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Resumo Os queijos roquefort e canastra são produtos de origem animal com reconhecimento de identificação geográfica, fabricados com leite cru por meio de modos de produção centenários. Para proteção da identidade e qualidade únicas de produtos como esses, tratados e acordos foram celebrados na comunidade internacional. Ao mesmo tempo, há um debate quanto à segurança sanitária deles devido à utilização de leite sem processamento térmico, o que gera barreiras à sua comercialização, existindo normas sanitárias internacionais internalizadas na legislação dos países signatários que devem ser aplicadas à produção tradicional, mesmo que às vezes com adaptações. Este trabalho teve por objetivo promover uma revisão não sistemática ao analisar o conteúdo de tratados, acordos e normas internacionais, comerciais e sanitárias, além das legislações brasileira, francesa e da União Europeia, a fim de verificar a robustez dos processos de regulação previstos. Concluiu-se que os documentos levantados têm potencial abrangente para a proteção qualitativa e sanitária dos produtos elencados, ficando a concretização dessas garantias a cargo da aplicabilidade da teoria nos processos de fabricação, registro, fiscalização e inspeção dos países, não menosprezando a necessidade de alerta para grupos vulneráveis da população sobre o consumo desses produtos.

Abstract Roquefort and Canastra cheese are products of animal origin with Geographical Identification recognition. They are made with raw milk in a centuries-old traditional production. To protect the unique identity and quality of products such as these, treaties and agreements have been passed in the international community. At the same time, a debate revolves around food safety due to the use of milk without heat treatment, which creates barriers to commercialization. Thus, international health standards, internalized in the legislation of the signatory countries, must be applied to traditional production, sometimes with adaptations. This study aimed to promote a non-systematic review, analyzing the content of commercial and health international treaties, agreements, and norms, and the Brazilian and French/European Union legislation, to evaluate the robustness of the foreseen regulation processes. It concluded that the surveyed documents have a comprehensive potential for the qualitative and sanitary protection of the products by implementing guarantees that are conditioned to the applicability of theory to practice in manufacturing, registering, and inspecting production in the evaluated countries and considering the need of consumption alerts for vulnerable population groups.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify whether the size of municipalities in which Brazilian high-performance athletes are born or live influences the federal government subsidy, in addition to pointing out whether factors such as human development index, demographic density and municipal investment in sports also exert influence. The sample consisted of 2,033 Brazilian municipalities that had athletes, born or resident, receiving the Brazilian incentive Bolsa-Atleta program. The size of municipalities influences the amount and level of grant obtained, demonstrating that the smaller the population size, the lower the chance of obtaining a higher grant level. In addition, factors such as human development index, demographic density and investment in sport influence the acquisition of grants by athletes, mainly by resident athletes, which shows an internal sports migration in the country as a result.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar se o tamanho dos municípios em que os atletas brasileiros de rendimento nascem ou residem gera influência na obtenção de subsídio pelo governo federal, além de apontar se fatores como índices de desenvolvimento humano, densidade demográfica e investimento municipal no esporte também exercem influência. A amostra consistiu em 2033 municípios brasileiros que apresentaram atletas nascidos ou residentes contemplados pelo programa de incentivo brasileiro Bolsa-Atleta. Por meio da análise, pode-se verificar que o tamanho dos municípios influência na quantidade e no nível de bolsa obtido, demonstrando que quanto menor o tamanho da população, menor a chance de se obter um nível mais alto de bolsa. Além disto, pode-se notar que fatores como índices de desenvolvimento humano, densidade demográfica e investimento no esporte exercem influência na aquisição de bolsas pelos atletas, principalmente, por parte de atletas residentes, o que evidencia uma migração esportiva interna no país.

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Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio es presentar y aplicar una herramienta metodológica para identificar las zonas en las cuales el acceso a los servicios de salud pudiera resultar difícil para la población debido a la barrera geográfica, tanto por su distancia al centro médico, como por su capacidad de desplazamiento, específicamente en los cantones de Curridabat, Escazú y Desamparados. Métodos: a partir de la división geográfica del país en unidades geoestadísticas mínimas realizada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, se calculó, por cada unidad, la distancia en minutos que se tardaría en recorrer caminando, por la ruta real más rápida, desde la unidad geoestadística mínima hasta la sede de su equipo básico de atención en salud asignado. Resultados: el 3,4% de la población estudiada vivía en una unidad geoestadística mínima clasificada como con dificultad importante de acceso a los servicios de salud, pues presentaba tanto la barrera física de la distancia, como poco desplazamiento en automotores y baja condición socioeconómica. Se identificaron 65 unidades geoestadísticas mínimas (sobre 2014 incluidas en el estudio) que se encontraban a más de 20 minutos caminando de la sede de su equipo básico de atención en salud y cuya población contaba con baja capacidad de desplazamiento y baja condición socioeconómica; la mayoría de ellas en el Área de Salud de Desamparados. Conclusión: este estudio presenta una herramienta metodológica para aplicar en la identificación de zonas a cuya población le pudiera resultar difícil el acceso geográfico a los servicios de salud, tanto por su distancia a un centro médico, como por su capacidad de desplazamiento, específicamente en los cantones de Curridabat, Escazú y Desamparados.

Aim: The objective of this study is to present and apply a methodological tool to identify the areas in which the inhabitants could have geographic access difficulties as a barrier to access to health services, both because of its distance from the health center and its mobility capacity, specifically in the cantons of Curridabat, Escazú and Desamparados. Methods: Based on the geographical division of the country into minimum geostatistical units carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, the distance in minutes that it would take to walk it was calculated for each unit, based on the actual fastest route between the minimum geostatistical unit and the headquarters of its assigned basic health care team. Results: An 3.4% of the studied population lived in a minimum geostatistical unit classified as having significant difficulty accessing health services since they accumulated both the physical barrier of distance and little mobility in automobiles. 65 minimum geostatistical units were identified (out of 2014 included in the study) as being at more than 20 minutes walking from the basic health care team, with a population with low mobility capacity, and consequently low socioeconomic status. Most of these were found in the Desamparados Health Area. Conclusion: This study presents and applies a methodological tool to identify the areas in which the inhabitants could have geographic access difficulties as a barrier to access to health services, both due to their distance from the health center and their mobility capacity, in Curridabat, Escazú and Desamparados.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

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Las tecnologías de información geográfica y el análisis geoestadístico permiten focalizar la observación analítica en los entornos donde se desarrolla la vida de las personas por medio de los datos cuantificables y localizados que hablan del territorio, orientando las acciones de salud y la gestión de los recursos de manera costo-efectiva. Frente a la emergencia sanitaria, los sistemas de información geográfica visibilizaron la configuración del evento de interés COVID-19 y su progresiva expansión. Se utilizó una metodología de parcelación espacial en Bogotá, por la cual se delimitaron cuadrantes con el fin de observar constantes y medir variables de interés epidemiológico y espacial para el virus SARS-CoV-2. Asimismo, a través de un análisis factorial de componentes principales fue posible agrupar dos grupos de variables que se definieron como "Transmisibilidad" y "Severidad". Entre los resultados se obtuvo una escala de "gravedad" y su respectiva medición para cada cuadrante (parcela) que fue calculada semanalmente desde mayo de 2020, y usada hasta la fecha de edición del presente artículo con miras a la búsqueda activa de personas potencialmente transmisoras o que puedan tener complicaciones en su estado de salud debido al COVID-19. Los resultados que se presentan han permitido mejorar la gestión y planeación en salud pública en lo referente a la configuración del COVID-19, así como evidenciar la necesidad de realizar este tipo de análisis como herramienta dirigida a fortalecer la gobernanza en la toma de decisiones.

Geographic information technologies and geo-statistical analysis enable the focused analytical observation of the environments where people's lives unfold through quantifiable and localized data that speak to the territory, guiding health actions and resource management in a cost-effective manner. In the face of the health emergency, geographic information systems visualized the configuration of the COVID-19 event of interest and its progressive expansion. A spatial partitioning methodology was used in Bogotá, whereby quadrants were delimited to observe constants and measure epidemiologically and spatially relevant variables for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Likewise, through a principal component analysis, two groups of variables were grouped and defined as "Transmissibility" and "Severity." Among the results, a scale of "severity" and its respective measurement for each quadrant (parcel) was obtained, calculated weekly since May 2020 and used until the date of editing this article, with the aim of actively searching for individuals potentially transmitting or at risk of health complications due to COVID-19. The presented results have contributed to enhancing the management and planning in public health regarding the configuration of COVID-19, as well as highlighting the need for conducting this type of analysis as a tool aimed at strengthening governance in decision-making.

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The western Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) is widely distributed in South Asia, and geographical venom variation is anticipated among distant populations. Antivenoms used for Russell's viper envenomation are, however, raised typically against snakes from Southern India. The present study investigated and compared the venom proteomes of D. russelii from Sri Lanka (DrSL) and India (DrI), the immunorecognition of Indian VINS Polyvalent Antivenom (VPAV) and its efficacy in neutralizing the venom toxicity. Methods: The venoms of DrSL and DrI were decomplexed with C18 high-performance liquid chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The proteins fractionated were identified through nano-ESI-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). The immunological studies were conducted with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The neutralization of the venom procoagulant effect was evaluated in citrated human plasma. The neutralization of the venom lethality was assessed in vivo in mice adopting the WHO protocol. Results: DrSL and DrI venom proteomes showed comparable major protein families, with phospholipases A2 (PLA2) being the most abundant (> 60% of total venom proteins) and diverse (six protein forms identified). Both venoms were highly procoagulant and lethal (intravenous median lethal dose in mice, LD50 = 0.24 and 0.32 µg/g, for DrSL and DrI, respectively), while lacking hemorrhagic and anticoagulant activities. VPAV was immunoreactive toward DrSL and DrI venoms, indicating conserved protein antigenicity in the venoms. The high molecular weight venom proteins were, however, more effectively immunorecognized than small ones. VPAV was able to neutralize the coagulopathic and lethal effects of the venoms moderately. Conclusion: Considering that a large amount of venom can be injected by Russell's viper during envenomation, the potency of antivenom can be further improved for optimal neutralization and effective treatment. Region-specific venoms and key toxins may be incorporated into the immunization procedure during antivenom production.(AU)

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The western Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) is widely distributed in South Asia, and geographical venom variation is anticipated among distant populations. Antivenoms used for Russell's viper envenomation are, however, raised typically against snakes from Southern India. The present study investigated and compared the venom proteomes of D. russelii from Sri Lanka (DrSL) and India (DrI), the immunorecognition of Indian VINS Polyvalent Antivenom (VPAV) and its efficacy in neutralizing the venom toxicity. Methods: The venoms of DrSL and DrI were decomplexed with C18 high-performance liquid chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The proteins fractionated were identified through nano-ESI-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). The immunological studies were conducted with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The neutralization of the venom procoagulant effect was evaluated in citrated human plasma. The neutralization of the venom lethality was assessed in vivo in mice adopting the WHO protocol. Results: DrSL and DrI venom proteomes showed comparable major protein families, with phospholipases A2 (PLA2) being the most abundant (> 60% of total venom proteins) and diverse (six protein forms identified). Both venoms were highly procoagulant and lethal (intravenous median lethal dose in mice, LD50 = 0.24 and 0.32 µg/g, for DrSL and DrI, respectively), while lacking hemorrhagic and anticoagulant activities. VPAV was immunoreactive toward DrSL and DrI venoms, indicating conserved protein antigenicity in the venoms. The high molecular weight venom proteins were, however, more effectively immunorecognized than small ones. VPAV was able to neutralize the coagulopathic and lethal effects of the venoms moderately. Conclusion: Considering that a large amount of venom can be injected by Russell's viper during envenomation, the potency of antivenom can be further improved for optimal neutralization and effective treatment. Region-specific venoms and key toxins may be incorporated into the immunization procedure during antivenom production.(AU)

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Introduction: The sea anemones diversity is still poorly studied in Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica. Objective: To report for the first time the presence of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana. Methods: Some rhodoliths were examined in situ in Punta Ulloa at 14 m depth, by SCUBA during the expedition UCR-UNA-COCO-I to Isla del Coco National Park on 24th April 2010. Living anemones settled on rhodoliths were photographed and its external morphological features and measures were recorded in situ. Results: Several individuals of E. diaphana were observed on rodoliths and we repeatedly observed several small individuals of this sea anemone surrounding the largest individual in an area (presumably the founder sea anemone) on rhodoliths from Punta Ulloa. Conclusions: The geographic distribution is extended as well as their bathymetric distribution from the intertidal to 14 m depth. The photographs provide evidence of clonal reproduction by pedal laceration.

Introducción: La diversidad de anémonas de mar en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, está aún poco estudiada. Objetivo: Reportar por primera vez la presencia de la anémona de mar Exaiptasia diaphana. Métodos: Algunos rodolitos fueron examinados in situ en Punta Ulloa a 14 m. de profundidad mediante SCUBA durante la expedición UCR-UNA-COCO-I al Parque Nacional Isla del Coco el 24 de abril de 2010. Especímenes vivos fijados sobre rodolitos fueron fotografiados y sus medidas y carácterísticas morfológicas externas fueron registradas in situ. Resultados: Varios individuos de E. diaphana fueron observados sobre rodolitos y observamos repetidamente pequeños individuos rodeando a un individuo mayor (presumiblemente la anémona fundadora) sobre rodolitos de Punta Ulloa. Conclusiones: La distribución geográfica de esta especie es extendida, como así también su distribución batimétrica desde el intermareal hasta los 14 m de profundidad. Las imágenes obtenidas aportan evidencia de reproducción clonal por laceración pedal.

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South American rattlesnakes are represented in Brazil by a single species, Crotalus durissus, which has public health importance due to the severity of its envenomation and to its wide geographical distribution. The species is subdivided into several subspecies, but the current classification is controversial. In Brazil, the venoms of C. d. terrificus and C. d. collilineatus are used for hyperimmunization of horses for antivenom production, even though the distinction of these two subspecies are mostly by their geographical distribution. In this context, we described a comparative compositional and functional characterization of individual C. d. collilineatus and C. d. terrificus venoms from three Brazilian states. Methods: We compared the compositional patterns of C. d. terrificus and C. d. collilineatus individual venoms by 1-DE and RP-HPLC. For functional analyzes, the enzymatic activities of PLA2, LAAO, and coagulant activity were evaluated. Finally, the immunorecognition of venom toxins by the crotalic antivenom produced at Butantan Institute was evaluated using Western blotting. Results: The protein profile of individual venoms from C. d. collilineatus and C. d. terrificus showed a comparable overall composition, despite some intraspecific variation, especially regarding crotamine and LAAO. Interestingly, HPLC analysis showed a geographic pattern concerning PLA2. In addition, a remarkable intraspecific variation was also observed in PLA2, LAAO and coagulant activities. The immunorecognition pattern of individual venoms from C. d. collilineatus and C. d. terrificus by crotalic antivenom produced at Butantan Institute was similar. Conclusions: The results highlighted the individual variability among the venoms of C. durissus ssp. specimens. Importantly, our data point to a geographical variation of C. durissus ssp. venom profile, regardless of the subspecies, as evidenced by PLA2 isoforms complexity, which may explain the increase in venom neurotoxicity from Northeastern through Southern Brazil reported for the species.(AU)

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Los estudios que han relacionado las condiciones sociales hostiles a nivel departamental o de áreas geográficas (AG) con la mortalidad fetal son insuficientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y medir la desigualdad existente en la mortalidad fetal según las distintas AG. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo ecológico. Las unidades analizadas fueron las 525 AG de Argentina durante 2007-2016. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales de variables seleccionadas del Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas de 2010; luego se construyó un indicador de situación socioeconómica, que determinó dichas áreas. Mediante el análisis de regresión de Poisson se calcularon distintos índices. Se obtuvo el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente (SII), el índice relativo de desigualdad de Kunst Mackenbach (RIIKM), y se estimó la razón de mortalidad fetal (RMF) para cada nivel del indicador de situación socioeconómica. RESULTADOS: Se observó que el RIIKM varió de 1,8 a 1,4 para los bienios 2007/08-2015/16. Se estimó la mayor RMF para el estrato de situación socioeconómica muy desfavorable, y un comportamiento similar se reflejó en el SII. DISCUSIÓN: La RMF es mayor para los estratos de situación socioeconómica muy desfavorable. La brecha entre los extremos volvió a ampliarse hacia el último bienio. En las AG de situación muy desfavorable la RMF aumentó en el último bienio respecto al anterior, y decreció para las AG de situación muy favorable

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Orthomene comprises four species distributed from Central to South America, of which three occur in phytogeographic domains of Brazil. In Brazil, Amazonia is the main center of diversity for the genus. This work is a taxonomic treatment of Orthomene in Brazil and involved analyzing field collections (between January 2017 and July 2018), types and botanical specimens from 32 national and foreign herbaria. The three species in the study area are Orthomene hirsuta,Orthomene prancei and Orthomene schomburgkii. The latter is the most common and widely distributed species of the genus in the country. An identification key, descriptions, illustrations, distribution data, and additional comments for each species are provided. (AU)

Orthomene possui quatro espécies, distribuídas desde a América Central até a América do Sul, sendo que três ocorrem nos domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros. No Brasil, a Amazônia brasileira é considerada o principal centro de diversidade do gênero. O tratamento taxonômico envolveu a análise de material coletado (entre janeiro de 2017 e julho de 2018), tipos e amostras dos espécimes de Orthomene depositados em 32 herbários nacionais e estrangeiros. O gênero está representado na área de estudo por três espécies: Orthomene hirsuta,Orthomene prancei e Orthomene schomburgkii, sendo esta última a mais comum e amplamente distribuída nas regiões brasileiras de sua ocorrência. São apresentadas uma chave de identificação, descrições e ilustrações das espécies, bem como dados adicionais sobre distribuição geográfica e comentários sobre as mesmas.(AU)

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Streptococcus agalactiae, ou Estreptococo do Grupo B, é um microrganismo que encontrado na microbiota intestinal, vaginal e/ou geniturinária de 10-30% de mulheres saudáveis. A principal infecção causada por S. agalactiae é a sepse neonatal. O bebê pode adquirir o microrganismo durante o parto ao passar pelo canal vaginal, ou até mesmo durante a gestação, caso haja ascensão de S. agalactiae para o útero. Existem diversos fatores associados à infecção do feto por S. agalactiae quando a mãe é colonizada, tais como fator CAMP, cápsula de polissacarídeos, hialuronidase, ß-citolisina/hemolisina e pili. Não existe consenso ou recomendação técnica sobre o tema no Brasil. Segundo o Caderno de Atenção Básica ao Pré-Natal, não existem estudos que levem à recomendação da antibioticoterapia intraparto. É necessário elucidar as características genotípicas de cepas de S. agalactiae isoladas no Brasil para alinhar as práticas clínicas às características fenotípicas do microrganismo. Desta forma, os objetivos deste projeto são: i) classificar cepas de S. agalactiae isoladas de gestantes e não gestantes quanto ao sorotipo capsular, por PCR Multiplex, ii) avaliar a presença e distribuição de fatores de virulência, por PCR e iii) avaliar o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana, pelo método de disco difusão e teste D. Os achados de virulência e resistência a antimicrobianos foram comparados com os sorotipos, gestação, localização geográfica e sítio de isolamento. Foram analisadas 292 cepas isoladas de gestantes e não gestantes em São Paulo, São José dos Campos e Rio de Janeiro. O sorotipo Ia foi o mais prevalente entre as cepas. Na cidade de São José dos Campos não houve diferença significativa entre a prevalência dos sorotipos Ia e V, sendo que o sorotipo V foi mais abundante do que nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. O sorotipo II foi mais abundante em mulheres não gestantes do que gestantes. Não foram encontradas cepas resistentes à Penicilina e vancomicina; contudo a resistência a Cefepima, Eritromicina e Clindamicina ficou em torno de 22%. Foram encontradas diferenças entre os sorotipos quanto à resistência, genes de virulência e sítio de isolamento das cepas. Portanto essas diferenças podem se refletir no perfil epidemiológico da infecção por S. agalactiae quanto à localização geográfica também quanto à gestação. A incidência de sepse causada por S. agalactiae diminuiu muito nas últimas décadas, contudo o monitoramento constante é necessário para alinhar as práticas clínicas às características fenotípicas do microrganismo

Streptococcus agalactiae, or Group B Streptococcus, is a microorganism found in intestinal, vaginal and/or genitourinary microbiota from about 10-30% of all healthy women. The main infection caused by S. agalactiae is neonatal sepsis. The baby can contract the infection during labor when passing through the vaginal canal, or even during pregnancy, if S. agalactiae ascends from the vaginal canal to the uterus. There are several factors associated to the infection of the fetus by S. agalactiae when the mother is colonized, such as the CAMP factor, polysaccharide capsule, hyaluronidase, ß-cytolysin/hemolysin and pili. There is no consensus or technical recommendation regarding this theme in Brazil. According to the Brazilian guidelines to prenatal care, there is no research that justifies the implementation of intrapartum antibiotic therapy. There is a need to clarify genotype characteristics of S. agalactiae strains isolated in Brazil in order to align clinical practices to phenotypical characteristics of this microorganism. This way, the goals of this project are: i) to classify S. agalactiae strains isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant women according to their capsular serotype, using PCR Multiplex, ii) to evaluate the presence and distribution of virulence factors, using PCR and iii) to evaluate their antibiotic resistance profile, using disk-diffusion and D-zone tests. The findings regarding virulence and resistance were compared to serotypes, pregnancy, geographic localization and the site where the sample was isolated. A total of 292 strains from pregnant and nonpregnant women from the cities of São Paulo, São José dos Campos and Rio de Janeiro were analyzed. Serotype Ia was the most prevalent among the strains. In São José dos Campos there was no significate difference in the prevalence of serotypes Ia and V. Serotype V was the most abundant in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Serotype II was most prevalent in nonpregnant women when compared to pregnant women. No resistance to Penicillin nor Vancomycin was found. However, resistance to Cefepime, Erythromycin or Clindamycin was found in around 22% of strains. There were differences among serotypes regarding resistance, virulence genes and site where the strain was isolated. Therefore these differences can reflect into the epidemiologic profile of S. agalactiae infection in regards to geographic localization and pregnancy. The incidence of sepsis caused by S. agalactiae has decrease in the last few decades, however constant monitoring is necessary in order to align clinical practice to the microorganisms phenotypical characteristics

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Map of Guyana utilizes a colour key to identify the number of locations where malaria microscopy is done; the main malaria hot spots; and the main health facilities.

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El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la relación entre la dependencia alcohólica y la altitud de residencia en once poblados de dos zonas altitudinales del Perú. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico aplicando una encuesta por médicos que hasta 2013 realizaron atención primaria de salud en once poblados, que se clasificaron en zonas de baja altitud (≤ 2.500 msnm) y gran altitud (> 2.500 msnm). A los que respondieron afirmativamente a la pregunta de si consumían bebidas alcohólicas, se les aplicó el test CAGE para alcoholismo (punto de corte, ≥ 2). Con los modelos lineales generalizados, se obtuvieron los estadísticos de asociación. De los 737 participantes, el 51% eran mujeres y la mediana de edad, 36 [intervalo intercuartílico, 25-50] años 334 (45%) vivían en baja altitud y 113 (15%) tenían dependencia alcohólica. La mayor frecuencia de alcoholismo se asoció positivamente con ser de un poblado considerado como extremadamente pobre (razón de prevalencia ajustada [RPa] = 2,42; intervalo de confianza del 95%, [IC95%], 1,40-4,19); mientras que, ser mujer (RPa = 0,44; IC95%, 0,23-0,89) y residir a gran altitud (RPa = 0,15; IC95%, 0,07-0,31) se asociaron negativamente, ajustando por nueve variables sociolaborales y patológicas. Según estos datos, hay mayor frecuencia de dependencia al alcohol entre los varones, los extremadamente pobres y residentes a baja altitud. Los profesionales que realizan atención primaria y los implicados en el cuidado de la salud mental deben tomarlo en cuenta por sus implicaciones para la sociedad.

The aim of this study was to determine the association between alcohol dependence and altitude of residence in 11 villages in two high altitude areas of Peru. An analytical cross-sectional study was performed using a survey conducted by physicians in primary health care in 11 villages until 2013, that were divided into low altitude (≤2500 m asl (above sea level)), and high altitude (>2500 m asl) areas. The CAGE test for alcoholism (cut point, ≥2) was applied to those who responded positively when asked if they consumed alcohol. Statistical associations were obtained with generalised linear models Of the 737 participants, 51% were women and the median age was 36 years [interquartile range, 25-50], 334 (45%) lived at low altitude, and 113 (15%) had alcohol dependence. The highest frequency of alcoholism was positively associated with being a village considered extremely poor (Likelihood Ratio (LP) = 2.42; 95%CI, 1.40-4.19), while being female (LP = 0.44; 95%CI, 0.23-0.89) and residing at high altitude (LP = 0.15; 95%CI, 0.07-0.31) were negatively associated. These were adjusted for nine socio-occupational and pathological variables. According to these data, there is a higher frequency of alcohol dependence in being, male, extremely poor, and residing at low altitude. These results should be taken into account by professionals who work in primary care and those involved in mental health care, because of their implications in society.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi resgatar a memória do Congresso Brasileiro de Atividade Física e Saúde (CBAFS) e descrever a evolução da participação no evento segundo localização geográfica da afiliação dos participantes, eixos de pesquisa, e tipo de estudo dos resumos apresentados. A pesquisa foi realizada nos anais das nove edições do CBAFS. Buscou-se identificar o estado (convidados nacionais) e país (convidados internacionais) de origem dos palestrantes, estado de origem do primeiro autor, delineamento de estudo e eixos de pesquisa em atividade física e saúde (em que a atividade física e/ou o comportamento sedentário são exposição ou desfecho do estudo). Os dados foram apresentados em frequências absolutas, relativas e taxas brutas por milhão de habitantes. Em todos os anos foi observada uma predominância de palestrantes e de resumos da região Sul do país, seguido das regiões Sudeste e Nordeste. Quanto aos palestrantes internacionais houve participação da América do Norte (EUA, Canadá), Europa (Portugal, França, Finlândia e Dinamarca) e Colômbia. Para o conteúdo dos resumos há predominância de delineamentos transversais sobre as consequências da atividade física/comportamento sedentário na saúde, determinantes da prática de atividade física e estudos descritivos sobre nível/tendência de atividade física. O eixo de intervenções para aumento dos níveis de atividade física e diminuição do comportamento sedentário permanecem insipientes. Conclui-se que há grande disparidade geográfica em relação aos congressistas e dificuldades em traduzir as evidências em aumento nos níveis de atividade física. Entretanto, tem sido observada uma melhora em relação a representação geográfica e crescente número de participantes.

The aim of this study was to rescue the history of the Brazilian Congress of Physical Activity and Health (CBAFS) and describe the evolution of the event according to participants' geographical location of the affiliation, research axes, and type of study presented in abstracts. The survey was conducted in annals of all nine CBAFS editions. We sought to identify the state (national guests) and country (international guests) of speakers' origin, as well as first author state, study design and research lines in physical activity and health (where physical activity and/or sedentary behavior are exhibition or study endpoint). The data were presented as absolute, relative and crude rates per million population frequencies. In all years a predominance of speakers and abstracts of the Southern region, followed by the Southeast and Northeast regions was observed. Regarding international speakers there was participation from North America (USA, Canada), Europe (Portugal, France, Finland and Denmark) and Colombia. For the content of the abstracts there was a predomination of cross-sectional designs on the physical consequences of physical activity/sedentary behavior, determinants of physical activity and level of descriptive studies on levels/trends of physical activity. The axis of interventions to increase levels of physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior remained ignored. Concluded that there is still great geographical disparity in relation to congressmen and difficulties in translating evidence into increased levels of physical activity. However, an improvement has been observed in relation to geographical representation and growing number of participants'.

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Isla del Coco is the only land mass of the Cocos Plate that emerges above sea level. This makes it the only place where Cocos Plate motion can be measured using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) monitoring. Global Positioning System (GPS) observations have been carried out sporadically over more than two decades on Isla del Coco, allowing precise measurement of the motion of the Cocos Plate. Recently, in May 2011, a continuous GPS station was built and instrumented at Isla del Coco, in Wafer Bay, by OVSICORI-UNA and UNAVCO, as part of the COCONet regional GNSS network. Position time series from this CGPS station (ISCO: Isla del Coco) show a steady motion of Isla del Coco at a speed of 90.9±1.5mm/yr in the N35oE direction in ITRF2008 and convergence with the Caribbean Plate at 78±1mm/yr. This result is consistent with the findings of the earliest GPS studies, and agrees within uncertainty with the estimated convergence rate of 76.4±x mm/ yr of the MORVEL plate motion model. MORVEL is based on an average over the last 780,000 years, and our result suggests that Cocos-Caribbean plate motions have been constant over that time interval.

La Isla del Coco es la única porción emergida en la placa del Coco. Esta condición la hace el único lugar donde se puede medir, usando Sistemas de Navegación Global por Satélite (GNSS), la velocidad de dicha placa. Las mediciones con GPS en la Isla del Coco se han realizado por más de dos décadas, permitiendo obtener velocidades precisas. En mayo del 2001 se instaló una estación continua de GPS en la Isla del Coco como parte, tanto de la Red Regional de GNSS COCONet, como del Sistema de Monitoreo Geodinámico de Nicoya (SISMOGENICO). Resultados de esta estación continua muestran movimiento continuo de la Isla del Coco, con respecto a ITRF2008, a una velocidad de 90.9±1.5mm/año con dirección N35oE y convergencia con la placa del Caribe a 78±1mm/año. Estas velocidades son consistentes con las obtenidas por MORVEL, un modelo geológico de velocidades de placas representativo de los últimos 780,000 años, y sugieren que la convergencia de estas placas se ha mantenido constante durante ese lapso de tiempo.

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El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si la incidencia de cáncer ocurrida en las áreas cercanas al Polo Petroquímico fue mayor a la observada en el resto de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca. En mayo de 2005, debido a temores expresados por los vecinos de dichas áreas, nuestro Registro de Tumores fue convocado para llevar a cabo un estudio que aportara información calificada respecto a esta posible situación. Se calcularon y compararon las Tasas de Incidencia (razón entre el número de casos nuevos de cáncer y la población total por 100.000) en los períodos 1989-1992; 1993-1997; 1998-2002, utilizando métodos de ajuste directo e indirecto. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la ocurrencia de tumores entre los barrios presumiblemente afectados y el resto de la ciudad, cuando se utilizaron técnicas directas. Utilizando técnicas de comparación indirectas se observó que el cáncer de pulmón en varones fue significativamente mayor en Ingeniero White. Esta situación podría estar vinculada con un mayor consumo de tabaco.

The aim of this research work was to determine whether the incidence of cancer in the areas close to the Petrochemical Complex was higher compared with that observed in the rest of Bahía Blanca city. Therefore, due to the fears expressed by the residents of that area, in May 2005 the Tumor Record office was asked to carry out a study in order to supply qualified information on this possible situation. Incidence rates were calculated and compared (ratio between the number of new cancer cases and total population by 100,000) for the periods 1989-1992; 1993-1997; 1998-2002 using direct and indirect adjustment methods. No statistically significant differences were found in tumor occurrence in the allegedly affected neighborhoods and the rest of the city when direct techniques were used. When using indirect comparison techniques, it was observed that lung cancer was significantly higher in males living near the Petrochemical Complex (at Ingeniero White town) Such situation could be related to smoking habits in male population.

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Este estudio servirá de base para el desarrollo de nuevos derroteros en la profundización del análisis de información con perspectiva geográfica de amplio alcance, hacia los cuales el Instituto sobre Alcoholismo y Farmacodependencia ha puesto especial énfasis

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