RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, not all patients with T2DM are obese. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is an experimental model of spontaneous and non-obese T2DM. There is evidence that the intestine contributes to IR development in GK animals. This information prompted us to investigate small intestine remodeling in this animal model. METHODS: Four-month-old male Wistar (control) and GK rats were utilized for the present study. After removing the small intestine, the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and distal ileum were separated. We then measured villi and muscular and mucosa layer histomorphometry, goblet cells abundance, total myenteric and submucosal neuron populations, and inflammatory marker expression in the small intestinal segments and intestinal transit of both groups of animals. KEY RESULTS: We found that the GK rats exhibited decreased intestinal area (p < 0.0001), decreased crypt depth in the duodenum (p = 0.01) and ileum (p < 0.0001), increased crypt depth in the jejunum (p < 0.0001), longer villi in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.0001), thicker villi in the duodenum (p < 0.01) and ileum (p < 0.0001), thicker muscular layers in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.0001), increased IL-1ß concentrations in the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05), and increased concentrations of NF-κB p65 in the duodenum (p < 0.01), jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05). We observed high IL-1ß reactivity in the muscle layer, myenteric neurons, and glial cells of the experimental group. GK rats also exhibited a significant reduction in submucosal neuron density in the jejunum and ileum, ganglionic hypertrophy in all intestinal segments studied (p < 0.0001), and a slower intestinal transit (about 25%) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: The development of IR and T2DM in GK rats is associated with small intestine remodeling that includes marked alterations in small intestine morphology, local inflammation, and reduced intestinal transit.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Trânsito Gastrointestinal , Resistência à Insulina , Intestino Delgado/fisiopatologia , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Duodeno/inervação , Duodeno/metabolismo , Duodeno/fisiopatologia , Íleo/inervação , Íleo/metabolismo , Íleo/fisiopatologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/inervação , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Jejuno/inervação , Jejuno/metabolismo , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Plexo Mientérico/fisiopatologia , Ratos Wistar , Plexo Submucoso/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
We investigated the inflammatory effect of a pellet-diet with high glycemic index and load (HGLI) on the histological organization of adipocytes, intestinal epithelium, and fat in liver and pancreas in adult male Wistar rats. Two groups (n=10) received for 17 weeks: (1) HGLI diet or (2) Standard diet (Labina®). Histological analyses of adipose tissue, jejunum, liver, and pancreas were performed. Stereology analysis, visceral adiposity index, gene expression, and immunohistochemistry of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in visceral adipose tissue and plasma TNF-α were also assessed. The HGLI diet-induced hypertrophy of adipocytes with adipocyte volume density equal to 97.0%, cross-sectional area of adipocytes equivalent to 1387 µm² and a total volume of adipocytes of 6.97 cm³ an elevation of 8%, 25%, and 58%, respectively. Furthermore, the HGLI diet increased liver and pancreatic fat deposition, altered and inflamed the intestinal epithelia, and increased TNF-α gene expression (P=0.014) with a positive immunostaining in visceral adipose tissue and high plasma TNF-α in comparison with standard diet. The results suggest that this diet was able to generate changes commonly caused to solid diets with high fat or fructose-rich beverages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature concerning the properties of low-cost, sucrose-rich pellet-diet presenting high glycemic index and high glycemic load efficient on the development of obesity complications in Wistar rats that were subjected to diet-induced obesity. Therefore, the HGLI pellet-diet may be considered an effective tool to be used by the scientific community in experimental research.
Assuntos
Adipócitos/patologia , Dieta da Carga de Carboidratos/efeitos adversos , Mucosa Intestinal/fisiopatologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Sacarose/efeitos adversos , Adipócitos/imunologia , Animais , Expressão Gênica , Índice Glicêmico , Imuno-Histoquímica , Inflamação , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/imunologia , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/patologia , Jejuno/imunologia , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/imunologia , Pâncreas/imunologia , Pâncreas/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sacarose/administração & dosagem , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
Intestinal parasites alter gastrointestinal (GI) functions like the cholinergic function. Aspiculuris tetraptera is a pinworm frequently observed in laboratory facilities, which infests the mice cecum and proximal colon. However, little is known about the impact of this infection on the GI sensitivity. Here, we investigated possible changes in spontaneous mesenteric nerve activity and on the mechanosensitivity function of worm-free regions of naturally infected mice with A. tetraptera. Infection increased the basal firing of mesenteric afferent nerves in jejunum. Our findings indicate that nicotinic but not muscarinic receptors, similarly affect spontaneous nerve firing in control and infected animals; these axons are mainly vagal. No difference between groups was observed on spontaneous activity after nicotinic receptor inhibition. However, and contrary to the control group, during infection, the muscarinic signaling was shown to be elevated during mechanosensory experiments. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that alterations induced by infection of the basal afferent activity were independent of the cholinergic function but changes in mechanosensitivity were mediated by muscarinic, but not nicotinic, receptors and specifically by high threshold nerve fibers (activated above 20mmHg), known to play a role in nociception. These plastic changes within the muscarinic signaling would function as a compensatory mechanism to maintain a full mechanosensory response and the excitability of nociceptors during infection. These changes indicate that pinworm colonic infection can target other tissues away from the colon.
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias/fisiopatologia , Jejuno/inervação , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Neurônios Aferentes/fisiologia , Oxiuríase/fisiopatologia , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Tato/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/farmacologia , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/inervação , Colo/patologia , Colo/fisiopatologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Enteropatias Parasitárias/patologia , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios Aferentes/patologia , Nociceptividade/fisiologia , Oxiuríase/patologia , Oxyuroidea/anatomia & histologia , Oxyuroidea/genética , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologiaRESUMO
We evaluated the effects of the supplementation with L-glutamine and glutamine dipeptide (GDP) on biochemical and morphophysiological parameters in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. For this purpose, thirty animals were distributed into six groups treated orally (gavage) during thirty days: non diabetic rats (Control) + saline, diabetic + saline; Control + L-glutamine (248 mg/kg), Diabetic + L-glutamine (248 mg/kg), Control + GDP (400 mg/kg), Diabetic + GDP (400 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and confirmed by fasting glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL. Physiological parameters, i.e., body mass, food intake, blood glucose, water intake, urine and faeces were evaluated during supplementation. After the period of supplementation, the animals were euthanized. The blood was collected for biochemical assays (fructosamine, transaminases, lipid profile, total protein, urea, ammonia). Moreover, the jejunum was excised and stored for morphophysiological assays (intestinal enzyme activity, intestinal wall morphology, crypt proliferative index, number of serotoninergic cells from the mucosa, and vipergic neurons from the submucosal tunica). The physiological parameters, protein metabolism and intestinal enzyme activity did not change with the supplementation with L-glutamine or GDP. In diabetic animals, transaminases and fructosamine improved with L-glutamine and GDP supplementations, while the lipid profile improved with L-glutamine. Furthermore, both forms of supplementation promoted changes in jejunal tunicas and wall morphometry of control and diabetic groups, but only L-glutamine promoted maintenance of serotoninergic cells and vipergic neurons populations. On the other hand, control animals showed changes that may indicate negative effects of L-glutamine. Thus, the supplementation with L-glutamine was more efficient for maintaining intestinal morphophysiology and the supplementation with GDP was more efficient to the organism as a whole. Thus, we can conclude that local differences in absorption and metabolism could explain the differences between the supplementation with L-glutamine or GDP.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Glutamina/farmacologia , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Dipeptídeos/farmacocinética , Glutamina/farmacocinética , Absorção Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/metabolismo , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity has increased at alarming rates, particularly because of the increased consumption of high-fat diets (HFDs). The influence of HFDs on intrinsic innervation and the intestinal wall has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the morpho-quantitative aspects of myenteric neurons and the wall of the small intestine in mice fed a HFD. METHODS: Swiss mice were fed a HFD (59% kcal from fat) or standard chow (9% Kcal from fat) for 8 weeks. Segments of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were subjected to histological processing for morpho-quantitative examination of the intestinal wall and mucosal cells, and immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate myenteric neurons. The data for each segment were compared between the groups using an unpaired Student's t-test or an equivalent nonparametric test. RESULTS: The HFD increased body weight and visceral fat and decreased the length of the small intestine and the circumference of the ileum. In the duodenum, the HFD increased the density of the nitrergic subpopulation and decreased the area of nitrergic neurons and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) varicosities. In the jejunum, the density of the nitrergic subpopulation was increased and the neuronal areas of the general population, nitrergic subpopulation and (VIP) varicosities were reduced. In the ileum, the density of the general population and nitrergic subpopulation were increased and the neuronal areas of the general population, nitrergic subpopulation and (VIP) varicosities were reduced. The morphometric parameters of the villi, crypts, muscular layer and total wall generally increased in the duodenum and jejunum and decreased in the ileum. In the duodenum and jejunum, the HFD promoted a decreased in the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes. In the ileum, the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells reduced, and the enteroendocrine cells increased. CONCLUSIONS: The high-fat diet induces changes in the myenteric innervation of the small intestine, intestinal wall and mucosal cells responsible for the secretion of hormones and maintenance of the protective intestinal barrier. The morpho-quantitative data provide a basis for further studies to clarify the influence of HFD in the motility, digestive and absorptive capacity, and intestinal barrier.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Intestino Delgado/inervação , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Neurônios/química , Neurônios/patologia , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Duodeno/inervação , Duodeno/patologia , Duodeno/fisiopatologia , Células Enteroendócrinas , Células Caliciformes , Íleo/inervação , Íleo/patologia , Íleo/fisiopatologia , Mucosa Intestinal/fisiopatologia , Intestino Delgado/fisiopatologia , Jejuno/inervação , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Camundongos , Plexo Mientérico/patologia , Miosina Tipo V/análise , Neurônios Nitrérgicos/patologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/patologia , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/análiseRESUMO
O encarceramento de alças intestinais em anel inguinal após uma orquiectomia não é uma complicação usual na casuística hospitalar, caracterizado pelo deslocamento da porção final do jejuno ou do íleo através do canal inguinal, é observado com maior frequência em garanhões após monta natural ou congenitamente em potros. Nas hérnias irredutíveis, a terapêutica é cirúrgica e emergencial e o prognóstico reservado devido às lesões estrangulantes nas alças intestinais. Um equino, macho, 10 anos da raça Puro Sangue Lusitano foi encaminhado ao hospital veterinário da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo para realização de orquiectomia eletiva,e cerca de 2 horas após o procedimento o animal apresentou sintomas de síndrome cólica com evolução aguda,mucosas congestas, sudorese, secreção sero-sanguinolenta na região da incisão cirúrgica e através da palpação escrotal constatou-se a presença de intestino delgado com reflexo doloroso à palpação. O animal foi imediatamente encaminhado para a cirurgia, onde foi realizada a redução da alça intestinal encarcerada, enterectomia de aproximadamente 1,8 metros da porção do jejuno e herniorrafia completa do anel inguinal. A recuperação pós-operatória foi satisfatória, sendo que o animal retornou à atividade atlética e recuperou o seu peso corporal inicial.(AU)
The bowel incarceration in the inguinal ring after an orchiectomy is an unusual complication in thecase series, characterized by the displacement of the end portion of the jejunum or ileum through the inguinalcanal, is more frequently observed in stallions after natural mating or congenitally in foals. In the irresolvable hernias, surgical treatment is urgrently required and still the prognosis is poor due to estrangulation of the intestinal wall. One male pure blood horse, 10 years old and Lusitano breed was taken to the Methodist University of SãoPaulo's Veterinary Hospital, for elective orchiectomy - about 2 hours after the procedure the animal presented symptoms of acute colic syndrome with acute, congested mucous, sweating, sero-bloody discharge at the incisionarea and through scrotal palpation was possible to observe the presence of small bowel in the scrotum with painful reflex on touch. The animal was immediately taken to surgery, in which a reduction of the incarceratedbowel loop took place - enterectomy of approximately 1.8 meters from the jejunum part and complete herniarepair of the inguinal ring were performed. Postoperative recovery was satisfactory, since the animal returned toits athletic activity and regained its initial body weight.(AU)
El encarcelamiento de los intestinos en el anillo inguinal después de una orquiectomía es una complicación inusual que se caracteriza por el des plazamiento de Ia parte final dei yeyuno o el íleon a través del canal inguinal. Este se observa con mayor frecuencia en los sementales después dei apareamiento natural ocongenitamente en los potros. La hernia irreductible se trata quirúrgicamente y de emergencia y debido a lesionesestrangulantes en Ia pared intestinal el pronóstico es reservado. Un caballo macho de 10 anos de raza Lusitanofue remitido ai hospital veterinário de Ia Universidad Metodista de São Paulo para una orquiectomía electiva,alrededor de 2 horas después dei procedimiento el animal mostró síntomas de síndrome cólico agudo, mucosa congestionada, sudoración, secreción sero-sanguinolenta en el área de Ia incisión y mediante Ia palpación del escroto se pudo observar Ia presencia de intestino delgado en el mismo. AI animal se le practico una enterectomia de emergencia, seccionando aproximadamente 1,8 metros dei yeyuno y cerrando el anillo inguinal. La recuperación posto peratoria fue satisfactoria y el animal regresó a Ia actividad deportiva recuperando su peso corporal inicial.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Intestino Delgado/fisiopatologia , Hérnia Inguinal/fisiopatologia , Hérnia Inguinal/veterinária , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Hérnia Inguinal/terapia , Cavalos/fisiologia , Cavalos/cirurgia , Cólica/fisiopatologia , Cólica/veterinária , Sudorese , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/veterináriaRESUMO
O encarceramento de alças intestinais em anel inguinal após uma orquiectomia não é uma complicação usual na casuística hospitalar, caracterizado pelo deslocamento da porção final do jejuno ou do íleo através do canal inguinal, é observado com maior frequência em garanhões após monta natural ou congenitamente em potros. Nas hérnias irredutíveis, a terapêutica é cirúrgica e emergencial e o prognóstico reservado devido às lesões estrangulantes nas alças intestinais. Um equino, macho, 10 anos da raça Puro Sangue Lusitano foi encaminhado ao hospital veterinário da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo para realização de orquiectomia eletiva,e cerca de 2 horas após o procedimento o animal apresentou sintomas de síndrome cólica com evolução aguda,mucosas congestas, sudorese, secreção sero-sanguinolenta na região da incisão cirúrgica e através da palpação escrotal constatou-se a presença de intestino delgado com reflexo doloroso à palpação. O animal foi imediatamente encaminhado para a cirurgia, onde foi realizada a redução da alça intestinal encarcerada, enterectomia de aproximadamente 1,8 metros da porção do jejuno e herniorrafia completa do anel inguinal. A recuperação pós-operatória foi satisfatória, sendo que o animal retornou à atividade atlética e recuperou o seu peso corporal inicial.
The bowel incarceration in the inguinal ring after an orchiectomy is an unusual complication in thecase series, characterized by the displacement of the end portion of the jejunum or ileum through the inguinalcanal, is more frequently observed in stallions after natural mating or congenitally in foals. In the irresolvable hernias, surgical treatment is urgrently required and still the prognosis is poor due to estrangulation of the intestinal wall. One male pure blood horse, 10 years old and Lusitano breed was taken to the Methodist University of SãoPaulo's Veterinary Hospital, for elective orchiectomy - about 2 hours after the procedure the animal presented symptoms of acute colic syndrome with acute, congested mucous, sweating, sero-bloody discharge at the incisionarea and through scrotal palpation was possible to observe the presence of small bowel in the scrotum with painful reflex on touch. The animal was immediately taken to surgery, in which a reduction of the incarceratedbowel loop took place - enterectomy of approximately 1.8 meters from the jejunum part and complete herniarepair of the inguinal ring were performed. Postoperative recovery was satisfactory, since the animal returned toits athletic activity and regained its initial body weight.
El encarcelamiento de los intestinos en el anillo inguinal después de una orquiectomía es una complicación inusual que se caracteriza por el des plazamiento de Ia parte final dei yeyuno o el íleon a través del canal inguinal. Este se observa con mayor frecuencia en los sementales después dei apareamiento natural ocongenitamente en los potros. La hernia irreductible se trata quirúrgicamente y de emergencia y debido a lesionesestrangulantes en Ia pared intestinal el pronóstico es reservado. Un caballo macho de 10 anos de raza Lusitanofue remitido ai hospital veterinário de Ia Universidad Metodista de São Paulo para una orquiectomía electiva,alrededor de 2 horas después dei procedimiento el animal mostró síntomas de síndrome cólico agudo, mucosa congestionada, sudoración, secreción sero-sanguinolenta en el área de Ia incisión y mediante Ia palpación del escroto se pudo observar Ia presencia de intestino delgado en el mismo. AI animal se le practico una enterectomia de emergencia, seccionando aproximadamente 1,8 metros dei yeyuno y cerrando el anillo inguinal. La recuperación posto peratoria fue satisfactoria y el animal regresó a Ia actividad deportiva recuperando su peso corporal inicial.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Cavalos/cirurgia , Cavalos/fisiologia , Hérnia Inguinal/fisiopatologia , Hérnia Inguinal/terapia , Hérnia Inguinal/veterinária , Intestino Delgado/fisiopatologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Cólica/fisiopatologia , Cólica/veterinária , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/veterinária , SudoreseRESUMO
To study whether treatment with heparin (HEP) attenuates intestinal dysfunction caused by ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R), rats were treated with HEP (100 U/kg intravenously) or saline solution (SS) before I (60 min), which was produced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, and R (120 min). After I or I/R, we mounted 2-cm jejunal segment in an organ bath to study neurogenic contractions stimulated by electrical pulses or KCl, using a digital recording system. Thin jejunal slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for optical microscopy. Compared with the sham group, jejunal contractions were similar in the I + HEP and the I/R + HEP groups, but reduced in the I + SS and the I/R + SS groups. The jejunal enteric nerves were damaged in the I + SS and the I/R + SS, but not in the I + HEP and the I/R + HEP cohorts. These results suggested that HEP attenuated intestinal dysfunction caused by I and I/R.
Assuntos
Fármacos Gastrointestinais/farmacologia , Heparina/farmacologia , Jejuno/irrigação sanguínea , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Animais , Citoproteção , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estimulação Elétrica , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/fisiopatologia , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/inervação , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
To study whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) attenuated intestinal dysfunction caused by ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R), rats were underwent 60 minutes of I which was produced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, and/or 120 minutes R. The IPC group had the I procedure previously stimulated for 5 minutes and the R for 10 minutes. IPC and sham groups were injected with saline solution (SS) via the femoral vein 5 minutes before the I and R, and for R. After I or I/R, 2-cm jejunal segments were mounted in an organ bath to study neurogenic contractions stimulated by electrical pulses or KCl using a digital recording system. Thin jejunal slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for optical microscopy. Compared with the sham group, jejunal contractions were similar in the IPC + I and the IPC + I/R groups, but reduced in the I + SS and the I/R + SS groups. The jejunal enteric nerves were damaged in the I + SS and the I/R + SS groups, but not in the IPC groups. These results suggested that ischemic preconditioning attenuated intestinal dysfunction caused by I and I/R.
Assuntos
Precondicionamento Isquêmico , Jejuno/irrigação sanguínea , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estimulação Elétrica , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/fisiopatologia , Motilidade Gastrointestinal , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/inervação , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
To examine whether treatment with L-arginine (ARG), a substrate of nitric oxide biosynthesis, attenuated intestinal dysfunction caused by ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R), we treated rats with ARG (100 mg/kg intravenously) or saline solution (SS) before 60 minutes of I produced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery and/or during 120 minutes of R. After I or I/R, we isolated 2-cm jejunal segments for mounting in an organ bath to study neurogenic contractions stimulated by electrical pulses or KCl with the use of a digital recording system. Thin jejunal slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for optical microscopy. Jejunal contractions were similar in the sham and I+ARG, but reduced in I+SS, I/R+SS, and I/R+ARG groups. Jejunal enteric nerves were damaged in I+SS, IR+SS, and IR+ARG, but not in the I+ARG group, suggesting that ARG attenuate intestinal dysfunctions due to I but not to R.
Assuntos
Arginina/farmacologia , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/farmacologia , Jejuno/irrigação sanguínea , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Citoproteção , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estimulação Elétrica , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/fisiopatologia , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/inervação , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
To study whether treatment with adenosine (ADO), an agonist of adenosine receptors, attenuates intestinal dysfunction caused by ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R), we treated rats with ADO (15 mg/kg or saline solution (SS) intravenously before 60 minutes occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (I) and/or 120 minutes after its release (R). After I or I/R, isolated jejunal segments (2 cm) were mounted in an organ bath to study nerve-mediated contractions stimulated by electrical pulses or KCI with the use of a digital recording system. Thin jejunal slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for optical microscopy. Compared with the sham group, jejunal contractions were reduced in I+SS and IR+SS but similar after treatment with ADO (I+ADO and IR+ADO groups). We concluded that rat jejunal enteric nerves were damaged in I+SS and IR+SS but not in the I+ADO and IR+ADO groups. These results suggested that ADO attenuated intestinal dysfunction due to I and R.
Assuntos
Adenosina/farmacologia , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/farmacologia , Jejuno/irrigação sanguínea , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Animais , Citoproteção , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estimulação Elétrica , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/fisiopatologia , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/inervação , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
To study whether treatment with the beta-blocker atenolol (AT) attenuates intestinal dysfunction caused by ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R), rats were treated with AT (1.5 mg · kg(-1), intravenously) or saline solution (SS) prior to I (60 minutes), which was produced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, and/or R (120 minutes). After I or I/R, 2-cm jejunal segments were mounted in an organ bath to study neurogenic contractions stimulated by electrical pulses or KCl using a digital recording system. Thin jejunal slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for optical microscopy analysis. Compared to the sham group, jejunal contractions were similar in the I + AT and the I/R + AT groups, but reduced in the I + SS and the I/R + SS groups. The jejunal enteric nerves were damaged in the I + SS and the I/R + SS groups, but not in the I + AT and the I/R + AT. These results suggest that AT may attenuate intestinal dysfunction caused by I and I/R.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/farmacologia , Atenolol/farmacologia , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/farmacologia , Jejuno/irrigação sanguínea , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Animais , Citoproteção , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estimulação Elétrica , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/fisiopatologia , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/inervação , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The most important and frequent major complication after gastric bypass is the appearance of a leak, which can result in death of a patient. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the incidence of a postoperative leak, to propose a classification and to evaluate the results of conservative or surgical treatment. All patients submitted to gastric bypass either laparotomic or laparoscopic were included in a prospective protocol. In all radiological evaluation at 4(th) day after surgery was performed. The presence of a leak was evaluated according to the day of appearance, its location and its severity. Results of medical or surgical treatment were analyzed. From 1764 patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 60 had a postoperative leak (3.4%). This leak appeared early after surgery (before 4 days) in 20%. It was a localized subclinical leak in 20% and clinical - septic in 80%. There were 7 possible anatomic location of a leak, being the gastrojejunal anastomosis the most frequent location (53%) followed by gastric pouch. The highest mortality was associated to the jejuno-jejunal anastomosis. Conservative treatment was employed in near 65% of the patients: The mean time of closure of a leak was 34 days. The appearance of a postoperative leak is a major and serious complication. It can be classified according to the day of appearance, its severity and its location. Conservative or surgical treatment can be employed properly if these 3 parameters are carefully evaluated.
Assuntos
Anastomose em-Y de Roux/métodos , Fístula Anastomótica/cirurgia , Derivação Gástrica/efeitos adversos , Jejuno/cirurgia , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/cirurgia , Adulto , Fístula Anastomótica/diagnóstico por imagem , Fístula Anastomótica/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Jejuno/diagnóstico por imagem , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Azul de Metileno , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Mórbida/complicações , Obesidade Mórbida/diagnóstico por imagem , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Radiografia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the duration of apoptosis caused by ischemia-reperfusion in the intestine in a new double jejunum-segment model, and to analyze the protective effects of allopurinol or ischemic preconditioning (IPC). METHODS: In Experiment I for harvesting the double jejunum-segment model after laparotomy a 30-cm-long jejunum part was selected on mongrel dogs (n=24). End-to-end anastomoses were performed at both ends and in the middle of the jejunum part, creating two equal segments. In one segment ischemia was induced by occluding the supplying vessels, the other segment served as control. Tissue samples for detecting apoptosis were taken at 30th minutes, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 12th and 24th hours of reperfusion. In Experiment II using the same model the 4-hour reperfusion time period, allopurinol (50 mg/kg) pre-treated and IPC (3 cycles of 5x1) groups (n=5 per each) were also investigated. RESULTS: In Experiment I the greatest apoptotic activity was detected at the 4th and 6th hour of reperfusion (14.2 ± 1.31 and 16.3 ± 1.05 per visual field at 40x magnification). In Experiment II Using the 4-hour reperfusion time period allopurinol pre-treatment increased the apoptotic activity (10.72 ± 0.47 per 50 intestinal villi) approximately two-fold than the IPC (6.72 ± 0.46 per 50 intestinal villi) did (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Apoptotic activity has a characteristic time curve, reaching the highest values between the 4th and 6th hours after 30-minute intestinal ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning seemed to be protective against the morphological changes caused by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.
Assuntos
Alopurinol/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Precondicionamento Isquêmico/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Jejuno/tratamento farmacológico , Jejuno/irrigação sanguínea , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Anastomose Cirúrgica/métodos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Doenças do Jejuno/etiologia , Doenças do Jejuno/patologia , Doenças do Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Jejuno/cirurgia , Masculino , Ratos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Estudar a taxa de proliferação celular no jejuno e nas células epiteliais das criptas do intestino grosso em ratos pinealectomizados imediatamente após o nascimento. MÉTODOS: 24 ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos. Grupo agudo (n=12) e Grupo Crônico (n=12). Seis animais de cada grupo foram operados para remover-se a glândula pineal (Pinealectomia-PnX), e outros seis animais foram controle (sham pinealectomia-C). Os animais de ambos os grupos foram sacrificados 15 e 90 dias após a cirurgia, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: No grupo agudo, a pinealectomia dos ratos não causou alterações significativas na proliferação celular (PnX=58,77±1,77 e C=60,88±1,10 no cólon descendente / PnX=31,56±0,45 e C=31,73±0,47 no jejuno proximal) e na população celular de criptas (PnX=24,92±4,82 e C=23,60±2,48 no cólon descendente / PnX=39,92±3,49 e C=44,32±5,56 no jejuno proximal). Contudo, no grupo crônico houve aumento na proliferação celular das criptas no jejuno proximal (PnX=57,54±2,19 e C=47,19±7,3), e no cólon descendente (PnX=37,78±2,22 e C=17,92±2,28). CONCLUSAO: Como o aumento epitelial celular das criptas intestinais no grupo crônico pode ser avaliado como fator predeterminante da carcinogênese, faz-se necessário o conhecimento da interação entre esta glândula e este evento.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Proliferação de Células , Colo/fisiopatologia , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Glândula Pineal/cirurgia , Doença Aguda , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença Crônica , Colo/citologia , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Jejuno/citologia , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Índice Mitótico , Melatonina/biossíntese , Melatonina/sangue , Glândula Pineal/fisiologia , Ratos Wistar , Vincristina/farmacologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Study the proliferation rate of jejunum and large intestine crypt epithelial cells, in rats pinealectomized immediately after borning. METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups: Acute group (n=12) and Chronic group (n=12). Six animals of each group were operated for removal of the pineal gland (pinealectomy-PnX), and other six were controls (sham pinealectomy-C). Animals from acute and chronic group were sacrificed 15 and 90 days after the surgery, respectively. RESULTS: In acute group, pinealectomy of new-born rats has not caused significant alteration in cell proliferation (PnX=58,77+ or -1,77 and C=60,88+ or -1,10 in the descending colon/ PnX=31,56+ or -0,45 and C=31,73+ or -0,47 in the proximal jejunum) and in crypt cell population (PnX=24,92+ or -4,82 and C=23,60+ or -2,48 in the descending colon/ PnX=39,92+ or -3,49 and C=44,32+ or -5,56 in the proximal jejunum). However, in chronic group there was an uprising crypt cell production per crypt in the proximal jejunum (PnX=57,54+ or -2,19 and C=47,19+ or -7,3)and in the descending colon (PnX=37,78+ or -2,22 and C=17,92+ or -2,28). CONCLUSION: As the increase of intestinal crypts epithelial cells in chronic group is a carcinogenesis predetermining factor, the understanding of the interaction between pineal gland and this event has great importance.(AU)
OBJETIVO: Estudar a taxa de proliferação celular no jejuno e nas células epiteliais das criptas do intestino grosso em ratos pinealectomizados imediatamente após o nascimento. MÉTODOS: 24 ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos. Grupo agudo (n=12) e Grupo Crônico (n=12). Seis animais de cada grupo foram operados para remover-se a glândula pineal (Pinealectomia-PnX), e outros seis animais foram controle (sham pinealectomia-C). Os animais de ambos os grupos foram sacrificados 15 e 90 dias após a cirurgia, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: No grupo agudo, a pinealectomia dos ratos não causou alterações significativas na proliferação celular (PnX=58,77+ ou -1,77 e C=60,88+ ou -1,10 no cólon descendente / PnX=31,56+ ou -0,45 e C=31,73+ ou -0,47 no jejuno proximal) e na população celular de criptas (PnX=24,92+ ou -4,82 e C=23,60+ ou -2,48 no cólon descendente / PnX=39,92+ ou -3,49 e C=44,32+ ou -5,56 no jejuno proximal). Contudo, no grupo crônico houve aumento na proliferação celular das criptas no jejuno proximal (PnX=57,54+ ou -2,19 e C=47,19+ ou -7,3), e no cólon descendente (PnX=37,78+ ou -2,22 e C=17,92+ ou -2,28). CONCLUSÃO: Como o aumento epitelial celular das criptas intestinais no grupo crônico pode ser avaliado como fator predeterminante da carcinogênese, faz-se necessário o conhecimento da interação entre esta glândula e este evento.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Proliferação de Células , Glândula Pineal/cirurgia , Jejuno/citologia , Jejuno , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Colo/citologia , Colo , Colo/fisiopatologia , Ratos Wistar , Índice Mitótico/veterinária , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos do uso combinado da glutamina (GL) e do hormônio do crescimento (GH) no intestino de ratos submetidos a ressecção de 80% do intestino delgado. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar foram randomizados para receber uma a dieta padrão- grupo controle (GC, n=12) ou a mesma dieta adicionada de glutamina 4% (isocalórica, isoproteica) - grupo glutamina- hormônio do crescimento (GL-GH, n=12) após a enterectomia à 80%. Este último grupo recebeu por via sub-cutânea, 0,6 UI/dia de GH. Grupos de seis ratos cada foram sacrificados no 5º e 14º dias. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: peso corporal, peso de mucosa, histomorfometria e conteúdo de DNA no segmento ressecado inicialmente e no intestino adaptado coletado após o sacrifício. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais perderam peso até o 5º dia, estabilizando-se após esta data em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença estatística no peso da mucosa associada a grupos ou datas. O peso da mucosa do íleo diminuiu dos dados iniciais para os finais, quando comparados a mucosa jejunal (p<0.02). O conteúdo de DNA aumentou dos dados iniciais para os finais (p=0.001) em ambos os grupos, porém, o aumento foi maior nos animais do grupo GL-GH (CG = 0.53 [95% CI, 0.44-0.62] g/cm-1 vs. GL-GH= 0.85 [95%CI, 0.76-0.94] g/cm-1; p<0.01), especialmente no 14º dia. O conteúdo de DNA no íleo foi significativamente maior que no jejuno (p=0.01). Houve um aumento significativo na espessura da parede e na profundidade da cripta, no grupo controle (p<0.01). CONCLUSÃO: A adaptação intestinal após ressecção extensa é melhorada com o uso combinado de glutamina e GH.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Adaptação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutamina/farmacologia , Hormônio do Crescimento/farmacologia , Intestino Delgado/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestino Delgado/cirurgia , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/fisiopatologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/cirurgia , Intestino Delgado/fisiologia , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Wistar , Síndrome do Intestino Curto/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the combined use of glutamine (GL) and growth hormone (GH) in the intestine of rats submitted to 80% small bowel resection. METHODS: [24] Twenty four Wistar rats were randomized to receive either a standard rat chow--control group (CG, n = 12) or the same diet added to 4% glutamine--GL-GH group (n = 12) after 80% enterectomy. The latter group received subcutaneously 0.6 UI/day of GH. Groups of six rats in each group were killed on the 5th and 14th days. The following variables were studied: body weight, mucosal weight, histomorphometry and DNA content in the resected specimen and in the adapted intestines after necropsy. RESULTS: All animals lost weight stabilizing after the 5th PO day in both groups. There was not any statistical difference in the mucosal weight associated to groups and dates. However, ileal mucosal weight decreased from basal to final results when compared to jejunal mucosa (p = 0.02). The DNA content increased from the initial to the final results (p < 0.001) in both groups, though, this increase was greater in GL-GH animals (CG = 0.53 [95% CI, 0.44-0.62] g/cm(-1) vs. GL-GH = 0.85 [95%CI, 0.76-0.94] g/cm(-1); p < 0.01), especially at the 14th day. Ileal DNA content was significantly greater than jejunal (p = 0.01). There was a significant increase in the intestinal wall width and crypt depth in the control group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Gut adaptation after massive resection is improved with the combined use of glutamine and GH.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutamina/farmacologia , Hormônio do Crescimento/farmacologia , Intestino Delgado/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestino Delgado/cirurgia , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/fisiopatologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/cirurgia , Intestino Delgado/fisiologia , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Síndrome do Intestino Curto/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The jejunal inflammation induced in rats by the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is followed by intestinal neuroimmune alterations including mast cell hyperplasia and nerve remodelling. On the other hand, cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of intestinal motility. The aim of this study was to determine whether the intestinal motor response to CCK is altered 30 days after infection by N. brasiliensis. Thus, CCK-8 (50 microg kg(-1) intraperitoneally) disrupted the pattern of jejunal migrating myoelectric complexes for a longer time in postinfected rats (95.5 +/- 3.5 min) than in controls (48.1 +/- 5.1 min). This enhanced jejunal response was also found after oral administration of the potent releaser of endogenous CCK, soybean trypsin inhibitor. In contrast, no alteration of the inhibition of colonic motility by CCK administration was observed. The increased responsiveness of jejunal motility to CCK persisted after mast cell stabilisation or depletion but was prevented by atropine, devazepide and L-365260 (CCK-A and CCK-B receptor antagonists, respectively) and vagotomy. These results indicate that neuroimmune alterations after N. brasiliensis infection lead to an increased intestinal motility response to CCK that involves a cholinergic mediation, a vagal pathway and alterations in intestinal CCK-A and CCK-B receptors.
Assuntos
Jejuno/parasitologia , Nippostrongylus , Receptores da Colecistocinina/metabolismo , Sincalida/farmacologia , Infecções por Strongylida/fisiopatologia , Nervo Vago/metabolismo , Animais , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Jejuno/inervação , Jejuno/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Mastócitos/parasitologia , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores da Colecistocinina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Inibidores da Tripsina , Nervo Vago/parasitologia , alfa-Amilases/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevention of adhesions interferes with the healing of jejunal anastomosis. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five rats allocated into five groups. INTERVENTIONS: Group 1- intraperitoneal injection of 12ml-1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC). Groups 2-5- jejunal anastomosis. Groups 3 and 5- intraperitoneal SCMC-12 ml. The animals of the groups 2 and 4- only anastomosis. The rats of the groups 2 and 3- reopened on the 5th and those of groups 4 and 5 on the 21st postoperative days. Abdominal adhesions were graded and burst pressure of the anastomosis measured. Histological studies of anastomotic healing were performed. RESULTS: Group 1 did not present any abnormality. Groups reopened on the 5th day did not differ in the burst pressures of the anastomosis and adhesion grades. The burst pressures in the groups reopened on the 21st postoperative day also did not differ. Histological patterns were similar in both groups on the 5th day, but on the 21st day, the rats treated with SCMC showed a maturer intestinal healing. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention of adhesions not only did not interfere with jejunal anastomotic resistance, but also improved the intestinal healing in the rat.