RESUMO
Tumor reliance on glycolysis is a hallmark of cancer. Immunotherapy is more effective in controlling glycolysis-low tumors lacking lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) due to reduced tumor lactate efflux and enhanced glucose availability within the tumor microenvironment (TME). LDH inhibitors (LDHi) reduce glucose uptake and tumor growth in preclinical models, but their impact on tumor-infiltrating T cells is not fully elucidated. Tumor cells have higher basal LDH expression and glycolysis levels compared with infiltrating T cells, creating a therapeutic opportunity for tumor-specific targeting of glycolysis. We demonstrate that LDHi treatment (a) decreases tumor cell glucose uptake, expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1, and tumor cell proliferation while (b) increasing glucose uptake, GLUT1 expression, and proliferation of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Accordingly, increasing glucose availability in the microenvironment via LDH inhibition leads to improved tumor-killing T cell function and impaired Treg immunosuppressive activity in vitro. Moreover, combining LDH inhibition with immune checkpoint blockade therapy effectively controls murine melanoma and colon cancer progression by promoting effector T cell infiltration and activation while destabilizing Tregs. Our results establish LDH inhibition as an effective strategy for rebalancing glucose availability for T cells within the TME, which can enhance T cell function and antitumor immunity.
Assuntos
Glucose , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Camundongos , Glucose/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/imunologia , Humanos , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1/imunologia , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/efeitos dos fármacos , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Melanoma Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Imunoterapia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The energetic metabolism of cancer cells relies on a substantial commitment of pyruvate to the catalytic action of lactate-generating dehydrogenases. This coupling mainly depends on lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A), which is overexpressed in different types of cancers, and therefore represents an appealing therapeutic target. Taking into account that the activity of LDHs is exclusively exerted by their tetrameric forms, it was recently shown that peptides perturbing the monomers-to-tetramer assembly inhibit human LDH-A (hLDH-A). However, to identify these peptides, tetrameric hLDH-A was transiently exposed to strongly acidic conditions inducing its dissociation into monomers, which were tested as a target for peptides at low pH. Nevertheless, the availability of native monomeric hLDH-A would allow performing similar screenings under physiological conditions. Here we report on the unprecedented isolation of recombinant monomeric hLDH-A at neutral pH, and on its use to identify peptides inhibiting the assembly of the tetrameric enzyme. Remarkably, the GQNGISDL octapeptide, mimicking the 296-303 portion of hLDH-A C-terminal region, was observed to effectively inhibit the target enzyme. Moreover, by dissecting the action of this octapeptide, the cGQND cyclic tetrapeptide was found to act as the parental compound. Furthermore, we performed assays using MCF7 and BxPC3 cultured cells, exclusively expressing hLDH-A and hLDH-B, respectively. By means of these assays we detected a selective action of linear and cyclic GQND tetrapeptides, inhibiting lactate secretion in MCF7 cells only. Overall, our observations suggest that peptides mimicking the C-terminal region of hLDH-A effectively interfere with protein-protein interactions responsible for the assembly of the tetrameric enzyme.
Assuntos
L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Ácido Láctico , Multimerização Proteica , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/genética , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/química , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Oligopeptídeos/química , Oligopeptídeos/metabolismo , Oligopeptídeos/genética , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
The inhibition of the hLDHA (human lactate dehydrogenase A) enzyme has been demonstrated to be of great importance in the treatment of cancer and other diseases, such as primary hyperoxalurias. In that regard, we have designed, using virtual docking screening, a novel family of ethyl pyrimidine-quinolinecarboxylate derivatives (13-18)(a-d) as enhanced hLDHA inhibitors. These inhibitors were synthesised through a convergent pathway by coupling the key ethyl 2-aminophenylquinoline-4-carboxylate scaffolds (7-12), which were prepared by Pfitzinger synthesis followed by a further esterification, to the different 4-aryl-2-chloropyrimidines (VIII(a-d)) under microwave irradiation at 150-170 °C in a green solvent. The values obtained from the hLDHA inhibition were in line with the preliminary of the preliminary docking results, the most potent ones being those with U-shaped disposition. Thirteen of them showed IC50 values lower than 5 µM, and for four of them (16a, 18b, 18c and 18d), IC50 ≈ 1 µM. Additionally, all compounds with IC50 < 10 µM were also tested against the hLDHB isoenzyme, resulting in three of them (15c, 15d and 16d) being selective to the A isoform, with their hLDHB IC50 > 100 µM, and the other thirteen behaving as double inhibitors.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Pirimidinas , Humanos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/síntese química , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , Quinolinas/química , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Quinolinas/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), a protozoan parasite, is known to induce significant gastrointestinal disease in humans. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a protein of C. parvum, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for developing effective drugs against infection. This study utilized a computational drug discovery approach to identify potential drug molecules against the LDH protein of C. parvum. In the present investigation, we conducted a structure-based virtual screening of 55 phytochemicals from the Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum). This process identified four phytochemicals, including Gallotannin 23, Eugeniin, Strictinin, and Ellagitannin, that demonstrated significant binding affinity and dynamic stability with LDH protein. Interestingly, these four compounds have been documented to possess antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The docked complexes were simulated for 100 ns using Desmond to check the dynamic stability. Finally, the free binding energy was computed from the last 10ns MD trajectories. Gallotannin 23 and Ellagitannin exhibited considerable binding affinity and stability with the target protein among all four phytochemicals. These findings suggest that these predicted phytochemicals from S. aromaticum could be further explored as potential hit candidates for developing effective drugs against C. parvum infection. The in vitro and in vivo experimental validation is still required to confirm their efficacy and safety as LDH inhibitors.
Assuntos
Cryptosporidium parvum , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Syzygium , Cryptosporidium parvum/enzimologia , Cryptosporidium parvum/efeitos dos fármacos , Syzygium/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Proteínas de Protozoários/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Protozoários/química , Proteínas de Protozoários/metabolismoRESUMO
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is highly expressed in many tumor cells and promotes the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in the glucose pathway, providing energy and synthetic precursors for rapid proliferation of tumor cells. Therefore, inhibition of LDHA has become a widely concerned tumor treatment strategy. However, the research and development of highly efficient and low toxic LDHA small molecule inhibitors still faces challenges. To discover potential inhibitors against LDHA, virtual screening based on molecular docking techniques was performed from Specs database of more than 260,000 compounds and Chemdiv-smart database of more than 1,000 compounds. Through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies, we identified 12 potential LDHA inhibitors, all of which can stably bind to human LDHA protein and form multiple interactions with its active central residues. In order to verify the inhibitory activities of these compounds, we established an enzyme activity assay system and measured their inhibitory effects on recombinant human LDHA. The results showed that Compound 6 could inhibit the catalytic effect of LDHA on pyruvate in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 14.54 ± 0.83 µM. Further in vitro experiments showed that Compound 6 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of various tumor cell lines such as pancreatic cancer cells and lung cancer cells, reduce intracellular lactic acid content and increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. In summary, through virtual screening and in vitro validation, we found that Compound 6 is a small molecule inhibitor for LDHA, providing a good lead compound for the research and development of LDHA related targeted anti-tumor drugs.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica MolecularRESUMO
The inhibitory potential of 17 flavonoids on lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), a key enzyme in the downstream process of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells, is investigated. Fisetin exhibited excellent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.066 µM). Quercetin 3-ß-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-galactoside, luteolin, neoeriocitrin, and luteolin 7-O-ß-D-glucoside showed good inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.397-15.730 µM). Biochanin A, baicalein, quercetin, scutellarein-7-glucuronide, diosmetin, baicalein 7-O-ß-D-glucuronide, and apigenin 7-apioglucoside demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity (IC50 = 33.007-86.643 µM). Eriodictyol, quercetin 7-O-ß-D-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-ß-D-glucoside, and epicatechin were inactive. The Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that fisetin competitively inhibits NADH binding (Ki = 0.024 µM). Ki values for other compounds were calculated using the Cheng-Prusoff equation (Ki = 0.2799-2.1661 µM). The study revealed that the inhibitory effect of flavonoids varies with the number and position of OH groups and bound sugars. Molecular docking analyses indicated that flavonoids exhibited strong interactions with the NADH binding site of LDHA through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Molecular dynamic simulations tested the stability of the fisetin-LDHA complex over 100 ns and showed fisetin's high binding affinity to LDHA, maintaining strong hydrogen bonds. The binding energy of fisetin with LDHA was -33.928 kcal/mol, indicating its effectiveness as an LDHA inhibitor. Consequently, flavonoids identified as strong inhibitors could be potential cancer treatment sources through LDHA inhibition.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos , Flavonoides , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/síntese química , Humanos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Simulação por Computador , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
The Warburg effect is a hallmark of cancer that refers to the preference of cancer cells to metabolize glucose anaerobically rather than aerobically1,2. This results in substantial accumulation of lacate, the end product of anaerobic glycolysis, in cancer cells3. However, how cancer metabolism affects chemotherapy response and DNA repair in general remains incompletely understood. Here we report that lactate-driven lactylation of NBS1 promotes homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair. Lactylation of NBS1 at lysine 388 (K388) is essential for MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex formation and the accumulation of HR repair proteins at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks. Furthermore, we identify TIP60 as the NBS1 lysine lactyltransferase and the 'writer' of NBS1 K388 lactylation, and HDAC3 as the NBS1 de-lactylase. High levels of NBS1 K388 lactylation predict poor patient outcome of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and lactate reduction using either genetic depletion of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) or stiripentol, a lactate dehydrogenase A inhibitor used clinically for anti-epileptic treatment, inhibited NBS1 K388 lactylation, decreased DNA repair efficacy and overcame resistance to chemotherapy. In summary, our work identifies NBS1 lactylation as a critical mechanism for genome stability that contributes to chemotherapy resistance and identifies inhibition of lactate production as a promising therapeutic cancer strategy.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Ácido Láctico , Proteínas Nucleares , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/metabolismo , Anaerobiose , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Instabilidade Genômica , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Lisina/química , Lisina/metabolismo , Lisina Acetiltransferase 5/metabolismo , Lisina Acetiltransferase 5/genética , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Organoides , Glicólise , Terapia Neoadjuvante , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/deficiência , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/genética , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a crucial enzyme in anaerobic glycolysis, plays a pivotal role in the energy metabolism of tumor cells, positioning it as a promising target for tumor treatment. Rutin, a plant-based flavonoid, offers benefits like antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antineoplastic effects. This study employed diverse experiments to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of rutin on LDH through a binding perspective. The outcomes revealed that rutin underwent spontaneous binding within the coenzyme binding site of LDH, leading to the formation of a stable binary complex driven by hydrophobic forces, with hydrogen bonds also contributing significantly to sustaining the stability of the LDH-rutin complex. The binding constant (Ka) for the LDH-rutin system was 2.692 ± 0.015 × 104 M-1 at 298 K. Furthermore, rutin induced the alterations in the secondary structure conformation of LDH, characterized by a decrease in α-helix and an increase in antiparallel and parallel ß-sheet, and ß-turn. Rutin augmented the stability of coenzyme binding to LDH, which could potentially hinder the conversion process among coenzymes. Specifically, Arg98 in the active site loop of LDH provided essential binding energy contribution in the binding process. These outcomes might explain the dose-dependent inhibition of the catalytic activity of LDH by rutin. Interestingly, both the food additives ascorbic acid and tetrahydrocurcumin could reduce the binding stability of LDH and rutin. Meanwhile, these food additives did not produce positive synergism or antagonism on the rutin binding to LDH. Overall, this research could offer a unique insight into the therapeutic potential and medicinal worth of rutin.
Assuntos
L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Rutina , Rutina/química , Rutina/farmacologia , Rutina/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , Humanos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação por Computador , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA) is the major isoform of lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) that is overexpressed and linked to poor survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Despite some progress, current LDH inhibitors have poor structural and physicochemical properties or exhibit unfavorable pharmacokinetics that have hampered their development. The present study reports the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel class of LDHA inhibitors comprising a succinic acid monoamide motif. Compounds 6 and 21 are structurally related analogs that demonstrated potent inhibition of LDHA with IC50s of 46 nM and 72 nM, respectively. We solved cocrystal structures of compound 21-bound to LDHA that showed that the compound binds to a distinct allosteric site between the two subunits of the LDHA tetramer. Inhibition of LDHA correlated with reduced lactate production and reduction of glycolysis in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. The lead compounds inhibit the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived 3D organoids and exhibit a synergistic cytotoxic effect with the OXPHOS inhibitor phenformin. Unlike current LDHA inhibitors, 6 and 21 have appropriate pharmacokinetics and ligand efficiency metrics, exhibit up to 73% oral bioavailability, and a cumulative half-life greater than 4 h in mice.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Proliferação de Células , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Camundongos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Estrutura Molecular , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos MolecularesRESUMO
Cancer cells exhibit a unique metabolic preference for the glycolytic pathway over oxidative phosphorylation for maintaining the tumor microenvironment. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is a key enzyme that facilitates glycolysis by converting pyruvate to lactate and has been shown to be upregulated in multiple cancers due to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Diclofenac (DCF), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been shown to exhibit anticancer effects by interfering with the glucose metabolism pathway. However, the specific targets of this drug remain unknown. Using in silico, biochemical, and biophysical studies, we show that DCF binds to LDHA adjacent to the substrate binding site and inhibits its activity in a dose-dependent and allosteric manner in HeLa cells. Thus, DCF inhibits the hypoxic microenvironment and induces apoptosis-mediated cell death. DCF failed to induce cytotoxicity in HeLa cells when LDHA was knocked down, confirming that DCF exerts its antimitotic effects via LDHA inhibition. DCF-induced LDHA inhibition alters pyruvate, lactate, NAD+, and ATP production in cells, and this could be a possible mechanism through which DCF inhibits glucose uptake in cancer cells. DCF-induced ATP deprivation leads to mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress, which results in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis-mediated cell death. Reduction in intracellular ATP levels additionally activates the sensor kinase, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which further downregulates phosphorylated ribosomal S6 kinase (p-S6K), leading to apoptosis-mediated cell death. We find that in LDHA knocked down cells, intracellular ATP levels were depleted, resulting in the inhibition of p-S6K, suggesting the involvement of DCF-induced LDHA inhibition in the activation of the AMPK/S6K signaling pathway.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Apoptose , Diclofenaco , Humanos , Células HeLa , Diclofenaco/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/genética , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismoRESUMO
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) primarily catalyzes the conversion between lactic acid and pyruvate, serving as a key enzyme in the aerobic glycolysis pathway of sugar in tumor cells. LDHA plays a crucial role in the occurrence, development, progression, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune escape of tumors. Consequently, LDHA not only serves as a biomarker for tumor diagnosis and prognosis but also represents an ideal target for tumor therapy. Although LDHA inhibitors show great therapeutic potential, their development has proven to be challenging. In the development of LDHA inhibitors, the key active sites of LDHA are emphasized. Nevertheless, there is a relative lack of research on the amino acid residues around the active center of LDHA. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the amino acid residues around the active center of LDHA. Through structure comparison analysis, five key amino acid residues (Ala30, Met41, Lys131, Gln233, and Ala259) were identified. Subsequently, the effects of these five residues on the enzymatic properties of LDHA were investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. The results revealed that the catalytic activities of the five mutants varied to different degrees in both the reaction from lactic acid to pyruvate and pyruvate to lactic acid. Notably, the catalytic activities of LDHAM41G and LDHAK131I were improved, particularly in the case of LDHAK131I. The results of the molecular dynamics analysis of LDHAK131I explained the reasons for this phenomenon. Additionally, the optimum temperature of LDHAM41G and LDHAQ233M increased from 35 °C to 40 °C, whereas in the reverse reaction, the optimum temperature of LDHAM41G and LDHAK131I decreased from 70 °C to 60 °C. These findings indicate that Ala30, Met41, Lys131, Gln233, and Ala259 exert diverse effects on the catalytic activity and optimum temperature of LHDA. Therefore, these amino acid residues, in addition to the key catalytic site of the active center, play a crucial role. Considering these residues in the design and screening of LDHA inhibitors may lead to the development of more effective inhibitors.
Assuntos
Domínio Catalítico , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Aminoácidos/química , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , Lactato Desidrogenase 5/metabolismo , Lactato Desidrogenase 5/antagonistas & inibidores , Lactato Desidrogenase 5/química , Ácido Pirúvico/metabolismo , Ácido Pirúvico/química , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Simulação de Dinâmica MolecularRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Parasitic infections impose a significant burden on public health worldwide. European pharmacopoeia records and ethnopharmacological studies indicate that Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel. has traditionally been used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, while the potential antiparasitic compounds remain ambiguous. AIM OF THE STUDY: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenases (LDH), and glutathione reductase (GR) are the key target enzymes in the survival of parasites. The aim of our work was to screen antiparasitic compounds targeting AChE, LDH, and GR from H. abyssinica. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) combined with molecular docking was used in this study. Therein, the alamarBlue® and Ellman's methods were employed to reveal the antitrypanosomal effect and AChE inhibitory activity. Meanwhile, the UF-LC-MS was carried out to screen the potential active compounds from H. abyssinica. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding mechanisms of these active compounds with AChE, LDH, and GR. Finally, the AChE inhibitory activity of potential inhibitors was detected in vitro. RESULTS: H. abyssinica exhibited significant antitrypanosomal and AChE inhibitory activity. Corilagin, brevifolin carboxylic acid, brevifolin, quercetin, and methyl ellagic acid were recognized as potential AChE inhibitors by UF-LC-MS, while methyl brevifolin carboxylate was identified as AChE, LDH, and GR multi-target inhibitor, with binding degree ranged from 20.96% to 49.81%. Molecular docking showed that these potential inhibitors had a strong affinity with AChE, LDH, and GR, with binding energies ranging from -6.98 to -9.67 kcal/mol. These findings were further supported by the observation that corilagin, quercetin, brevifolin carboxylic acid, and methyl brevifolin carboxylate displayed significant AChE inhibitory activity compared with the positive control (gossypol, 0.42 ± 0.04 mM), with IC50 values of 0.15 ± 0.05, 0.56 ± 0.03, 0.99 ± 0.01, and 1.02 ± 0.03 mM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the antiparasitic potential of H. abyssinica, supporting the traditional use of H. abyssinica in local ethnopharmacology to treat parasites. At the same time, corilagin, brevifolin carboxylic acid, brevifolin, quercetin, methyl ellagic acid, and methyl brevifolin carboxylate exert their anti-parasitic effects by inhibiting AChE, LDH, and GR, and they are expected to be natural lead compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase , Inibidores da Colinesterase , Glutationa Redutase , Espectrometria de Massas , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Extratos Vegetais , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Glutationa Redutase/antagonistas & inibidores , Glutationa Redutase/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , Ultrafiltração , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/química , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/química , Espectrometria de Massa com Cromatografia LíquidaRESUMO
Gain-of-function mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) in human cancers result in the production of d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG), an oncometabolite that promotes tumorigenesis through epigenetic alterations. The cancer cell-intrinsic effects of d-2HG are well understood, but its tumor cell-nonautonomous roles remain poorly explored. We compared the oncometabolite d-2HG with its enantiomer, l-2HG, and found that tumor-derived d-2HG was taken up by CD8+ T cells and altered their metabolism and antitumor functions in an acute and reversible fashion. We identified the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a molecular target of d-2HG. d-2HG and inhibition of LDH drive a metabolic program and immune CD8+ T cell signature marked by decreased cytotoxicity and impaired interferon-γ signaling that was recapitulated in clinical samples from human patients with IDH1 mutant gliomas.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Carcinogênese , Glutaratos , Isocitrato Desidrogenase , Neoplasias , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Mutação com Ganho de Função , Glutaratos/metabolismo , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Isocitrato Desidrogenase/genética , Isocitrato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Camundongos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/metabolismoRESUMO
Translation is essential for megakaryocyte (MK) maturation and platelet production. However, how the translational pathways are regulated in this process remains unknown. In this study, we found that MK/platelet-specific lactate dehydrogenase A (LdhA) knockout mice exhibited an increased number of platelets with remarkably accelerated MK maturation and proplatelet formation. Interestingly, the role of LDHA in MK maturation and platelet formation did not depend on lactate content, which was the major product of LDHA. Mechanism studies revealed that LDHA interacted with eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in the cytoplasm, controlling the participation of eEF2 in translation at the ribosome. Furthermore, the interaction of LDHA and eEF2 was dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme of LDHA. NADH-competitive inhibitors of LDHA could release eEF2 from the LDHA pool, upregulate translation, and enhance MK maturation in vitro. Among LDHA inhibitors, stiripentol significantly promoted the production of platelets in vivo under a physiological state and in the immune thrombocytopenia model. Moreover, stiripentol could promote platelet production from human cord blood mononuclear cell-derived MKs and also have a superposed effect with romiplostim. In short, this study shows a novel nonclassical function of LDHA in translation that may serve as a potential target for thrombocytopenia therapy.
Assuntos
Quinase do Fator 2 de Elongação , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Megacariócitos , Trombocitopenia , Trombopoese , Animais , Plaquetas/citologia , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Quinase do Fator 2 de Elongação/sangue , Quinase do Fator 2 de Elongação/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Megacariócitos/citologia , Megacariócitos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , NAD/metabolismo , Fator 2 de Elongação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Trombocitopenia/sangue , Trombocitopenia/tratamento farmacológico , Trombocitopenia/enzimologia , Trombocitopenia/metabolismo , Trombopoese/fisiologiaRESUMO
Cancer is one of the main causes of human mortality and brain tumors, including invasive pituitary adenomas, medulloblastomas and glioblastomas are common brain malignancies with poor prognosis. Therefore, the development of innovative management strategies for refractory cancers and brain tumors is important. In states of mitochondrial dysfunction - commonly encountered in malignant cells - cells mostly shift to anaerobic glycolysis by increasing the expression of LDHA (Lactate Dehydrogenase-A) gene. Oxamate, an isosteric form of pyruvate, blocks LDHA activity by competing with pyruvate. By blocking LDHA, it inhibits protumorigenic cascades and also induces ROS (reactive oxygen species)-induced mitochondrial apoptosis of cancer cells. In preclinical studies, oxamate blocked the growth of invasive pituitary adenomas, medulloblastomas and glioblastomas. Oxamate also increases temozolomide and radiotherapy sensitivity of glioblastomas. Oxamate is highly polar, which may preclude its clinical utilization due to low penetrance through cell membranes. However, this obstacle could be overcome with nanoliposomes. Moreover, different oxamate analogs were developed which inhibit LDHC4, an enzyme also involved in cancer progression and germ cell physiology. Lastly, phenformin, an antidiabetic agent, exerts anticancer effects via complex I inhibition in the mitochondria and leading the overproduction of ROS. Oxamate combination with phenformin reduces the lactic acidosis-causing side effect of phenformin while inducing synergistic anticancer efficacy. In sum, oxamate as a single agent and more efficiently with phenformin has high potential to slow the progression of aggressive cancers with special emphasis to brain tumors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Oxâmico/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Glicólise/fisiologia , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Fenformin/farmacologia , Tolerância a Radiação/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Temozolomida/farmacologiaRESUMO
Structure-based design was utilized to optimize 6,6-diaryl substituted dihydropyrone and hydroxylactam to obtain inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with low nanomolar biochemical and single-digit micromolar cellular potencies. Surprisingly the replacement of a phenyl with a pyridyl moiety in the chemical structure revealed a new binding mode for the inhibitors with subtle conformational change of the LDHA active site. This led to the identification of a potent, cell-active hydroxylactam inhibitor exhibiting an in vivo pharmacokinetic profile suitable for mouse tumor xenograft study.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Lactamas/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Lactamas/química , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Treatment of myocarditis is often limited to symptomatic treatment due to unknown pathomechanisms. In order to identify new therapeutic approaches, the contribution of locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides (LNA ASOs) in autoimmune myocarditis was investigated. Hence, A/J mice were immunized with cardiac troponin I (TnI) to induce experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) and treated with LNA ASOs. The results showed an unexpected anti-inflammatory effect for one administered LNA ASO MB_1114 by reducing cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. The target sequence of MB_1114 was identified as lactate dehydrogenase B (mLDHB). For further analysis, mice received mLdhb-specific GapmeR during induction of EAM. Here, mice receiving the mLdhb-specific GapmeR showed increased protein levels of cardiac mLDHB and a reduced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. The effect of increased cardiac mLDHB protein level was associated with a downregulation of genes of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated proteins, indicating a reduction in ROS. Here, the suppression of murine pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (mBax) was also observed. In our study, an unexpected anti-inflammatory effect of LNA ASO MB_1114 and mLdhb-specific GapmeR during induction of EAM could be demonstrated in vivo. This effect was associated with increased protein levels of cardiac mLDHB, mBax suppression and reduced ROS activation. Thus, LDHB and LNA ASOs may be considered as a promising target for directed therapy of myocarditis. Nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to clarify the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory LDHB-triggered effects.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Doenças Autoimunes/etiologia , Doenças Autoimunes/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Miocardite/etiologia , Miocardite/metabolismo , Oligonucleotídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/diagnóstico , Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Biomarcadores , Biópsia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Camundongos , Miocardite/diagnóstico , Miocardite/tratamento farmacológico , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/química , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Malaria infection caused by Plasmodium falciparum is majorly responsible for millions of deaths in humans every year. Moreover, a rapid increase in resistance to existing drugs has posed an urgent need for new anti-malarials. Herein, we report the highly potent anti-malarial activity of benzopyrano(4,3-b)benzopyran derivatives, inspired from naturally occurring dependensin against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive and resistant P. falciparum strains. Chemically synthesized, four dependensin analogs 85(A-D) exhibited growth inhibition at nanomolar concentrations ranging from 63.96 to 725.8 nM by blocking the parasite development at the ring and early trophozoite stages. The growth inhibitory activity of dependensin analogs was correlated with their anti-plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase activity by computational analysis. Molecular docking, 50 ns simulation and a 2D-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (2D-QSAR) modelling revealed the interaction with their putative target P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). Here, developing the predictive 2D descriptors such as thermodynamic, spatial, electronic, and topological with multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA), the structural requirements for potent and selective PfLDH inhibitory activity has been identified. The strong binding of compound 85D to the catalytic Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) binding pocket of the PfLDH further supported the PfLDH targeting potential of dependensin analogs. Overall, this study revealed a highly potent anti-malarial activity of benzopyrano(4,3-b)benzopyran derivatives with their putative anti-PfLDH activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos , Benzopiranos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Plasmodium falciparum , Antimaláricos/química , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Benzopiranos/farmacologia , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/enzimologiaRESUMO
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and NADH to NAD+; it has two isoforms, LDHA and LDHB. LDHA is a promising target for cancer therapy, whereas LDHB is necessary for basal autophagy and cancer cell proliferation in oxidative and glycolytic cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, selective inhibitors for LDHB have not yet been reported. Here, we developed a high-throughput mass spectrometry screening system using an LDHB enzyme assay by detecting NADH and NAD+. As a result, we identified a small-molecule LDHB selective inhibitor AXKO-0046, an indole derivative. This compound exhibited uncompetitive LDHB inhibition (EC50 = 42 nM). X-ray crystallography revealed that AXKO-0046 bound to the potential allosteric site away from the LDHB catalytic active site, suggesting that targeting the tetramerisation interface of the two dimers is critical for the enzymatic activity. AXKO-0046 and its derivatives can be used to validate LDHB-associated pathways in cancer metabolism.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Indóis/química , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoenzimas/química , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/químicaRESUMO
Parasitic diseases remain a major public health concern for humans, claiming millions of lives annually. Although different treatments are required for these diseases, drug usage is limited due to the development of resistance and toxicity, which necessitate alternative therapies. It has been shown in the literature that parasitic lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) and malate dehydrogenases (MDH) have unique pharmacological selective and specificity properties compared to other isoforms, thus highlighting them as viable therapeutic targets involved in aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic pathways. LDH and MDH are important therapeutic targets for invasive parasites because they play a critical role in the progression and development of parasitic diseases. Any strategy to impede these enzymes would be fatal to the parasites, paving the way to develop and discover novel antiparasitic agents. This review aims to highlight the importance of parasitic LDH and MDH as therapeutic drug targets in selected obligate apicoplast parasites. To the best of our knowledge, this review presents the first comprehensive review of LDH and MDH as potential antiparasitic targets for drug development studies.