RESUMO
Sports betting and its associated problems are increasing rapidly. Moreover, it has been widely advertised and marketed, successfully reaching young adult males. This work aims to review recent publications regarding the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors across different ages. For this purpose, a search in the PubMed database was set for 5 years (November 2014 - November 2019). The search terms included: "Sports betting AND children", "Sports betting AND young adult", "Sports betting AND adult". The search generated 131 articles, including some duplications. Once duplicates were eliminated, the titles and abstract analysis led to 21 references. To this, four more recent references were added to complement the introduction and discussion sections. The total number of references is 25. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) human study, (b) quantitative, experimental, clinical study, or review, (c) emphasis on the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors, (d) specified number of subjects, (e) male or female gender, and (f) written in English (title and abstract). The findings indicated that: (1) marketing plays a significant role in normalizing gambling in sports, (2) policymakers should consider comprehensive approaches to reduce the exposure of sports betting advertising to young individuals, and (3) future studies should explore potential differences in results based on gender and developmental stage. For instance, sports betting is more prevalent among males than females, and younger children tend to be more impulsive than older children.
Assuntos
Jogo de Azar , Marketing , Esportes , Humanos , Masculino , Esportes/psicologia , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Fatores Etários , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologiaRESUMO
The aim of the present research was to add to the growing literature on dopamine and gambling disorder (GD) by assessing whether GD is associated with dopamine transporter (DAT) density in the ventral striatum compared to healthy controls and whether DAT density was associated with key characteristics of GD (e.g., abstinence, craving). In a cross-sectional investigation using single-photon emission computed tomography with a technetium-99m-labeled tropane derivative as a radiotracer with SPECT imaging, fifteen participants with GD and 15 controls (non-gambling individuals, matched for age, gender, handedness, and smoking status) were measured. The GD group completed self-reported questionnaires regarding gambling. Striatal DAT density did not differ between the two groups. Conversely, striatal DAT density correlated significantly with various measures of recent gambling, but not with measures of chronic gambling. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for age and smoking status, showed that DAT density in the left striatum correlated positively with time spent gambling and gambling craving in the last month, whereas DAT density in the right striatum correlated negatively with abstinence self-efficacy. The results suggests that DAT density in the striatum is associated with recent gambling activity and gambling expectation.
Assuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina , Jogo de Azar , Humanos , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Estudos Transversais , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Corpo Estriado/diagnóstico por imagem , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , NeuroimagemRESUMO
Previous research has identified attentional biases towards addiction-related stimuli, including gambling-related stimuli. Eye-tracking is considered the gold standard methodology for measuring attentional biases, yet no review to date has examined its use in measuring gambling-related attentional biases. This systematic review synthesized the literature using eye-tracking to examine attentional biases among people who gamble. We reviewed articles from Web of Science and PubMed that were published from 1990 to 2021. A total of 11 articles were included, with sample sizes ranging from 38 to 173 participants. Of these studies, seven examined attentional biases for gambling-related visual stimuli. These seven studies provided support that gambling can result in the development of an attentional bias for gambling-related stimuli. With respect to correlates of gambling-related attentional biases, there were mixed results. Some studies identified significant positive associations between gambling-related attentional biases and psychosocial variables, such as problem gambling severity, gambling expectancies, gambling cravings, gambling motives, depressive symptom severity, alcohol use severity, daily stress, affective impulsivity, and immersion. Four studies examined attentional biases for responsible gambling messaging and advertisements, finding that both people who do and do not gamble attend less to responsible gambling messaging compared to other types of information such as the betting odds. Research using eye-tracking to examine attentional biases among people who gamble is in its infancy. Yet, the preliminary results support the identification of attentional biases using the gold-standard methodology. Further studies are needed to examine the correlates and potential clinical utility of assessing gambling-related attentional biases using eye-tracking.
Assuntos
Viés de Atenção , Jogo de Azar , Humanos , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Tecnologia de Rastreamento Ocular , Fissura , MotivaçãoRESUMO
Recreational and problem gambling have been linked with adverse health and functioning outcomes among adolescents. Youth may gamble and engage in other risk-taking behaviors in casinos. There are limited data available regarding casino gambling in high-school students, and factors linked to adolescent gambling in casinos have yet to be systematically investigated. To address this gap, we analyzed cross-sectional data from 2010 Connecticut high-school students with chi-square tests and logistic regression models to examine casino gambling in relation to at-risk/problem gambling (ARPG) with respect to sociodemographic characteristics, gambling perceptions & attitudes, health/functioning measures and gambling behaviors. Approximately 11 % of adolescents acknowledged gambling in casinos. ARPG was more frequent and gambling perceptions were more permissive among adolescents endorsing casino gambling. Stronger relationships between ARPG and heavy alcohol and drug use and weaker relationships between ARPG and engagement in extracurricular activities, gambling with friends, gambling with strangers and gambling for financial reasons were observed among adolescents endorsing casino gambling. In conclusion, gambling in casinos was endorsed by a sizable minority of adolescents who gamble, and prevention efforts should consider targeting permissive attitudes towards gambling, adolescent drinking and participation in extracurricular activities when addressing underage casino gambling.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Jogo de Azar , Adolescente , Atitude , Estudos Transversais , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Humanos , EstudantesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is commonly associated with decision-making, neurocognitive impairments, and mood and motivational symptoms. However, their relationship may be obscured by traditional scoring methods. OBJECTIVES: To study the computational basis underlying decision-making impairments in MS and their interaction with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric measures. METHODS: Twenty-nine MS patients and 26 matched control subjects completed a computer version of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Participants underwent neurocognitive evaluation using an expanded version of the Brief Repeatable Battery. Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis was used to estimate three established computational models to compare parameters between groups. RESULTS: Patients showed increased learning rate and reduced loss-aversion during decision-making relative to control subjects. These alterations were associated with: (1) reduced net gains in the IGT; (2) processing speed, executive functioning and memory impairments; and (3) higher levels of depression and current apathy. CONCLUSION: Decision-making deficits in MS patients could be described by the interplay between latent computational processes, neurocognitive impairments, and mood/motivational symptoms.
Assuntos
Jogo de Azar , Esclerose Múltipla , Teorema de Bayes , Tomada de Decisões , Jogo de Azar/complicações , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Humanos , Esclerose Múltipla/complicações , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
Resumo Jogos de azar podem ser uma atividade de lazer, mas sua prática em excesso pode levar a consequências adversas, como o Transtorno de Jogo. Apesar dos sérios prejuízos provocados por esse quadro, tanto o Transtorno de Jogo em si quanto estratégias de tratamento são pouco conhecidos no Brasil. Este trabalho aborda o Transtorno de Jogo e seu tratamento, tendo como objetivo explicitar a contribuição da abordagem psicodinâmica. São apresentadas as principais hipóteses psicodinâmicas existentes na literatura e tecidas considerações sobre a psicoterapia psicodinâmica realizada em um serviço que atende jogadores em São Paulo, o Programa Ambulatorial do Jogo Patológico (PRO-AMJO) do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (IPq HC-FMUSP). Por fim, alguns exemplos de perfis de jogadores patológicos são apresentados.
Abstract Gambling may be a leisure activity, but overdoing it can lead to adverse consequences such as Gambling Disorder. Despite the serious damage caused by the disorder, both Gambling Disorder and its treatment strategies are little known in Brazil. This study investigates Gambling Disorder and its treatment, emphasizing the contributions of the psychodynamic approach. The paper presents the main psychodynamic hypotheses in the literature and comments on the psychodynamic psychotherapy carried out in facilities treating pathological gamblers in São Paulo, such as the Pathological Gambling Outpatient Program (PRO-AMJO) of the Psychiatric Institute of Hospital das Clínicas (IPq HC-FMUSP). Finally, some examples of pathological gambler profiles are discussed.
Résumé Le jeu de hasard peut être un loisir, mais l'excès peut avoir des conséquences néfastes, comme le Jeu Pathologique. Malgré les graves consequences causés par ce trouble, le Jeu Pathologique et ses stratégies de traitement sont peu connus au Brésil. Cettte étude porte sur la Dépendence au jeu et son traitement, en mettant l'accent sur les contributions de l'approche psychodynamique. L'article présente les principales hypothèses psychodynamiques dans la littérature et reflète sur la psychothérapie psychodynamique réalisée dans les services qui s'occupent de joueurs à São Paulo, telles que le Programma ambulatoire sur la dépendance au jeu (PRO-AMJO) del'Institut de psychiatrie de l'Hospital das clínicas (IPq HC-FMUSP). Enfin, quelques exemples de profils de joueurs pathologiques sont discutés.
Resumen Los juegos de azar pueden ser una actividad de diversión, pero su práctica excesiva puede traer consecuencias adversas como el Trastorno de Juego. A pesar de los graves daños causados por este comportamiento, tanto el Trastorno de Juego en sí como las estrategias de tratamiento son poco conocidos en Brasil. Este trabajo aborda el Trastorno de Juego y su tratamiento, con el objetivo de hacer explícito la contribución del enfoque psicodinámico. Se presentan las principales hipótesis psicodinámicas en la literatura y se hacen consideraciones sobre la psicoterapia psicodinámica realizada en un servicio que atiende a jugadores en São Paulo, como el Programa del Hospital das Clínicas de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de São Paulo (IPq HC-FMUSP). Finalmente, se presentan algunos ejemplos de perfiles de jugadores patológicos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Psicoterapia Psicodinâmica , Jogo de Azar/etiologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , NeurobiologiaRESUMO
Motivational characteristics such as excitement-seeking are key components of models of addiction, including problem gambling. Previous studies have established associations between excitement-seeking and problem gambling in youth. However, these studies have employed dimensional psychological assessments which are unlikely to be routinely administered. Other approaches to conceptualize excitement-seeking could be of value. In the present study, we employed a single question (What are the reasons that you gamble?) to identify adolescents who reported excitement-seeking motivation for gambling. Cross-sectional data from 2030 adolescent gamblers who participated in a Connecticut high-school survey were examined. Gambling perceptions and correlates of problem-gambling severity were examined relative to excitement-seeking and non-excitement-seeking gambling. Gambling perceptions were more permissive and at-risk/problem gambling was more frequent among adolescents with excitement-seeking gambling versus non-excitement-seeking gambling. A weaker relationship between problem-gambling severity and moderate and heavy alcohol use was observed for excitement-seeking versus non-excitement-seeking gambling. Excitement-seeking gambling is associated with more permissive gambling-related attitudes and riskier gambling behaviors and may account for some variance in adolescent risk of heavy alcohol use. A single question may provide important information for identifying adolescents who are at elevated risk of problem gambling and associated negative outcomes, although the utility of the question in specific settings warrants direct examination, especially given the observed high prevalence of excitement-seeking motivations for gambling.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Motivação , Adolescente , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Atitude , Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Gambling Disorder (GD) is characterized by persistent betting even in face of accruing debts and psychosocial hardship. Gambling Disorder behavior has been linked to conditioning, cognitive distortions and superstitious behavior. Previous studies have demonstrated that during response-outcome analytical tests (ROAT), non-gambling individuals are precluded from response extinction when failure feedback is suppressed, and develop superstitious behaviors and illusion of control instead. Gambling can be regarded as a ROAT paradigm in which disordered gamblers (DGs) fail to compute failure feedback; hence they do not perceive the independence between response and outcome. In order to investigate early phenomena on response and outcome processing in DGs, we developed two short ROAT versions, one with a controllable outcome and one with an uncontrollable outcome, both with explicit failure feedback. Twenty DGs and twenty healthy controls were assessed using this novel paradigm. Compared to controls, DGs reported higher distress during the controllable ROAT, less self-confidence in the uncontrollable ROAT, and more random responses and less use of analytical strategies in both tests, evidencing potential deficits in cognitive control. In contrast to previous findings, DGs did not demonstrate more superstitious beliefs, or illusion of control, and were generally more skeptical than controls regarding the controllability of both ROAT versions. Taken together, our findings provide some support for deficits in cognitive control in GD that precede illusion of control and superstitious behaviors.
Assuntos
Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Ilusões/psicologia , Recompensa , Superstições/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Controle Interno-Externo , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Autoimagem , Enquadramento Psicológico , Meio SocialRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Decision-making is one of the most critical components of people's lives. It involves cognitive factors, which are responsible for processing the stimuli present in the task, remembering past experiences, and assessing the possible consequences that emotional decisions can have. So far, there are no studies of this nature in Ecuador, so this research seeks to establish the characteristics of the Ecuadorian population. With the results obtained, we expect to gain insight into the way this population handles decisions in daily life. OBJECTIVE: To relate decision-making to behavioral regulation and metacognition in a sample of Ecuadorian men. METHODS: We used a quasi-experimental design. We recruited 33 male subjects from the general population. We evaluated decision-making through the experimental Iowa Gambling Task. Behavior regulation and metacognition were assessed with the Executive Func-tion Behavior Classification (adult version). RESULTS: The main result was that, in the index of behavior regulation, decision-making is related to change and emotional control. In the metacognition index, it is related to working memory, task organization, and planning and organization. We found that the partic-ipants tend to make risky decisions at the beginning of the task, but as it progresses, participants make less risky decisions. CONCLUSIONS: The implicit learning of the test operation allows the participants to assign emotional values to the results obtained when choos-ing a particular deck that takes into account past experiences, thus making it possible to anticipate consequences. The results are novel in that the relationship between an experimental behavior pattern linked to risky and non-risky decisions and its association with different executive functions is analyzed through the application of a questionnaire.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La toma de decisiones es uno de los componentes más importantes dentro de la vida de las personas. En ella intervienen factores cognitivos, los cuales se encargan de procesar los estímulos presentes en la tarea, recordar experiencias pasadas y valorar las posibles consecuencias que pueden tener las decisiones emocionales. Hasta ahora no se encuentran en Ecuador estudios de esta naturaleza que se hayan realizado en este contexto, por lo que esta investigación busca establecer características propias de la población ecuatoriana. Con los resultados obtenidos se pretende contar con una aproximación a la forma de tomar decisiones de esta población en su vida cotidiana. OBJETIVO: Relacionar la toma de decisiones con la regulación del comportamiento y la metacognición en una muestra de hombres ecuatorianos. MÉTODOS: Diseño cuasi experimental. Participaron 33 sujetos de sexo masculino de la población general. La toma de decisiones fue evaluada a través de la tarea experimental del Iowa Gambling Task y se estudió la regulación del comportamiento y la metacognición a través de la Clasificación de Comportamiento de la Función Ejecutiva (versión adulta). RESULTADOS: El principal resultado fue que en el índice de regulación del comportamiento la toma de decisiones se relaciona con cambio y control emocional; y en el índice metacognición, se relaciona con memoria de trabajo, organización de tareas, planificación y organización. Se evidencia que los participantes tienden a tomar decisiones riesgosas al inicio de la tarea; pero a medida que la tarea progresa, los participantes toman decisiones menos riesgosas. CONCLUSIONES: El aprendizaje implícito del funcionamiento de la prueba permite que los participantes asignen valores emocionales a los resultados obtenidos al escoger un determinado mazo, considerando las experiencias pasadas, lo que permite establecer una anticipación de las consecuencias. Los resultados son novedosos en cuanto se analiza la relación entre un patrón de conducta experimental vinculado a decisiones riesgosas y no riesgosas, y su asociación con diferentes funciones ejecutivas a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario.
Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões/fisiologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Metacognição/fisiologia , Adulto , Cognição/fisiologia , Equador , Emoções/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Gambling disorder (GD) frequently co-occurs with substance use disorders. However, the extent to which GD co-occurs with behavioral addictions (BAs) and the demographic, clinical, and personality correlates of comorbid GD and BA is largely unknown. The aims of the present research were to address this gap among people seeking treatment for GD (N = 458) in São Paulo, Brazil. Structured clinical interviews diagnosed individuals with GD and other psychiatric disorders. The Shorter PROMIS questionnaire was used to identify BAs (work, exercise, food bingeing, sex, and shopping). Questionnaires assessed demographic characteristics, gambling behavior, and personality. Of the total sample, 206 (45.0%) participants met the criteria of having at least one behavioral addiction (GD+BA). The most common comorbid BA was food bingeing (8.1%) with the least common being exercise (3.6%). In a multivariate logistic regression, individuals with GD+BA tended to be younger, and had greater rates of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and bulimia nervosa compared to participants who did not present with a comorbid BA. Taken together, individuals with GD+BA present with increased psychopathology. These results may have important implications for the assessment and treatment of individuals with GD and comorbid BAs.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Personalidade , Vigilância da População , Adulto , Comportamento Aditivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar/psicologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Personalidade/fisiologia , Transtornos da Personalidade/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Personalidade/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Personalidade/psicologia , Vigilância da População/métodos , Autorrelato , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the differences in gambling exposure and onset of gambling problems among male and female gamblers by comparing their demographic and behavioral profiles. This study utilized data from the gambling section of the First Brazilian National Alcohol Survey and Related Behaviors. Interviews were conducted with 3007 participants who were recruited after screening for at-risk gambling behaviors. Individuals who tested positive for at-risk gambling behaviors completed the Gambling Progression Questionnaire comprising items on games of chance, and were evaluated using the DSM-IV pathological gambling criteria. The participants' "lifetime gambling exposure" was 12.5%, with 4% having experienced gambling problems during their lifetime. Majority of the male at-risk gamblers (78%) reported that they began gambling in their 20 s and took approximately 3 years to start experiencing gambling-related problems. Contrastingly, female at-risk gamblers started gambling in their 30 s and they took about 12 years to start experiencing gambling-related problems. The present results show that men were 2.3 times more at risk of gambling exposure and 3.6 times more likely to experience gambling-related problems. Male at-risk male gamblers seemed to be lonelier and to have a low socioeconomic status, while women seemed to have lower income and social insertion. Considering these significant differences, more studies evaluating gender differences in gambling behavior are necessary.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/diagnóstico , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/diagnóstico , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Adulto , Brasil , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although a behavioural addiction model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been proposed, it is still unclear if and how self-report and neurocognitive measures of impulsivity (such as risk-taking-, reflection- and motor-impulsivities) are impaired and/or inter-related in this particular clinical population. METHODS: Seventeen OCD patients and 17 age-, gender-, education- and IQ-matched controls completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, and the Beck Depression Inventory and were evaluated with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and three computerized paradigms including reward (the Cambridge Gambling Task), reflection (the Information Sampling Task) and motor impulsivity (Stop Signal Task). RESULTS: Despite not differing from healthy controls in any neurocognitive impulsivity domain, OCD patients demonstrated increased impulsivity in a self-report measure (particularly attentional impulsivity). Further, attentional impulsivity was predicted by severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that OCD is characterized by a subjective (rather than objective) impulsivity; in addition, self-reported impulsivity was largely determined by severity of OCD symptoms.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Comportamento Impulsivo , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/psicologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/fisiopatologia , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Recompensa , Autorrelato , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Decision making (DM) is one aspect of impulsivity that can be defined by the ability to decide between two or more options in a given situation. To date, there are at least two types of DM that differ in the level of uncertainty, and how much information about consequences is provided. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the two domains of DM - under risk and ambiguous - with a comprehensive evaluation in a group of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), and correlate with patients' characteristics, clinical variables, and neuropsychological evaluation for executive functions. METHODS: We evaluated 35 patients with JME and 39 healthy controls using the Iowa Gambling Task for DM under ambiguity and the Game Dice Task for DM under risk. We assessed the performance in Iowa Gambling Task and Game Dice Task through net scores, safe and risky choices, besides the type of decisions across time. RESULTS: Patients with JME had a higher number of risky choices compared to controls in the Game Dice Task. There was no significant difference between patients and controls in the Iowa Gambling Task. However, patients with higher seizure frequency had worse scores on decks C and D (safe choices) from the Iowa Gambling Task. CONCLUSION: Patients with JME have worse performance on DM under risk. The same was not observed for DM under ambiguity. Epilepsy-related factors and the presence of psychiatric disorders, but not executive dysfunction, were associated with a lower tendency for safe choices. These findings showed a dissociation between DM processes in patients with JME and a tendency to make disadvantageous decisions with measurable risks.
Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões/fisiologia , Epilepsia Mioclônica Juvenil/psicologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Assunção de Riscos , Incerteza , Adolescente , Adulto , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/diagnóstico , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epilepsia Mioclônica Juvenil/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This cross-sectional study was aimed at investigating the role of emotional regulation in regular gambling in a sample of 197 disordered and non-problem gamblers from Ecuador. Two proxies were used as measures of behavioral signs of generalized emotion dysregulation (UPPS-P emotion-driven impulsivity) and intentional emotion regulation strategies (ERQ), and their associations with gambling cognitions (as measured by the GRCS questionnaire), gambling behavior (SOGS), and comorbid alcohol and drug misuse (MultiCAGE), were explored. For analyses, impulsivity traits, including emotion-driven impulsivity scores, were used as inputs to predict dispositional variables (ERQ strategies and GRCS cognitions), and clinically relevant behavioral outputs, while controlling for gambling severity. Hypotheses were based on previously published work, although the analysis has been improved (using hierarchical linear mixed-effects modelling), and homogenized in covariate control, and decision threshold stringency. Results were as follows: (1) After controlling for relevant covariates, UPPS-P sensation seeking was positively associated with gambling cognitions, whereas positive urgency was positively associated with cognitive biases (interpretative bias, control illusion, and predictive control) but not with other gambling cognitions. (2) Among emotion regulation strategies, reappraisal, but not suppression, was associated with gambling cognitions. (3) Negative urgency was distinctively associated with suppression, but not with reappraisal. And (4), no impulsivity dimensions significantly predicted drug or alcohol misuse, although negative urgency fell just below the decision threshold. These results reinforce the importance of emotion regulation processes in the cognitive and behavioral manifestations of gambling. Most importantly, they suggest a dissociation between the role of model-free dysregulation of negative emotions (as measured by UPPS-P negative urgency), as a key contributor to gambling complication and general psychopathology; and the one of strategic emotion regulation, in fueling gambling-related cognitive distortions.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Comportamento Impulsivo , Adulto , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Tomada de Decisões , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Recompensa , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Symptoms of depression are highly prevalent among individuals with gambling disorder, and severity of depression is associated with severity of gambling problem. Yet, little is known about the psychological mechanisms by which symptoms of depression lead to greater gambling severity. In this study, we tested whether cognitive distortions represent one such mechanism, as cognitive distortions are key characteristics in both depression and gambling disorder and have been shown to be associated with gambling severity. METHODS: A mediation model was tested among 345 treatment-seeking individuals with gambling disorder in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The diagnosis of gambling disorder was made using semi-structured clinical interviews and participants completed psychometrically sound self-report measures of depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-I), gambling-related cognitive distortions (Gamblers' Beliefs Questionnaire), and gambling severity (Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale). RESULTS: As hypothesized, increased symptoms of depression were significantly associated with both increased disordered gambling severity and increased gambling-related cognitive distortions. Further, gambling-related cognitive distortions predicted greater disordered gambling severity when controlling for depression symptomology. Results from the bootstrapping method indicated that the relationship between symptoms of depression and increased disordered gambling severity is mediated by gambling-related cognitive distortions. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with our predictions, gambling-related cognitive distortions mediated the relationship between depression symptoms and gambling severity among a sample of treatment-seeking disordered gamblers. These results suggest that cognitive distortions may be a key intervention target for the treatment of concurrent depression and gambling disorder.
Assuntos
Dissonância Cognitiva , Transtorno Depressivo/epidemiologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicometria , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objective: While it has been shown that disordered gamblers with psychosis are at increased risk for comorbid psychopathology, it is unclear whether this dual-diagnosis population is also at greater risk of problematic engagement with comorbid addictive behaviors. Methods: We tested for association between disordered gambling with psychosis and comorbid addictive behaviors in a sample of 349 treatment-seeking disordered gamblers. Results: Twenty-five (7.2%) disordered gamblers met criteria for psychosis. Disordered gamblers with psychosis were no more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for current alcohol/substance use disorder than disordered gamblers without psychosis. However, this dual-disorder population reported greater misuse of shopping, food bingeing, caffeine, and prescription drugs. When controlling for multiple comparisons, binge eating was the only addictive behavior to remain significant. Conclusion: Given these findings, a comprehensive assessment of addictive behaviors - specifically food bingeing - in this population may be warranted.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Aditivo/diagnóstico , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inhalant use disorder (IUD) is associated with deficits in executive functions (EFs). We described latent profiles of EFs and distribution of neuropsychiatric disorders and patterns of severity of use across these profiles. METHODS: Individuals with IUD were recruited at community-based residential facilities for substance use treatment in Mexico City. Latent profile analysis was conducted with the following tasks: self-ordered pointing, Stroop, Iowa gambling, Wisconsin Card Sorting and Tower of Hanoi. RESULTS: Three latent profiles were extracted from nâ¯=â¯165: lowest performances of inhibition of response and processing speed; lowest performance of self-monitoring, intermediate performance of inhibition of response and relatively spared processing speed; and intermediate performance of processing speed and self-monitoring, and relatively spared inhibition of response. CONCLUSION: Between-group differences were observed mainly for antisocial personality disorder and lifetime suicidal. Findings remark the need for identifying distinct profiles of EFs within these populations to better understand the transdiagnostic heterogeneity of EFs.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Função Executiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Abuso de Inalantes/diagnóstico , Abuso de Inalantes/psicologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Administração por Inalação , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/diagnóstico , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Humanos , Abuso de Inalantes/epidemiologia , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Teste de Stroop , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/tendências , Ideação SuicidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: While it has been shown that disordered gamblers with psychosis are at increased risk for comorbid psychopathology, it is unclear whether this dual-diagnosis population is also at greater risk of problematic engagement with comorbid addictive behaviors. METHODS: We tested for association between disordered gambling with psychosis and comorbid addictive behaviors in a sample of 349 treatment-seeking disordered gamblers. RESULTS: Twenty-five (7.2%) disordered gamblers met criteria for psychosis. Disordered gamblers with psychosis were no more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for current alcohol/substance use disorder than disordered gamblers without psychosis. However, this dual-disorder population reported greater misuse of shopping, food bingeing, caffeine, and prescription drugs. When controlling for multiple comparisons, binge eating was the only addictive behavior to remain significant. CONCLUSION: Given these findings, a comprehensive assessment of addictive behaviors - specifically food bingeing - in this population may be warranted.