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INTRODUCTION: Burns are tissue traumas caused by energy transfer and occur with a variable inflammatory response. The consequences of burns represent a public health problem worldwide. Inhalation injury (II) is a severity factor when associated with burn, leading to a worse prognosis. Its treatment is complex and often involves invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The primary purpose of this study will be to assess the evidence regarding the frequency and mortality of II in burn patients. The secondary purposes will be to assess the evidence regarding the association between IIs and respiratory complications (pneumonia, airway obstruction, acute respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome), need for IMV and complications in other organ systems, and highlight factors associated with IIs in burn patients and prognostic factors associated with acute respiratory failure, need for IMV and mortality of II in burn patients. METHODS: This is a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS/VHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases will be consulted without language restrictions and publication date. Studies presenting incomplete data and patients under 19 years of age will be excluded. Data will be synthesized through continuous (mean and standard deviation) and dichotomous (relative risk) variables and the total number of participants. The means, sample sizes, standard deviations from the mean, and relative risks will be entered into the Review Manager web analysis software (The Cochrane Collaboration). DISCUSSION: Despite the extensive experience managing IIs in burn patients, they still represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and accurate measurement of its damage are complex, and therapies are essentially based on supportive measures. Considering the challenge, their impact, and their potential severity, IIs represent a promising area for research, needing further studies to understand and contribute to its better evolution. The protocol of this review is registered on the International prospective register of systematic reviews platform of the Center for Revisions and Disclosure of the University of York, United Kingdom (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero), under number RD42022343944.

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OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between PM2.5 levels and emergency department (ED) visits for selected health outcomes in Albuquerque, New Mexico, during the Wallow fire of 2011. DESIGN: Measurements of 24-hour average concentrations of PM2.5 obtained from the City of Albuquerque were used to calculate wildfire smoke exposure in Albuquerque. Daily ED visits were collected by the New Mexico Department of Health from individual nonfederal licensed facilities in the Albuquerque area. Poisson regression was used to assess the relationship between ED visits for selected respiratory and cardiovascular conditions and varying levels of PM2.5 exposure. SETTING: Albuquerque, New Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Patients visiting an ED for select conditions before, during, and after the wildfire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Relative increase in ED visits for selected conditions during the wildfire period. RESULTS: Analysis of PM2.5 exposure data and ED visits in Albuquerque before and during the Wallow fire indicated that compared with the period prior to the fire, there was an increased risk of ED visits for some respiratory and cardiovascular conditions during heavy smoke conditions, and risk varied by age and sex. The population of 65+ years was especially at risk for increased ED visits. There was a significantly increased risk of ED visits among the 65+ population for asthma (RR [relative rate] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-2.93) and for diseases of the veins, lymphatic and circulatory system (RR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.00-2.43). For the age group of 20 to 64 years, there was a statistically significant increase in ED visits for diseases of pulmonary circulation (RR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.42-4.9) and for cerebrovascular disease (RR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.03-2.77). CONCLUSIONS: High levels of PM2.5 exposure due to the Wallow fire were associated with increased ED visits for respiratory and cardiovascular conditions in Albuquerque. More effective and targeted preventive measures are necessary to reduce morbidity rates associated with wildfire smoke exposure among vulnerable populations.

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On January 27, 2013, a fire at the Kiss Nightclub in Santa Maria, Brazil led to a mass-casualty incident affecting hundreds of college students. A total of 234 people died on scene, 145 were hospitalized, and another 623 people received treatment throughout the first week following the incident.1 Eight of the hospitalized people later died.1 The Military Police were the first on scene, followed by the state fire department, and then the municipal Mobile Prehospital Assistance (SAMU) ambulances. The number of victims was not communicated clearly to the various units arriving on scene, leading to insufficient rescue personnel and equipment. Incident command was established on scene, but the rescuers and police were still unable to control the chaos of multiple bystanders attempting to assist in the rescue efforts. The Municipal Sports Center (CDM) was designated as the location for dead bodies, where victim identification and communication with families occurred, as well as forensic evaluation, which determined the primary cause of death to be asphyxia. A command center was established at the Hospital de Caridade Astrogildo de Azevedo (HCAA) in Santa Maria to direct where patients should be admitted, recruit staff, and procure additional supplies, as needed. The victims suffered primarily from smoke inhalation and many required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. There was a shortage of ventilators; therefore, some had to be borrowed from local hospitals, neighboring cities, and distant areas in the state. A total of 54 patients1 were transferred to hospitals in the capital city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). The main issues with the response to the fire were scene control and communication. Areas for improvement were identified, namely the establishment of a disaster-response plan, as well as regularly scheduled training in disaster preparedness/response. These activities are the first steps to improving mass-casualty responses.

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On June 5, 2009, the ABC Daycare facility in Hermosillo, Mexico, caught on fire with an estimated 142 children and 6 adult caregivers inside. The purpose of this article is to describe the factors contributing to the disaster including care of the survivors, tertiary burn center triage, patient transport, and treatment for this international mass casualty event. Finally, the results of an investigation performed by the Mexican Government are reviewed. A summary of the Mexican Government's investigation of the circumstances of fire and an examination of prevention lapses in other Mexican daycare centers was obtained from their public Web site. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the children transported to the burn center were obtained from the patients' medical records and transport data sheets. The ABC Daycare had many fire safety breaches that contributed to the severity of the tragedy. Twenty-nine children died at the scene and more than 35 children were hospitalized throughout Mexico. A total of 12 children were transported to two Shriners Hospitals, 9 to Sacramento, and 3 to Cincinnati. The mean age of patients sent to the Shriners Hospitals was 2.9 ± 0.16 years (2-4 years), with 5 being male and 7 female. The mean duration between injury and arrival was 9.2 ± 2.1 days, the burn size was 43.0 ± 6.8% TBSA (6.5-80%), and there were 3.75 operations per patient. Four had fourth-degree burns requiring finger amputations (2), flaps to cover bone (1), or a through-knee amputation (1). Ten patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, and nine patients (seven with inhalation injury) required mechanical ventilation for a mean of 23.6 ± 10.3 days. All the surviving children were discharged after a mean length of stay of 45.9 ± 8.7 days. In the first year postinjury, seven children were readmitted a total of 11 times for reconstructive surgery, wound care, or rehabilitation. Ultimately, a total of 49 children died. A review of other daycare centers in Mexico revealed similar safety lapses that could lead to future major disasters. This burn disaster in Hermosillo was potentially preventable with adherence to standard prevention principals. The young age of the victims and the need for an international medical response posed special problems. Prevention efforts need to be improved to prevent future disasters in Mexico.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens of burn victims who inhaled smoke, in order to identify alterations associated with mortality or survival. METHODS: Eighteen victims of facial burns were submitted to BAL up to 24 h after the event. We investigated cell and protein content, including TNF-alpha, HLA-DR, CD14, CD68 and iNOS. RESULTS: Of the 18 patients submitted to bronchoscopy, 8 (44.4%) died during the follow-up period. The mean age of patients who died was significantly higher (44.7 vs. 31.5 years). On average, the patients who died had burns covering 60.1% of the total body surface area, compared with 26.1% in the survivors (p < 0.0001). Of the 18 patients submitted to bronchoscopy, 11 (61.1%) showed endoscopic signs of smoke inhalation injury, and 4 (36.4%) of those 11 died. Of the 7 patients with no signs of smoke inhalation injury, 4 (57.1%) died. The mean number of ciliated epithelial cells in the BAL fluid was significantly higher in the patients who died than in the survivors (6.6% vs. 1.4%; p = 0.03). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of any of the other parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The total body surface area burned was a predictive factor for mortality. Increased numbers of ciliated epithelial cells in the BAL fluid, denoting bronchial epithelial desquamation, were associated with higher mortality in patients with facial burns.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de vítimas de queimaduras que inalaram fumaça a fim de identificar alterações que possam estar associadas à morte ou à sobrevida. MÉTODOS: Dezoito vítimas de queimaduras faciais foram submetidas a LBA até 24 h após o evento, sendo realizadas a análise do conteúdo celular e proteico, incluindo TNF-α, HLA-DR, CD14, CD68 e iNOS. RESULTADOS: Dos 18 pacientes submetidos à broncoscopia, 8 (44,4 por cento) morreram durante o seguimento. A média de idade dos pacientes que morreram foi significativamente maior (44,7 vs. 31,5 anos). A superfície corporal queimada foi em média de 60,1 por cento nos pacientes que morreram e de 26,1 por cento nos sobreviventes (p < 0,0001). Entre os 18 pacientes submetidos à broncoscopia, 11 (61,1 por cento) apresentaram sinais endoscópicos de lesão por inalação de fumaça, e 4 (36,4 por cento) destes faleceram. Dos 7 pacientes sem sinais de lesão por inalação de fumaça, 4 (57,1 por cento) faleceram. A média do número de células epiteliais ciliadas no LBA dos pacientes que morreram foi significativamente maior daquela dos sobreviventes (6,6 por cento vs. 1,4 por cento; p = 0,03). Os demais parâmetros analisados não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A superfície corporal queimada mostrou ser um fator preditivo de mortalidade. O aumento do número de células epiteliais ciliadas no LBA, denotando descamação epitelial brônquica, esteve associado à maior mortalidade de pacientes com queimaduras faciais.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens of burn victims who inhaled smoke, in order to identify alterations associated with mortality or survival. METHODS: Eighteen victims of facial burns were submitted to BAL up to 24 h after the event. We investigated cell and protein content, including TNF-α, HLA-DR, CD14, CD68 and iNOS. RESULTS: Of the 18 patients submitted to bronchoscopy, 8 (44.4 percent) died during the follow-up period. The mean age of patients who died was significantly higher (44.7 vs. 31.5 years). On average, the patients who died had burns covering 60.1 percent of the total body surface area, compared with 26.1 percent in the survivors (p < 0.0001). Of the 18 patients submitted to bronchoscopy, 11 (61.1 percent) showed endoscopic signs of smoke inhalation injury, and 4 (36.4 percent) of those 11 died. Of the 7 patients with no signs of smoke inhalation injury, 4 (57.1 percent) died. The mean number of ciliated epithelial cells in the BAL fluid was significantly higher in the patients who died than in the survivors (6.6 percent vs. 1.4 percent; p = 0.03). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of any of the other parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The total body surface area burned was a predictive factor for mortality. Increased numbers of ciliated epithelial cells in the BAL fluid, denoting bronchial epithelial desquamation, were associated with higher mortality in patients with facial burns.

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Objetivo. Describir una situación de atención de víctimas múltiples. Analizar las características particulares del síndrome de inhalación de humo (SIH). Material y Métodos. Se evaluaron 5 pacientes (pts), ingresados al Servicio de Emergencias del HRRG en Noviembre del 2006, de los cuales tres ingresaron al Servicio de Terapia Intensiva (STI), único en la zona norte de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego. La capacidad instalada del Hospital es de 5 camas de Terapia Intensiva con 5 respiradores microprocesador y con un ingreso anual de 300 pts con un índice de ocupación de camas de 5.4 pts/día. Los motivos de ingreso al STI fueron: Síndrome de Inhalación de Humo (SIH) e Insuficiencia Respiratoria Aguda. Se dividió a las Lesiones de la Inhalación de Humo (LIH) en: Lesión Térmica de la Vía Aérea (LTVA), Asfixia (A) y Lesiones por Gases Irritantes (LGI)*. Se evaluaron: Índice Trauma Pediátrico (ITP), APACHE II, características demográficas, estadía en TI (ETI), déficit de base en las 48 hs (DB/48) y mortalidad (M). Resultados. De los 5 pts (2 mujeres y 3 hombres), la edad promedio fue 8,6 años (rango 3-16), el APACHE II (promedio): 24.6 puntos (rango 2230), la ETI (promedio): 11,6 días (rango 1-18), ITP (promedio): 0 (-4 a +4) y el DB 48 (promedio) 11.4 mEq (rango -6 a -19). La mortalidad global fue del 40%. Tres pacientes presentaron LTVA, A y LGI, mientras que los dos restantes presentaron LTVA y A. Conclusión. La recepción de los 5 pts superó, en forma inmediata, los recursos en el sistema local hospitalario, cumpliendo con la definición de desastre. La acidosis metabólica durante las primeras 48 hs en el contexto del SIH se acompañó de mayor morbimortalidad.(AU)

How many victims are necessary to define a disaster? Objective. Describe a situation of care of multiple victims. Analyse the particular characteristics of smoke inhalation syndrome (SIH). Material and methods. 5 patients (pt) admitted to the Emergency Service of HRRG in November 2006 were evaluated. Three patients were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, the only Service in the northern province of Tierra del Fuego. The Intensive Care Unit has 5 beds and 5 critical care ventilators to assit patients with respiratory failure. We admitted roughly 300 patients each year. The reasons for the admision were: Smoke inhalation Syndrome (SIH) and acute respiratory failure Injuries because inhaling smoke (LIH) were classified in: Thermal Injury of the Air (LTVA), Asphyxia (A) and Gas Injures Irritants (LGI). We consigned Pediatric Trauma Index (ITP), Apache II score, demographics, length of stay in STI, the basic deficit within 48 hours (DB/48) and mortality (M). Results. Of the 5 pt (2 women and 3 men), age was 8.6 years (range 3-16), the Apache II: 24.6 (range 22-30), length of stay 11.6 days (range 1-18), ITP: 0 (-4 to +4) and DB 48 (average) - 11.4 mEq (-6 to -19 range). The mortality rate was 40%. Three patients had LTVA, A and LGI, while the remaining two, both presented LTVA and A Conclusion. The admission of the 5 pt exceeded, immediately, resources in the local hospital system, fulfilling with the definition of disaster. The metabolic acidosis during the first 48 hours in the context of SIH was associated with increased morbidity and mortality(AU)

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Introducción. Los pacientes con quemaduras corporales extensas tienen a menudo lesiones por inhalación. Objetivo. Reportar cinco pacientes con lesión por inhalación referidos a un hospital de tercer nivel de atención: Reporte de casos. Cinco hombres de 36.8 ñ 2.7 años de edad, alcanzados por una explosión de gasolina y fuego, fueron traídos a una UCI una hora después de sufrir la quemadura. La extensión de las lesiones corporales se estimó en más de un 90 por ciento en cuatro pacientes, y en 62 por ciento en el otro enfermo. Al ingreso se observaron quemaduras en cara, cejas, pestañas, bigote y cilios nasales, así como disfonía. Todos los pacientes tuvieron leucocitosis, incremento de la creatinina y descenso de la albúmina séricas. En cuatro casos se observó hipotermia, Pa02/FIO2 menor a 100, distensibilidad pulmonar disminuida, e insuficiencia respiratoria. Los cinco pacientes se trataron con intubación edotraqueal electiva, ventilación mecánica (FIO2 = 1.0), líquidos intravenosos, inmunización contra el tétanos y bloqueadores H2, cuatro con escarotomías, y tres con vasopresores. Cuatro pacientes murieron antes de 40 horas de estancia en la UCI, y el restante sobrevivió

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Ninety-seven people died from a fire that occurred in the Dupont Plaza Hotel in Puerto Rico on 31 Dec. 1986. All, except four who died later in the hospital, were found dead at the scene. All of the fatalities at the hotel (except for eight) were burned beyond recognition. Blood from seventy-eight of the victims was screened for carboxyhemoglobin at the Institute for Forensic Sciences in Puerto Rico and was then sent to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, for analysis of carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide concentrations. The blood data indicated that carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, singly or combined, were probably not responsible for the majority of the deaths that occurred in the badly burned victims. On the other hand, the significantly higher carboxyhemoglobin in the nonburned victims indicated that carbon monoxide alone or combined with hydrogen cyanide probably played a major role in the cause of their deaths.

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