, U.S.-born and immigrant caregivers used different words to describe the same concepts or assigned different meanings to other key aspects of caregiving, suggesting that these 2 groups had different underlying motivations for caregiving and orientations to the role. DISCUSSION: Our findings highlight the complexity of language and culture in underlying caregiving concepts, making the concepts challenging to operationalize and define in a heterogeneous sample of Latinos.
Assuntos
Cuidadores/psicologia , Família/etnologia , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnologia , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The current study provides specificity data on a large sample (n = 115) of young to middle-aged, male, monolingual Spanish speakers of lower educational level and low acculturation to mainstream US culture for four neurocognitive performance validity tests (PVTs): the Dot Counting, the b Test, Rey Word Recognition, and Rey 15-Item Plus Recognition. Individuals with 0 to 6 years of education performed more poorly than did participants with 7 to 10 years of education on several Rey 15-Item scores (combination equation, recall intrusion errors, and recognition false positives), Rey Word Recognition total correct, and E-score and omission errors on the b Test, but no effect of educational level was observed for Dot Counting Test scores. Cutoff scores are provided that maintain approximately 90% specificity for the education subgroups separately. Some of these cutoffs match, or are even more stringent than, those recommended for use in US test takers who are primarily Caucasian, are tested in English, and have a higher educational level (i.e., Rey Word Recognition correct false-positive errors; Rey 15-Item recall intrusions and recognition false-positive errors; b Test total time; and Dot Counting E-score and grouped dot counting time). Thus, performance on these PVT variables in particular appears relatively robust to cultural/language/educational factors.
Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino/etnologia , Simulação de Doença/etnologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Adolescente , Adulto , Educação , Feminino , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnologia , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valores de Referência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Even before the influx of Mexicans, public health officials in Los Angeles constructed very sick and very poor tubercular people as an illegitimate presence who not only endangered others but also represented weakness and failure and imposed intolerable economic burdens. The identification of tuberculosis with Mexicans during the 1920s hardened the perception that they did not belong in Los Angeles. Because Mexicans lived and worked in dangerous surroundings, it is likely that they bore a very high burden of tuberculosis. Contemporary statistics, however, tell us less about the prevalence of disease than about the attitudes of health officials. Most were convinced that Mexicans had an innate susceptibility to tuberculosis. Concerns about the cost of supporting tubercular Mexicans figured prominently in efforts to restrict their immigration in the 1920s, and in the deportation and repatriation drives of the 1930s.
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração/história , Americanos Mexicanos/história , Tuberculose/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
A survey was administered to adults attending a health fair in south Los Angeles County, approximately 140 miles from the U.S.-Mexico border. The survey revealed that 14 percent of respondents had crossed the border to seek medical care during the past year. Nearly 80 percent of respondents crossing the border for medical care were uninsured, while 70 percent reported the low cost of medical care obtained across the border as being the most common reason for seeking care there. Twenty-eight percent of respondents reported purchasing medication in Mexico, with antibiotics and pain medication being reported in highest frequency. Ninety percent of these respondents were uninsured. This study shows that the high cost of health care and lack of insurance compels the poor and uninsured to seek low-cost health care and medication in Mexico to meet their most urgent health care needs, despite the burden of cost and travel.