RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with high mortality rates, despite the fact that there are therapies available. Importantly, excessive oxidative stress may contribute to ischemia/reperfusion injury leading to death related to MI. In this scenario, naturally occurring antioxidant compounds are an important source of possible therapeutic intervention. Thus, this study sought to elucidate the mechanisms of cardioprotection of s-limonene in an isoproterenol-induced MI animal model. METHODS: Wistar rats were treated with 1 mg/kg s-limonene (SL) or 100 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (NAC, positive control) once, 30 min after isoproterenol-induced MI (applied in two doses with a 24 h interval). The protective effects of SL in the heart were examined via the serum level of creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), electrocardiographic profile, infarct size and histological parameters. Using isolated cardiomyocytes, we also assessed calcium transient amplitude, cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative stress and the expression of proteins related to oxidative stress. RESULTS: SL at a concentration of 1 mg/kg attenuated isoproterenol-induced MI injury, by preventing ST-segment elevation and QTc prolongation in the ECG. SL reduced the infarct size and collagen content in cardiac tissue. At the cellular level, SL prevented increased Ca2+, associated with attenuation of cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative stress. These changes resulted in a reduction of the oxidized form of Ca2+ Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II (CaMKII) and restored superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity. CONCLUSION: Our data show that s-limonene promotes cardioprotection against MI injury, probably through inhibition of increased Ca2+ and attenuation of oxidative stress via CaMKII.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Cardíacos , Infarto do Miocárdio , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Traumatismos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Isoproterenol/toxicidade , Limoneno/metabolismo , Limoneno/farmacologia , Limoneno/uso terapêutico , Modelos Teóricos , Infarto do Miocárdio/induzido quimicamente , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/prevenção & controle , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Limonene and perillyl alcohol are natural monoterpenes that have attracted the attention of medicinal chemists due to their promising anticancer activities. Considering this, both compounds were explored as scaffolds to obtain various derivatives with anticancer activity. In this review, the data are organized for the first time, with a focus on the synthetic methods and strategies to obtain the derivatives throughout the period from 2000 to 2020. A brief discussion regarding the structure and activity relationships of the most active derivatives, stereoisomers, and their mechanisms of action is presented. Among the active compounds, a series of limonenes with thiosemicarbazone groups and perillyl alcohol hybrids with glycosides or drugs are illustrated. Taking all of this into account, this review may help researchers develop new promising anticancer candidates based on the structures of limonene and perillyl alcohol.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/química , Limoneno/química , Monoterpenos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carboidratos/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Limoneno/farmacologia , Limoneno/uso terapêutico , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiossemicarbazonas/química , Tiossemicarbazonas/farmacologia , Tiossemicarbazonas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The compound (+)-limonene epoxide has antioxidant, anxiolytic, and antihelminthic properties. However, investigations to determine its long-term exposure were not performed. We investigated the systemic toxicological profile after chronic exposure as well as the antidepressant and antiepileptic potentialities of (+)-limonene epoxide on mice. Initially, we evaluated acute toxicity on Artemia salina nauplii and cytotoxicity on mice erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Aftterwards, mice were chronically treated for 120 days by gavage with (+)-limonene epoxide (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day) and this exposure was assessed by pathophysiological measurements. For antidepressant and anticonvulsivant analysis, we performed the forced swimming and tail suspension protocols and pentylenetetrazol- and picrotoxin-induced seizures, respectively. (+)-Limonene epoxide showed a LC50 value of 318.7 µg/mL on A. salina shrimps, caused lysis of red blood cells at higher concentrations only but did not show cytotoxicity on PMBC, which suggests pharmacological safety if plasma concentrations do not exceed 100 µg/mL. Macroscopic, hematological, clinical chemistry, and nutritional changes were not detected, though focal areas of hepatic necrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, and karyolysis have been detected at 75 mg/kg/day. The compound inhibited the developing of pentylenetetrazol- and picrotoxin-induced seizures, decreased deaths, and reduced immobility times, mainly at 75 mg/kg. So, it reversed reserpine effects, suggesting antidepressant effects should be linked to serotonergic and/or adrenergic transmission. It is feasible that (+)-limonene epoxide plays a benzodiazepine-like anticonvulsive action and may be also recommended as an antidote for poisonings caused by central depressants.
Assuntos
Compostos de Epóxi/uso terapêutico , Limoneno/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda/métodos , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Anticonvulsivantes/toxicidade , Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Antidepressivos/toxicidade , Artemia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Compostos de Epóxi/farmacologia , Compostos de Epóxi/toxicidade , Feminino , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores/efeitos adversos , Limoneno/farmacologia , Limoneno/toxicidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/induzido quimicamente , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/metabolismo , Pentilenotetrazol/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limonene (LIM) and its main metabolite perillyl alcohol (POH) are ingredients found in food with promising chemical entities due to their pharmacological profile. In this study, we hypothesized that LIM and POH are two molecules capable of accelerating the regenerative process and alleviating neuropathic pain. METHODS: Animals were treated daily (LIM, POH and saline) for 28 days and during this period evaluated for mechanical hyperalgesia, astrocyte participation by immunofluorescence for GFAP, and ELISA was used to quantify IL-1ß and TNF-α in the spinal cord. Western blot analysis of the following proteins was also performed: GFAP, GAP-43, NGF and ERK. For motor deficit analysis, tests were performed to assess hind paw muscle strength and footprints through gait (SFI). RESULTS: Both POH and LIM accelerated the regenerative process and improved motor deficits comparing to positive control; however, POH was more effective, particularly between the 2nd and 3rd week after the nerve injury, increasing GAP-43, NGF and the phosphorylated ERK immunocontent. Moreover, POH and LIM were able to reduce hyperalgesia and astrocytosis. CONCLUSIONS: Both substances, LIM and POH, improved the regeneration process and sensory and motor function recovery in the PNI model in mice by mitigating the inflammatory reactions and up-regulating the neurotrophic process.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Aditivos Alimentares/uso terapêutico , Limoneno/uso terapêutico , Monoterpenos/uso terapêutico , Neurônios Motores/fisiologia , Neuralgia/terapia , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/terapia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/metabolismo , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Fator de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Neuralgia/dietoterapia , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to high mortality, and pharmacological or percutaneous primary interventions do not significantly inhibit ischemia/reperfusion injuries, particularly those caused by oxidative stress. Recently, research groups have evaluated several naturally occurring antioxidant compounds for possible use as therapeutic alternatives to traditional treatments. Studies have demonstrated that d-limonene (DL), a monoterpene of citrus fruits, possesses antioxidant and cardiovascular properties. Thus, this work sought to elucidate the mechanisms of protection of DL in an isoproterenol-induced murine MI model. It was observed that DL (10 µmol) attenuated 40% of the ST elevation, reduced the infarct area, prevented histological alterations, abolished completely oxidative stress damage, restored superoxide dismutase activity, and suppressed pro-apoptotic enzymes. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that DL produces cardioprotective effects from isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Swiss mice through suppression of apoptosis.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Limoneno/uso terapêutico , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Eletrocardiografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndrome do QT Longo/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Abstract Background: D-limonene (DL) is a monoterpene and is the major component in the essential oil of citrus fruit. It presents antihyperglycemic and vasodilatation activities. Objectives: This study evaluated the cardiovascular effects and potential antiarrhythmic of DL in rats. Methods: Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were measured in male Wistar rats, which under anesthesia had been cannulated in the abdominal aorta and lower vena cava and had electrodes subcutaneously implanted. In the in vitro approach, the heart was removed and perfused using the Langendorff technique. The significance level adopted was 5% (p < 0.05). Results: DL, in doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg (i.v), produced intense and persistent bradycardia associated with hypotension. Bradycardia with prolonged QTc was observed in the ECG in vivo recording. In the in vivo model of arrhythmia induced by Bay K8644, DL (10 mg/kg) decreased the arrhythmia score from 15.33 ± 3.52 to 4.0 ± 2.64 u.a (p < 0.05, n = 4). In isolated perfused hearts, DL (10-3 M) promoted significant reductions in heart rate (from 228.6 ± 8.5 ms to 196.0 ± 9.3 bpm; p < 0.05) and left ventricular development pressure (from 25.2 ± 3.4 to 5.9 ± 1.8 mmHg; n = 5, p < 0.05). Conclusions: DL produces bradycardia and antiarrhythmic activity in rat heart.
Resumo Fundamento: O D-limoneno (DL) é um monoterpeno e o principal componente do óleo essencial de frutas cítricas. Ele apresenta atividades anti-hiperglicêmicas e vasodilatadoras. Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou os efeitos cardiovasculares e antiarrítmicos potenciais do DL em ratos. Métodos: Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e eletrocardiográficos (ECG) foram mensurados em ratos Wistar machos que, sob anestesia, tiveram a aorta abdominal e a veia cava inferior canuladas e receberam eletrodos implantados subcutaneamente. Na abordagem in vitro, o coração foi removido e perfundido utilizando a técnica de Langendorff. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: DL, nas doses de 10, 20 e 40 mg/kg (i.v), produziu bradicardia intensa e persistente associada à hipotensão. A bradicardia com QTc prolongado foi observada no registro in vivo do ECG. No modelo in vivo de arritmia induzida por Bay K8644, DL (10 mg / kg) houve diminuição do escore da arritmia de 15,33 ± 3,52 para 4,0 ± 2,64 u.a (p < 0,05, n = 4). Em corações perfundidos isolados, o DL (10-3 M) promoveu reduções significativas na frequência cardíaca (de 228,6 ± 8,5 ms para 196,0 ± 9,3 bpm; p < 0,05) e na pressão desenvolvida do ventrículo esquerdo (de 25,2 ± 3,4 para 5,9 ± 1,8 mmHg; n = 5, p < 0,05). Conclusões: O DL produz bradicardia e atividade antiarrítmica no coração de ratos.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Arritmias Cardíacas/tratamento farmacológico , Bradicardia/tratamento farmacológico , Limoneno/uso terapêutico , Antiarrítmicos/uso terapêutico , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Arritmias Cardíacas/induzido quimicamente , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Bradicardia/diagnóstico , Ratos Wistar , Pressão Ventricular/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais , Eletrocardiografia , Preparação de Coração Isolado , Limoneno/farmacologia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotensão , Antiarrítmicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: D-limonene (DL) is a monoterpene and is the major component in the essential oil of citrus fruit. It presents antihyperglycemic and vasodilatation activities. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the cardiovascular effects and potential antiarrhythmic of DL in rats. METHODS: Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were measured in male Wistar rats, which under anesthesia had been cannulated in the abdominal aorta and lower vena cava and had electrodes subcutaneously implanted. In the in vitro approach, the heart was removed and perfused using the Langendorff technique. The significance level adopted was 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: DL, in doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg (i.v), produced intense and persistent bradycardia associated with hypotension. Bradycardia with prolonged QTc was observed in the ECG in vivo recording. In the in vivo model of arrhythmia induced by Bay K8644, DL (10 mg/kg) decreased the arrhythmia score from 15.33 ± 3.52 to 4.0 ± 2.64 u.a (p < 0.05, n = 4). In isolated perfused hearts, DL (10-3 M) promoted significant reductions in heart rate (from 228.6 ± 8.5 ms to 196.0 ± 9.3 bpm; p < 0.05) and left ventricular development pressure (from 25.2 ± 3.4 to 5.9 ± 1.8 mmHg; n = 5, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DL produces bradycardia and antiarrhythmic activity in rat heart.
Assuntos
Antiarrítmicos/uso terapêutico , Arritmias Cardíacas/tratamento farmacológico , Bradicardia/tratamento farmacológico , Limoneno/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antiarrítmicos/farmacologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/induzido quimicamente , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Bradicardia/diagnóstico , Eletrocardiografia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotensão , Preparação de Coração Isolado , Limoneno/farmacologia , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Ratos Wistar , Pressão Ventricular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Bovine mastitis is a disease that causes great economic losses per year, being Streptococcus uberis the main environmental pathogen involved. The aim of the present study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Minthostachys verticillata essential oil and limonene for S. uberis strains isolated from bovine mastitis. In addition, the effect of MIC on biofilm formation was analyzed. MIC values for the essential oil ranged from 14.3 to 114.5 mg/ml (1.56-12.5% v/v) and MBC between 114.5 and 229 mg/ml (12.5-25% v/v). MICs for limonene ranged from 3.3 to 52.5 mg/ml (0.39-6.25% v/v) and MBC was 210 mg/ml (25% v/v). Both compounds showed antibacterial activity and affected the biofilm formation of most of the strains tested. In conclusion, these compounds could be used as an alternative and/or complementary therapy for bovine mastitis caused by S. uberis.
La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad que causa grandes pérdidas económicas por año, Streptococcus uberis es el principal patógeno ambiental involucrado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) y la concentración bactericida mínima (CBM) del aceite esencial de Minthostachys verticillata y del limoneno sobre cepas de S. uberis aisladas de mastitis bovina. Además, se analizó el efecto del aceite esencial y el limoneno en la CIM determinada en caso sobre la formación de biofilm de estas cepas. Los valores de CIM del aceite esencial oscilaron entre 14,3 y 114,5 mg/ml (1,56%-12,5% v/v) y los de CBM entre 114,5 y 229 mg/ml (12,5%-25% v/v). Las CIM del limoneno oscilaron entre 3,3 y 52,5 mg/ml (0,39% - 6,25% v/v) y la CBM fue de 210 mg/ml (25% v/v). Ambos compuestos mostraron actividad antibacteriana y afectaron la formación de biofilm de la mayoría de las cepas. En conclusión, estos compuestos podrían ser utilizados como terapia alternativa o complementaria para la mastitis bovina causada por S. uberis.