RESUMO

Juglans regia L. are nutritious fruit bearing plants mostly found in Northern areas of Pakistan. The population of walnuts was explored from district Dir and Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan for their geographical, climatic and chemical divergence. The geographical differences such as altitude, latitude and longitude whereas climatic differences viz. soil EC, soil pH, precipitations, intensity of light, temperature and soil temperature. In both districts TPC ranged from 211.2±0.6 to 227.8±0.4 mg/100g, RSA ranged from 43.32±1.5% to 52.18±0.4%, conductivity ranged from 296.43±0.6 to 312.22±0.3 S/m and elemental composition such as iron, copper, calcium, zinc and magnesium in Dir differs from 0.312±0.032, 0.209±0.13, 20.0±0.313, 0.406±0.10 and 10.2±0.030 mg/L to 0.543±0.65, 0.698±0.82, 28.7±0.234, 0.685±0.15 and 17.6±0.015 mg/L respectively. Altitude and temperature showed a correlation with total phenolics contents and radical scavenging activity while soil pH, precipitations, soil temperature, soil Ec and light intensity indicated a weak correlation with chemical traits of walnuts. Further studies of walnuts are needed to explore their therapeutically important phytochemicals to succeed naturally pharmaceutical nutrients of the maximum significance for the health of human beings.

Juglans regia L. são plantas frutíferas nutritivas encontradas nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. A população de nozes foi explorada do distrito de Dir e Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão por sua divergência geográfica, climática e química. As diferenças geográficas, como altitude, latitude e longitude, enquanto as diferenças climáticas viz. Ec do solo, pH do solo, precipitações, intensidade de luz, temperatura e temperatura do solo. Em ambos os distritos, o TPC variou de 211,2±0,6 a 227,8±0,4 mg/100g, o RSA variou de 43,32±1,5% a 52,18±0,4%, a condutividade variou de 296,43±0,6 a 312,22±0,3 S/m e composição elementar como ferro, cobre, cálcio, zinco e magnésio em Dir difere de 0,312±0,032, 0,209±0,13, 20,0±0,313, 0,406±0,10 e 10,2±0,030 mg/L a 0,543±0,65, 0,698±0,82, 28,7±0,234, 0,685±0,15 e 17,6±0,015 mg/L respectivamente. A altitude e a temperatura mostraram correlação com os teores de fenólicos totais e atividade de eliminação de radicais, enquanto o pH do solo, precipitações, temperatura do solo, Ec do solo e intensidade de luz indicaram uma correlação fraca com características químicas das nozes. Mais estudos de nozes são necessários para explorar seus fitoquímicos terapeuticamente importantes para obter naturalmente nutrientes farmacêuticos de máxima importância para a saúde dos seres humanos.

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Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is currently considered a complex of cryptic species infesting fruits from Mexico to Argentina and represents an interesting biological model for evolutionary studies. Moreover, detecting and quantifying behavioral, morphological, and genetic differentiation among populations is also relevant to the application of environment-friendly control programs. Here, phenotypic differentiation among individuals coexisting in the wild in a Northern region of Argentina was unveiled and associated with host choice. Six morphometric traits were measured in sympatric flies exploiting three different host species. Phenotypic variation was shown to be host-dependent regardless of geographical or temporal overlap. Flies collected from synchronous alternate hosts (peach and walnut) differed from each other despite the lack of geographical isolation. By contrast, flies emerging from guavas that ripen about two months later than peach and walnut showed no significant differentiation in comparison to flies collected from walnuts, but they differ significantly from flies originating from peaches. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the same population of flies shifts from walnuts to guavas throughout the year, whereas the population of flies that uses peaches as a host is probably exploiting other alternate hosts when peach availability decreases. Further research is needed to study the underlying mechanism. Results are consistent with previous molecular markers (inter-simple sequence repeat-ISSR) research on flies stemming from the same hosts and the same area, suggesting that differentiation among flies emerging from alternative hosts occurs at both genetic and phenotypic levels. The contribution of host preference in long-term genetic differentiation is discussed.

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The spatial context in which seed predation occurs may modify the spatial structure of recruitment generated by seed dispersal. The Janzen-Connell (J-C) model predicts that granivores will exert greater pressure on the parent plant or at those sites where the density of dispersed seeds is higher. We have investigated how the probability of post-dispersal survival of Juglans australis varies with nut density across a hierarchy of spatial scales. We experimentally evaluated the survival of 3,120 nuts at three spatial scales: meso-scale (

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