RESUMO
Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador's historic election victory in 2018 marked a sharp break from past decades of neoliberal socioeconomic policies. López Obrador campaigned on the promise of deep reform, with health care high on his agenda. The public health care sector had been decimated by decades of budget cuts, eroding workers' morale and patients' confidence, and crippling all aspects of the system. This article looks back to the creation of the nation's public health care system in the early twentieth century during the administration of President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). This "universal" system was designed to implement a central social justice goal of the Mexican Revolution of health care for all. The program rested on two pillars: providing care to the nation's vast, impoverished rural population and actively engaging communities in their own health care. Our objective is to critically assess the two presidents' health care initiatives within the distinct historical contexts of their administrations.
Assuntos
Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde , Política , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/história , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , México , História do Século XX , Humanos , Justiça Social/históriaRESUMO
As computer historians extend the bounds of what constitutes computer history, they must also take care not to write histories that overstate the importance of these technologies. "Decentering" the computer in computer history provides a way for historians to study the role of computers in more domains without exaggerating their importance. Here I illustrate how the use of a computer system for forensic identification formed part of Chile's complicated history of truth, justice, and reconciliation in the aftermath of the Pinochet dictatorship. While computers are not, and should not be, the central focus of how we understand processes of truth and reconciliation in history, in this case they illuminate the dynamics of how those working within the Chilean government, including its justice system, have approached Chile's history of human rights abuses.
Assuntos
Computadores/história , Crime/história , Ciências Forenses/história , Direitos Humanos/história , Justiça Social/história , Chile , Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Ciências Forenses/estatística & dados numéricos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , HumanosAssuntos
Eugenia (Ciência)/história , Experimentação Humana/ética , Experimentação Humana/história , Racismo/história , Pesquisadores/ética , Pesquisadores/história , Justiça Social/tendências , População Negra/história , Canadá , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Guatemala , Ginecologia/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Socialismo Nacional/história , Gravidez , Justiça Social/história , Sífilis/história , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Since our launch in 2002, the International Journal for Equity in Health (IJEqH) has furthered our collective understanding of equity in health and health services by providing a platform on which academics and practitioners can share their work. Today, we celebrate our fifteenth anniversary with an article collection that presents a call for new and novel research in equity in health and we invite our authors to use new approaches and methods, and to focus on emerging areas of research related to health equity in order to set the stage for the next fifteen years of health equity research.Our anniversary issue provides a platform for expanding the conceptualization, diversity of populations and study designs, and for increasing the use of novel methodologies in the field. The IJEqH has helped to support the wider group of researchers, policymakers and practitioners with a commitment to social justice and equity but there is still more to do. With the help of the highly committed editorial team and editorial board, the innovative work of researchers worldwide, and the countless of hours dedicated by hundreds of reviewers, we are confident in the IJEqH's ability to continue supporting the dissemination of health equity research for years to come.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Atenção à Saúde/tendências , Equidade em Saúde/história , Equidade em Saúde/tendências , Justiça Social/história , Justiça Social/tendências , Previsões , História do Século XXI , HumanosAssuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/ética , Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/história , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Justiça Social/ética , Justiça Social/história , Vacinação/ética , Feminino , Guatemala , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Masculino , Estados UnidosRESUMO
In The Mystery of Capitalism , the darling of neoliberalism, Hernando de Soto posits that secure property titles explain "why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else." While social scientists have taken him to task for an oversimplification of the causes and remedies of poverty, historians have contributed little to this important policy debate. Applying comparative methods across time and space, such a retrospective analysis exposes serious flaws in de Soto's thesis. Case studies of Paris, Chicago, and Mexico City covering successive, fifty-year periods support his contention that property law was the single most important factor in determining the fate of rural migrants trying to find a place to live in these exploding cities. But in each case, residential property played a far more complex role in creating the social and physical geography of the city than its simple exchange value. This article illuminates some of these alternative economic uses and embedded cultural meanings of identities of place. It also shows how urban growth machines create capital value in property for some by creating environmental injustice of substandard conditions of everyday life for others.
Assuntos
Habitação , Dinâmica Populacional , Relações Raciais , Classe Social , Justiça Social , Saúde da População Urbana , Chicago/etnologia , Planejamento de Cidades/economia , Planejamento de Cidades/educação , Planejamento de Cidades/história , Planejamento de Cidades/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Habitação/economia , Habitação/história , Habitação/legislação & jurisprudência , Jurisprudência/história , Governo Local/história , México/etnologia , Paris/etnologia , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Mudança Social/história , Classe Social/história , Justiça Social/economia , Justiça Social/educação , Justiça Social/história , Justiça Social/legislação & jurisprudência , Justiça Social/psicologia , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Responsabilidade Social , Saúde da População Urbana/história , População Urbana/históriaRESUMO
The significance of social movements for pro-poor political and social change is widely acknowledged. Poverty reduction has assumed increasing significance within development debates, discourses and programmes - how do social movement leaders and activists respond? This paper explores this question through the mapping of social movement organisations in Peru and South Africa. We conclude that for movement activists 'poverty' is rarely a central concern. Instead, they represent their actions as challenging injustice, inequality and/or development models with which they disagree, and reject the simplifying and sectoral orientation of poverty reduction interventions. In today's engagement with the poverty-reducing state, their challenge is to secure resources and influence without becoming themselves subject to, or even the subjects of, the practices of government.
Assuntos
Programas Governamentais , Pobreza , Política Pública , Mudança Social , Justiça Social , Seguridade Social , Programas Governamentais/economia , Programas Governamentais/educação , Programas Governamentais/história , Programas Governamentais/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Peru/etnologia , Pobreza/economia , Pobreza/etnologia , Pobreza/história , Pobreza/legislação & jurisprudência , Pobreza/psicologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Assistência Pública/economia , Assistência Pública/história , Assistência Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Política Pública/economia , Política Pública/história , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Mudança Social/história , Justiça Social/economia , Justiça Social/educação , Justiça Social/história , Justiça Social/legislação & jurisprudência , Justiça Social/psicologia , Responsabilidade Social , Seguridade Social/economia , Seguridade Social/etnologia , Seguridade Social/história , Seguridade Social/legislação & jurisprudência , Seguridade Social/psicologia , África do Sul/etnologiaRESUMO
This article analyses the health of workers engaged in oil exploration and exploitation in Colombia during the time of the so-called De Mares concession from 1916 to 1940. Periodisation was constructed which sought to account for yellow fever and tropical diseases within the sanitary situation related to oil exploration and exploitation during this period and region and how it became displaced from its central position by accidentally. The initial period was characterised by the lack of protection to which the workers were subjected at the start of oil-producing activities between 1916 and 1920. The second period was defined by implementing means of protection within the framework of a labour dispute accompanied by the sanitary problem's great burden between 1921 and 1928. The third period (1929 to 1940) dealt with entrepreneurial initiative becoming consolidated so as to make health become a control device, even though this was accompanied by the persistence of important labour disputes in which accidentality had a notable presence. Aspects are identified which should be gone into in greater depth for characterising oil-workers' health at the time of the De Mares concession.
Assuntos
Mineração/história , Saúde Ocupacional/história , Petróleo/história , Acidentes de Trabalho , Colômbia , Doenças Endêmicas , História do Século XX , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Mineração/legislação & jurisprudência , Exposição Ocupacional , Saúde Ocupacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Pennsylvania , Gestão da Segurança/história , Gestão da Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Justiça Social/história , Meios de Transporte/história , Árvores , Clima Tropical , Febre Amarela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Patio 29 lies in the northern sector of Santiago's General Cemetery. To the naked eye, it is a grim unweeded field of some twelve hundred rusted tin crosses. But to the families of the 1,197 detained-disappeared during Augusto Pinochet's brutal dictatorship, Patio 29 is both a site of horror and a site of hope. Its story begins in September-December 1973 when 320 early victims of the repression were brought there in makeshift wooden crates that held as many as three bodies each, and buried in unmarked graves. A few years later, two hundred of those graves were exhumed by the military, and the remains presumably cremated. For another decade, the mass grave remained silent, yielding few of its secrets to the families' demands to know: Where are they? Today, nineteen years into the so-called transition to democracy, Patio 29--the most important single finding in relation to Chile's detained-disappeared-still refuses to reveal the identities of those victims, pressing upon the government of Michelle Bachelet a new question: Who are they? First state terror, now state error have conspired to make Patio 29 one of Chile's principal horror-cum-hopescapes.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime/história , Governo/história , Homicídio/história , Justiça Social/história , Terrorismo/história , Revelação da Verdade , Chile , Exumação , Antropologia Forense , História do Século XX , Humanos , Militares/história , Sistemas Políticos/história , Violência/históriaRESUMO
El artículo presenta un análisis sobre la salud de los trabajadores en los procesos de exploración y explotación petrolera adelantados en el país en la denominada Concesión de Mares, entre 1916 y 1940. Se construyó una periodización que busca dar cuenta del lugar de la problemática de la Fiebre Amarilla y las enfermedades tropicales en la situación sanitaria de la actividad petrolera en este periodo y región, pasando de ocupar un lugar central a ser desplazadas por la accidentalidad. El periodo inicial se caracteriza por la desprotección a que se ven sometidos los trabajadores al comienzo de las actividades productivas petroleras, entre 1916 y 1920; el segundo periodo se define por la implementación de medidas de protección, en el marco de un conflicto laboral con un gran peso de la problemática sanitaria, entre 1921 y 1928; y en el tercer periodo se consolida la iniciativa empresarial para hacer de la salud un dispositivo de control, pero que se acompaña de la persistencia de conflictos laborales importantes en que la accidentalidad tiene una presencia notoria, entre 1929 y 1940. Finalmente se identifican aspectos a profundizar para una caracterización de la configuración de la salud de los trabajadores petroleros en la Concesión de Mares.
This article analyses the health of workers engaged in oil exploration and exploitation in Colombia during the time of the so-called De Mares concession from 1916 to 1940. Periodisation was constructed which sought to account for yellow fever and tropical diseases within the sanitary situation related to oil exploration and exploitation during this period and region and how it became displaced from its central position by accidentally. The initial period was characterised by the lack of protection to which the workers were subjected at the start of oil-producing activities between 1916 and 1920. The second period was defined by implementing means of protection within the framework of a labour dispute accompanied by the sanitary problem's great burden between 1921 and 1928. The third period (1929 to 1940) dealt with entrepreneurial initiative becoming consolidated so as to make health become a control device, even though this was accompanied by the persistence of important labour disputes in which accidentality had a notable presence. Aspects are identified which should be gone into in greater depth for characterising oil-workers' health at the time of the De Mares concession.
Assuntos
História do Século XX , Humanos , Mineração/história , Saúde Ocupacional/história , Petróleo/história , Acidentes de Trabalho , Colômbia , Doenças Endêmicas , Internacionalidade , Mineração/legislação & jurisprudência , Exposição Ocupacional , Saúde Ocupacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Pennsylvania , Gestão da Segurança/história , Gestão da Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Justiça Social/história , Meios de Transporte/história , Árvores , Clima Tropical , Febre Amarela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A partir da ilustração, a escravidão começou a ser encarada por certos intelectuais como uma instituição injusta. Desse modo, eles contribuíram para que a sensibilidade social derivada do conceito de humanidade fosse aos poucos, em alguns círculos de letrados, estendida aos escravos, o que ajuda a compreender a porquê de, no seio da elite médica que atuou nas colônias situadas na América, terem surgido autores que elaboraram textos dedicados à orientação de como os grandes proprietários rurais poderiam melhorar o tratamento de seus negros, conciliando sentimento humanitário e interesse econômico (AU).
Assuntos
Saúde Pública/história , História da Medicina , População Negra/história , Justiça Social/história , América Central , América do Norte , América do SulRESUMO
This article presents the main contributions by Josué de Castro (1908-1973), coinciding with the centennial of the birth of this outstanding thinker, researcher, and public figure dedicated to the struggle against hunger in Brazil and the world. His holistic view of the problem is highlighted, along with its historical roots and respective solutions. The reference is human development with a sustainable economic, social, and ecological basis and participatory process. Lessons from the past can and should be included on the current agenda of major issues faced by humankind.
Assuntos
Fome , Pobreza/história , Brasil , História do Século XX , Justiça Social/históriaRESUMO
Although social justice is an integral component of medical professionalism, there is little discussion in medical education about how to teach it to future physicians. Using adult learning theory and the work of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, medical educators can teach a socially-conscious professionalism through educational content and teaching strategies. Such teaching can model non-hierarchical relationships to learners, which can translate to their clinical interactions with patients. Freirian teaching can additionally foster professionalism in both teachers and learners by ensuring that they are involved citizens in their local, national and international communities.
Assuntos
Educação Médica , Justiça Social/educação , Justiça Social/história , Brasil , História do Século XX , Humanos , Competência ProfissionalRESUMO
The secular change in the biological standard of living of the Mexican population between 1870 and 1950 is examined based on evidence on the physical stature from military and passport records. While Mexico industrialized and experienced rapid economic growth during this period, there was only a modest overall improvement in the height, health and nutritional status of the Mexican population. The average Mexican born in the 1940s was not only slightly taller than its compatriot of the 1870s. There were, however, considerable social differences: the Mexican upper class was markedly taller than the working class and the gap increased prior to the revolution. Economic growth with systemic inequality largely accounts for such a pattern.