RESUMO
El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar la cultura de la salud promovida en las escuelas primarias españolas bajo el ideario del régimen franquista (1936-1975). Para ello, hemos indagado en los manuales escolares del periodo, recursos fundamentales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con los que se trató de modificar la conducta de la población en relación con la salud y la enfermedad. Desde un enfoque etnográfico hemos analizado tanto el discurso sobre las prácticas infantiles, como el ideario de cuerpo y salud promovido. Si bien, disciplina y control social propios del régimen dejaron su impronta en la salud enseñada, las transformaciones sociales y políticas lo fueron modulando hacia una noción de salud menos moralizadora pero más deudora del discurso experto. (AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a cultura da saúde promovida nas escolas primárias espanholas sob a ideologia do regime franquista (1936-1975). Para este fim, investigamos os livros escolares do período, recursos fundamentais no processo ensino-aprendizagem, que foram utilizados para tentar modificar o comportamento da população em relação à saúde e à doença. A partir de uma abordagem etnográfica, analisamos tanto o discurso sobre as práticas das crianças quanto à ideologia do corpo e da saúde promovida. Embora a disciplina e o controle social do regime tenham deixado sua marca na saúde ensinada, as transformações sociais e políticas o modulavam no sentido de uma noção menos moralizadora de saúde, mas mais endividada com o discurso dos especialistas. (AU)
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the culture of health promoted in Spanish primary schools under the ideology of the Franco regime (1936-1975). To this end, we have investigated the school textbooks of the period, fundamental resources in the teaching-learning process, which were used to try to modify the behaviour of the population in relation to health and illness. From an ethnographic approach, we have analysed both the discourse on children's practices and the ideology of body and health promoted. Although the regime's own discipline and social control left their mark on the health taught, social and political transformations gradually modulated it towards a less moralising notion of health that was more indebted to expert discourse. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Ensino , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Educação Infantil/etnologia , Educação em Saúde , EspanhaRESUMO
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) is considered one of the founders of modern psychiatric nosology. However, his conceptualization of obsessive-compulsive phenomena is relatively understudied. In this article, we compare and contrast excerpts from the eighth edition (1909-1915) of Kraepelin's Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry focusing on what Kraepelin called "obsessive neurosis" and related "original pathological conditions" with the current DSM-5 criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Consistently with DSM-5 OCD, Kraepelin described obsessive neurosis as characterized by obsessive ideas, compulsive acts, or both together. His detailed descriptions of these symptoms are broadly coherent with their characterization in DSM-5, which is also true for the differential diagnoses he provided. He also mentioned cases illustrating decreased insight into symptoms and association with tic disorders. In conclusion, Kraepelin's experience, which reflects decades of consistent clinical work, may help validate current ideas and explain how the current conceptualization has emerged and developed. Even though one can hardly say that the classification laid out in DSM-5 goes back to Kraepelin's views directly, it still is true that Kraepelin played an outstanding role in systematizing psychiatric diagnostic criteria in general, and provided a major contribution to the conceptual history of OCD.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , Classificação Internacional de Doenças , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/históriaRESUMO
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) is considered one of the founders of modern psychiatric nosology. However, his conceptualization of obsessive-compulsive phenomena is relatively understudied. In this article, we compare and contrast excerpts from the eighth edition (1909-1915) of Kraepelin's Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry focusing on what Kraepelin called "obsessive neurosis" and related "original pathological conditions" with the current DSM-5 criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Consistently with DSM-5 OCD, Kraepelin described obsessive neurosis as characterized by obsessive ideas, compulsive acts, or both together. His detailed descriptions of these symptoms are broadly coherent with their characterization in DSM-5, which is also true for the differential diagnoses he provided. He also mentioned cases illustrating decreased insight into symptoms and association with tic disorders. In conclusion, Kraepelin's experience, which reflects decades of consistent clinical work, may help validate current ideas and explain how the current conceptualization has emerged and developed. Even though one can hardly say that the classification laid out in DSM-5 goes back to Kraepelin's views directly, it still is true that Kraepelin played an outstanding role in systematizing psychiatric diagnostic criteria in general, and provided a major contribution to the conceptual history of OCD.
Assuntos
Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Classificação Internacional de Doenças , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , História do Século XX , Humanos , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/históriaRESUMO
This article has as its starting point two central ideas: textbooks as a means of production and dissemination of knowledge and narrative as an approach. After a brief review of studies on health/medical sociology textbooks, I analyze a few of these textbooks from the 1900-2012 period, produced in the United States and England. I have selected eleven textbooks which I thought were representative. In addition to a content analysis, the textbooks are located within the process of constitution of the health/medical sociology with brief references to the biographies of the authors. The textbooks analyzed were classified according to the main narrative features: doctor-centered; interdisciplinary; pedagogical; analytical; almost autobiographical; critical; and synthetic-reflective. In the final remarks, some points about the textbooks, limits and possibilities are presented.
Assuntos
Narração , Sociologia Médica/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Conhecimento , Sociologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This article discusses the development of techniques for cesarean sections by doctors in Brazil, during the 20th century, by analyzing the title "Operação Cesárea" (Cesarean Section), of three editions of the textbookObstetrícia, by Jorge de Rezende. His prominence as an author in obstetrics and his particular style of working, created the groundwork for the normalization of the practice of cesarean sections. The networks of meaning practiced within this scientific community included a "provision for feeling and for action" (Fleck) which established the C-section as a "normal" delivery: showing standards that exclude unpredictability, chaos, and dangers associated with the physiology of childbirth, meeting the demand for control, discipline and safety, qualities associated with practices, techniques and technologies of biomedicine.
Assuntos
Cesárea/história , Obstetrícia/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Brasil , Cesárea/normas , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
Resumo Discute a apropriação e o desenvolvimento das técnicas de cesariana pelos médicos no Brasil, no século XX, analisando o capítulo “Operação cesariana”, de três edições do livro-texto Obstetrícia, de Jorge de Rezende. O protagonismo desse autor na obstetrícia criou disposições para a normalização da prática da cesárea. As redes de significados praticadas nessa comunidade científica abarcam uma “disposição para um sentir e para um agir” (Fleck) que balizam a cesárea como um parto “normal”: manifesta normas que excluem imprevisibilidade, descontrole, caos, perigos associados à fisiologia do parto, atendendo à exigência de controle, disciplinamento e segurança, atributos associados às práticas técnicas e tecnológicas da biomedicina.
Abstract This article discusses the development of techniques for cesarean sections by doctors in Brazil, during the 20th century, by analyzing the title “Operação Cesárea” (Cesarean Section), of three editions of the textbookObstetrícia, by Jorge de Rezende. His prominence as an author in obstetrics and his particular style of working, created the groundwork for the normalization of the practice of cesarean sections. The networks of meaning practiced within this scientific community included a “provision for feeling and for action” (Fleck) which established the C-section as a “normal” delivery: showing standards that exclude unpredictability, chaos, and dangers associated with the physiology of childbirth, meeting the demand for control, discipline and safety, qualities associated with practices, techniques and technologies of biomedicine.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , História do Século XX , Cesárea/história , Obstetrícia/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Brasil , Cesárea/normas , GravidezRESUMO
Resumo Este artigo tem como ponto de partida duas ideias centrais: a dos manuais como forma de produção e divulgação do conhecimento e a narrativa como abordagem. Após uma breve revisão dos estudos realizados sobre manuais da sociologia médica/saúde, foram analisados alguns exemplares desses manuais no período de 1900-2012 produzidos nos Estados Unidos e Inglaterra. Foram selecionados onze manuais julgados como representativos. Além de uma análise de conteúdo, os manuais são situados no interior do processo de constituição da sociologia médica/saúde com breves referências à biografia dos autores. Os manuais analisados foram classificados segundo as principais características narrativas: médico-centrados; interdisciplinar; pedagógicos; analíticos; quase-autobiográfico; crítico; sintético-reflexivo. Nas considerações finais são apresentados alguns pontos sobre as perspectivas dos manuais, limites e possibilidades.
Abstract This article has as its starting point two central ideas: textbooks as a means of production and dissemination of knowledge and narrative as an approach. After a brief review of studies on health/medical sociology textbooks, I analyze a few of these textbooks from the 1900-2012 period, produced in the United States and England. I have selected eleven textbooks which I thought were representative. In addition to a content analysis, the textbooks are located within the process of constitution of the health/medical sociology with brief references to the biographies of the authors. The textbooks analyzed were classified according to the main narrative features: doctor-centered; interdisciplinary; pedagogical; analytical; almost autobiographical; critical; and synthetic-reflective. In the final remarks, some points about the textbooks, limits and possibilities are presented.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Sociologia Médica/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Narração , Sociologia , Estados Unidos , ConhecimentoRESUMO
In this paper we present a review of Mexican medical literature in the 16th and 17th centuries, analyzing the presence of Vesalius anatomical contributions and the conservation of Galen teachings in the official circles. We start with the anecdotal identification of don Carlos, son of Philip II, with Gregorio López, a hermit living in New Spain in the second half of the 16th century, as a legendary possibility of being a celebrated patient of Vesalius. After a short review of the birth and early diffusion of Vesalius anatomy in Spain, we analyze the early anatomical and surgical books written and published in New Spain; those of Alonso López de Hinojosos (1578, 1595), Agustín Farfán (1592), Juan de Barrios (1607), Gerónimo Bezerra and Diego Osorio y Peralta (1685), identifying their acceptance or negation of the validity of Vesalius' discoveries and the tensions existing between those two intellectual positions. In the following pages we will present and discuss the nature, dimensions and impact of Vesalius' Fabrica knowledge in the medical thought of Colonial Mexico.
Assuntos
Anatomia/história , Cirurgia Geral/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Colonialismo , História do Século XVI , México , EspanhaRESUMO
The objective of this article is to highlight some of the most important pioneering books specifically focused on the neurological examination and their authors. During the XIX Century, Alexander Hammond, William Gowers and Charles Mills pioneered the neurological literature, followed in the XX Century by Aloysio de Castro, Monrad-Krohn, Derek Denny-Brown, Robert Wartenberg, Gordon Holmes, and Russel DeJong. With determination and a marked sense of observation and research, they competently developed and spread the technique and art of the neurological exam.
Assuntos
Exame Neurológico/história , Neurologia/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/históriaRESUMO
This article presents the content (discourse) analysis of messages transmitted by primary school readers in the period between 1880 to 2012. This study allowed us to explore the image of old age and aging that society has and passes on to new generations as well as the role assigned to this generational group. The historical periods that provide the context for the data were defined according to the continuity of or the turning points in the social values transmitted in the reading materials. The role assigned to elderly people and the image of old age that the Argentine society passed on and continues to pass on to younger generations demonstrate that each period described has its own model of aging.
Assuntos
Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais/psicologia , Idoso/psicologia , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Relação entre Gerações , Papel (figurativo) , Valores Sociais/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Argentina , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas/históriaRESUMO
En este artículo se presenta el análisis de contenido (discurso) de los mensajes emitidos por los libros de lectura para la escuela primaria editados en Argentina, en el período comprendido entre los años 1880 y 2012. Este estudio nos permitió profundizar sobre la imagen de la vejez y el envejecimiento que la sociedad tiene y transmite a las nuevas generaciones y el papel que se le asigna a este grupo generacional. Los períodos históricos que dan contexto a los datos fueron definidos a partir de los ritmos marcados por la permanencia o los puntos de cambio (tourning point) de los valores sociales transmitidos en las lecturas. El papel asignado a los ancianos y la imagen de viejo que la sociedad argentina transmitió y transmite a las generaciones jóvenes muestra que cada período descripto tiene su propio modelo de anciano.(AU)
This article presents the content (discourse) analysis of messages transmitted by primary school readers in the period between 1880 to 2012. This study allowed us to explore the image of old age and aging that society has and passes on to new generations as well as the role assigned to this generational group. The historical periods that provide the context for the data were defined according to the continuity of or the turning points in the social values transmitted in the reading materials. The role assigned to elderly people and the image of old age that the Argentine society passed on and continues to pass on to younger generations demonstrate that each period described has its own model of aging.(AU)
Assuntos
História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais/psicologia , Idoso/psicologia , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Relação entre Gerações , Papel (figurativo) , Valores Sociais/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Argentina , Instituições Acadêmicas/históriaRESUMO
En este artículo se presenta el análisis de contenido (discurso) de los mensajes emitidos por los libros de lectura para la escuela primaria editados en Argentina, en el período comprendido entre los años 1880 y 2012. Este estudio nos permitió profundizar sobre la imagen de la vejez y el envejecimiento que la sociedad tiene y transmite a las nuevas generaciones y el papel que se le asigna a este grupo generacional. Los períodos históricos que dan contexto a los datos fueron definidos a partir de los ritmos marcados por la permanencia o los puntos de cambio (tourning point) de los valores sociales transmitidos en las lecturas. El papel asignado a los ancianos y la imagen de viejo que la sociedad argentina transmitió y transmite a las generaciones jóvenes muestra que cada período descripto tiene su propio modelo de anciano.
This article presents the content (discourse) analysis of messages transmitted by primary school readers in the period between 1880 to 2012. This study allowed us to explore the image of old age and aging that society has and passes on to new generations as well as the role assigned to this generational group. The historical periods that provide the context for the data were defined according to the continuity of or the turning points in the social values transmitted in the reading materials. The role assigned to elderly people and the image of old age that the Argentine society passed on and continues to pass on to younger generations demonstrate that each period described has its own model of aging.
Assuntos
História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , /psicologia , Idoso/psicologia , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Relação entre Gerações , Papel (figurativo) , Valores Sociais/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Argentina , Instituições Acadêmicas/históriaRESUMO
This article presents the content (discourse) analysis of messages transmitted by primary school readers in the period between 1880 to 2012. This study allowed us to explore the image of old age and aging that society has and passes on to new generations as well as the role assigned to this generational group. The historical periods that provide the context for the data were defined according to the continuity of or the turning points in the social values transmitted in the reading materials. The role assigned to elderly people and the image of old age that the Argentine society passed on and continues to pass on to younger generations demonstrate that each period described has its own model of aging.