RESUMO
The analysis of intrathecal IgG, IgA and IgM synthesis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and evaluation in combined quotient diagrams provides disease-related patterns. The compilation with complementary parameters (barrier function, i.e., CSF flow rate, cytology, lactate, antibodies) in a cumulative CSF data report allows a knowledge-based interpretation and provides analytical and medical plausibility for the quality assessment in CSF laboratories. The diagnostic relevance is described for neurological and psychiatric diseases, for which CSF analysis can't be replaced by other diagnostic methods without loss of information. Dominance of intrathecal IgM, IgA or three class immune responses give a systematic approach for Facial nerve palsy, Neurotrypanosomiasis, Opportunistic diseases, lymphoma, Neurotuberculosis, Adrenoleucodystrophy or tumor metastases. Particular applications consider the diagnostic power of the polyspecific antibody response (MRZ-antibodies) in multiple sclerosis, a CSF-related systematic view on differential diagnostic of psychiatric diseases and the dynamics of brain- derived compared to blood-derived molecules in CSF for localization of paracytes.
Assuntos
Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/diagnóstico , Doença Crônica , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtornos Mentais/sangue , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/sangueRESUMO
ABSTRACT The analysis of intrathecal IgG, IgA and IgM synthesis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and evaluation in combined quotient diagrams provides disease-related patterns. The compilation with complementary parameters (barrier function, i.e., CSF flow rate, cytology, lactate, antibodies) in a cumulative CSF data report allows a knowledge-based interpretation and provides analytical and medical plausibility for the quality assessment in CSF laboratories. The diagnostic relevance is described for neurological and psychiatric diseases, for which CSF analysis can’t be replaced by other diagnostic methods without loss of information. Dominance of intrathecal IgM, IgA or three class immune responses give a systematic approach for Facial nerve palsy, Neurotrypanosomiasis, Opportunistic diseases, lymphoma, Neurotuberculosis, Adrenoleucodystrophy or tumor metastases. Particular applications consider the diagnostic power of the polyspecific antibody response (MRZ-antibodies) in multiple sclerosis, a CSF-related systematic view on differential diagnostic of psychiatric diseases and the dynamics of brain- derived compared to blood-derived molecules in CSF for localization of paracytes.
RESUMO A análise da síntese intratecal de IgG, IgA e IgM no liquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) e a avaliação destas em diagramas com quocientes sugere padrões de diversas doenças. Estes dados, juntamente com outros parâmetros como a função de barreira, o fluxo liquórico, a citologia, o lactato e a pesquisa de anticorpos, integrados em uma ficha de paciente, permite uma interpretação baseada em conhecimento e permite também uma aferição da qualidade em laboratórios de LCR. A relevância diagnóstica é descrita para doenças neurológicas e psiquiátricas pois a análise do LCR não pode ser substituída por outros metódos diagnósticos sem perda de informação para o diagnóstico do paciente. O aumento da síntese intratecal de IgM, IgA ou das 3 classes de imunoglobulinas sugerem um diagnóstico sistemático de paralisia facial periférica, neurotripanosomiase, doenças oportunísticas, linfoma, neurotuberculose, adrenoleucodistrofia ou metástases de tumores cerebrais. A resposta poliespecífica de anticorpos contra sarampo, rubéola e varicela zoster (MRZ reação) é sugestiva de esclerose múltipla. Uma visão sistemática considera o diagnóstico diferencial de doenças psiquiátricas e doenças chrônicas. A dinâmica de moléculas derivadas do cérebro comparadas com aqueles derivadas do sangue é importante para a localização de parasitos em doenças parasitárias do sistema nervoso.
Assuntos
Humanos , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/diagnóstico , Doença Crônica , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtornos Mentais/sangue , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/sangueRESUMO
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects both domestic and wild biungulate species. This acute disease, caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), usually includes an active replication phase in the respiratory tract for up to 72 h postinfection, followed by hematogenous dissemination and vesicular lesions at oral and foot epithelia. The role of the early local adaptive immunity of the host in the outcome of the infection is not well understood. Here we report the kinetics of appearance of FMDV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in lymphoid organs along the respiratory tract and the spleen in cattle infected by aerosol exposure. While no responses were observed for up to 3 days postinfection (dpi), all animals developed FMDV-ASC in all the lymphoid organs studied at 4 dpi. Tracheobronchial lymph nodes were the most reactive organs at this time, and IgM was the predominant isotype, followed by IgG1. Numbers of FMDV-ASC were further augmented at 5 and 6 dpi, with an increasing prevalence in upper respiratory organs. Systemic antibody responses were slightly delayed compared with the local reaction. Also, IgM was the dominant isotype in serum at 5 dpi, coinciding with a sharp decrease of viral RNA detection in peripheral blood. These results indicate that following aerogenous administration, cattle develop a rapid and vigorous genuine local antibody response throughout the respiratory tract. Time course and isotype profiles indicate the presence of an efficient T cell-independent antibody response which drives the IgM-mediated virus clearance in cattle infected by FMDV aerosol exposure.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Sistema Respiratório/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Células Produtoras de Anticorpos/imunologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Linfonodos/imunologia , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , Baço/imunologia , Carga Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
In the present work, we studied the kinetics of the appearance of different immunological parameters in the lungs during the intestinal phase of infection with Trichinella spiralis. We also evaluated the lung's role in the retention and death of this helminth in its migratory stage. To study these parameters, we used lung extracts, lung cell suspensions and rat lung tissue sections. During the intestinal phase of infection (days 0-13 post-infection, p.i.), an inflammatory response is elicited in the lungs, which reflects humoral, cellular and functional changes. These changes included an increased number of mast cells and eosinophils and the local production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-13, CCL11 and CCL28. We found hyperplasia of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Total and specific IgA, IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a were detected locally. The retention of the migratory larvae in the lung, together with the ex vivo cytotoxic capacity of the lung cells and antibodies present in the lung extracts, suggested that the lung was one of the immune defense organs against the pathogen's migration stage.
Assuntos
Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Inflamação/imunologia , Larva/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Trichinella spiralis/imunologia , Triquinelose/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/imunologia , Eosinófilos/citologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Feminino , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Inflamação/parasitologia , Inflamação/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pulmão/patologia , Mastócitos/citologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Cultura Primária de Células , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Extratos de Tecidos , Trichinella spiralis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triquinelose/parasitologia , Triquinelose/patologiaRESUMO
Group A bovine rotavirus (BRV) is the major cause of neonatal calf diarrhea worldwide. As a preventive strategy, we evaluated the protection and immunomodulation in two groups of BRV-inoculated calves. All calves received control colostrum (CC; VN=65,536; IgG(1)=16,384) prior to gut closure followed by the milk supplemented with immune colostrum (VN=1,048,576; IgG(1)=262,144), twice a day, for 14 days. Calves received milk supplemented with 0.8% immune colostrum [(Gp 1) VN=16,384; IgG(1)=4096] or milk supplemented with 0.4% immune colostrum [(Gp 2) VN=1024; IgG(1)=1024]. Calves receiving CC or colostrum deprived calves (CD) fed antibody (Ab) free milk served as controls (Gp 3 and 4). Calves were inoculated with virulent BRV IND at 2 days of age. Group 1 calves (milk IgG(1) 4096) showed 80% protection against BRV diarrhea and significantly reduced virus shedding. At 21 post-inoculation days (PID), the antibody secreting cell (ASC) responses of Gp 1 calves were limited mainly to duodenal and jejunal lamina propria (LP) with limited or no responses in systemic sites (spleen and PBL) and mesenteric lymph nodes. The profile of serum and fecal Ab responses as well as the ASC responses was also modulated by the presence of passive IgG(1) Abs and probably other colostrum components, toward higher titers of IgA Ab in serum and feces and a greater number of IgA ASC in the proximal intestine, reflecting positive modulation by colostrum toward this isotype associated with optimal protection of the intestinal mucosa. After challenge, at PID 21, all calves in Gp 1 and 2 were fully protected against diarrhea and only 1 of 5 calves in Gp 1 shed virus asymptomatically, indicating that the passive Ab treatment for 14 days was effective in protecting most of the animals after a first and a second virus exposure. The final outcome was a positive modulation of the mucosal immune responses and a high protection rate against diarrhea and virus shedding during the period of peak susceptibility to BRV infection.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Colostro/imunologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Leite/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/veterinária , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/biossíntese , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Células Produtoras de Anticorpos/imunologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Diarreia/imunologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Imunidade Materno-Adquirida , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Tecido Linfoide/imunologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Rotavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Lagochilascaris minor is the etiological agent of lagochilascariosis, a disease that affects the neck region and causes exudative abscesses, with eggs, adult parasites and L3/L4 larvae in the purulent exudates. Mice are now considered to be intermediate hosts for the parasite. To determine the pattern of infection in B1 cell-deficient mice, experimental lagochilascariosis was studied in BALB/c and X-chromosome-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice. BALB.xid-infected mice showed lower numbers of larvae. Third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae and adult parasites were found in both strains. BALB/c mice produced IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE against the crude extract and secreted/excreted antigens of the parasite. On the other hand, BALB.xid mice did not produce IgM and produced lower levels of IgG and IgA, and similar quantities of IgE.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Infecções por Ascaridida/imunologia , Ascaridoidea/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Animais , Infecções por Ascaridida/parasitologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos mdx , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Lagochilascaris minor is the etiological agent of lagochilascariosis, a disease that affects the neck region and causes exudative abscesses, with eggs, adult parasites and L3/L4 larvae in the purulent exudates. Mice are now considered to be intermediate hosts for the parasite. To determine the pattern of infection in B1 cell-deficient mice, experimental lagochilascariosis was studied in BALB/c and X-chromosome-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice. BALB.xid-infected mice showed lower numbers of larvae. Third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae and adult parasites were found in both strains. BALB/c mice produced IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE against the crude extract and secreted/excreted antigens of the parasite. On the other hand, BALB.xid mice did not produce IgM and produced lower levels of IgG and IgA, and similar quantities of IgE.
Lagochilascaris minor é o agente etiológico da lagochilascariose, uma doença que afeta a região de pescoço provocando abscessos exudativos contendo ovos, parasitas adultos e larvas L3/L4 nos exudates purulentos. Atualmente, camundongos são considerados hospedeiros intermediários do parasita. Para determinar o padrão de infecção em camundongos deficientes de células B1, a lagochilascariose experimental foi estudada em camundongos BALB/c e em camundongos com imunodeficiência ligada ao cromossomo X (xid). Camundongos BALB.xid infectados mostraram menor número de larvas. Larvas L3, L4 e parasitas adultos foram encontrados em ambas as linhagens. Camundongos BALB/c produziram IgM, IgG, IgA e IgE contra o extrato bruto e antígenos secretados/excretados do parasita; por outro lado, camundongos BALB.xid não produziram IgM, produziram baixos níveis de IgG e IgA, e quantidades semelhantes de IgE.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Infecções por Ascaridida/imunologia , Ascaridoidea/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Infecções por Ascaridida/parasitologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos mdx , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The intercellular adhesion molecule is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) from normal control children as well as from children with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), with Coxsackie A9 virus meningoencephalitis and with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningoencephalitis were studied. sICAM-1 was quantified using an immunoenzimatic assay and albumin using the immunodiffusion technique in both biological fluids. Increased sICAM-1 values in CSF in patients with GBS correspond to an increase of the albumin CSF/serum quotient. In contrast, in inflammatory diseases like S. pneumoniae and Coxsackie A9 virus meningoencephalitis an increased brain-derived fraction was observed. In particular cases these values are 60-65% and 70-75% respectively. The results indicate an additional synthesis of sICAM-1 in subarachnoidal space during central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory process. An important role of sICAM-1 in the transmigration of different cell types into CSF during CNS inflammation in children with S. pneumoniae and Coxsackie A9 meningoencephalitis may be suggested.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coxsackievirus/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Enterovirus Humano B , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Meningoencefalite/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções Pneumocócicas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Barreira Hematoencefálica/fisiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/imunologia , Humanos , Imunodifusão , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/biossíntese , Masculino , Meningoencefalite/imunologia , Meningoencefalite/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Albumina Sérica/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
A detailed investigation has been carried out about the serological profiles of groups of dogs experimentally infected with metacyclic (MT) or blood (BT) trypomastigotes of Berenice-78 Trypanosoma cruzi strain. Peripheral blood was collected from infected dogs and uninfected controls, weekly during 35 days following the acute phase of infection, and immunoglobulin profiles were determined by ELISA. Dogs infected with BT exhibited unaltered levels of IgG2, increases in IgM, IgE, IgA, IgG and IgG1. In contrast, dogs infected with MT presented unaltered levels of IgE and IgG1 and an increase in IgM, IgA, IgG and IgG2 levels. Compared with the MT group, animals infected with BT showed significant increases in IgM on days 7, 14 and 28, in IgA on days 7, 14 and 21, in IgE on days 7 and 14, in IgG on days 14 and 28, and in IgG1 on days 7, 14 and 21. Parasitemia levels of the infected animals were measured over the same time period. No correlations were found between the immunoglobulin profiles and the parasitemia levels. The results demonstrated that the inoculum source (BT or MT) influence the immunoglobulin isotype profile that may drive distinct outcome of acute canine Chagas disease.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/imunologia , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Trypanosoma cruzi/imunologia , Doença Aguda , Animais , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Cães , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Imunoglobulina A/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina E/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Cinética , Estudos Longitudinais , Camundongos , Parasitemia/imunologia , Parasitemia/parasitologiaRESUMO
The intercellular adhesion molecule is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) from normal control children as well as from children with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), with Coxsackie A9 virus meningoencephalitis and with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningoencephalitis were studied. sICAM-1 was quantified using an immunoenzimatic assay and albumin using the immunodiffusion technique in both biological fluids. Increased sICAM-1 values in CSF in patients with GBS correspond to an increase of the albumin CSF/serum quotient. In contrast, in inflammatory diseases like S. pneumoniae and Coxsackie A9 virus meningoencephalitis an increased brain-derived fraction was observed. In particular cases these values are 60-65 percent and 70-75 percent respectively. The results indicate an additional synthesis of sICAM-1 in subarachnoidal space during central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory process. An important role of sICAM-1 in the transmigration of different cell types into CSF during CNS inflammation in children with S. pneumoniae and Coxsackie A9 meningoencephalitis may be suggested.
La molécula de adhesión intercelular es una glicoproteína que pertenece a la superfamilia de las inmunoglobulinas. Se estudiaron los niveles de molécula de adhesión intercelular tipo 1 soluble (sICAM-1) en suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) de niños con meningoencefalitis por Streptococcus pneumoniae y por Coxsackie A9 al igual que en niños con sindrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB). sICAM-1 fue cuantificado por ensayo inmunoenzimático y la albúmina por inmunodifusión en ambos líquidos biológicos. Los valores incrementados de sICAM-1 en LCR en los pacientes con GBS corresponden a valores aumentados de razón LCR/suero de albúmina. En contraste, en las enfermedades inflamatorias como las meningoencefalitis por S. pneumoniae y por Coxsackie A9 se observa un incremento en la fracción derivada del cerebro. En casos particulares los valores se incrementan hasta un 60-65 por ciento y 70-75 por ciento respectivamente. Los resultados indican una síntesis adicional de sICAM-1 en el espacio subaracnoideo durante el proceso inflamatorio del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Esto puede sugerir un importante papel del sICAM-1 en la transmigración de diferentes tipos celulares en el LCR durante la inflamación del SNC en niños con meningoencefalitis por S pneumoniae y coxsackie A9.
Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Enterovirus Humano B , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Meningoencefalite/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções Pneumocócicas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Barreira Hematoencefálica/fisiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/imunologia , Imunodifusão , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/biossíntese , Meningoencefalite/imunologia , Meningoencefalite/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Albumina Sérica/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
Most contacts with food protein and microbiota antigens occur at the level of the gut mucosa. In animal models where this natural stimulation is absent, such as germ-free and antigen-free mice, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and systemic immunological activities are underdeveloped. We have shown that food proteins play a critical role in the full development of the immune system. C57BL/6 mice weaned to a diet in which intact proteins are replaced by equivalent amounts of amino acids (Aa diet) have a poorly developed GALT as well as low levels of serum immunoglobulins (total Ig, IgG, and IgA, but not IgM). In the present study, we evaluated whether the introduction of a protein-containing diet in 10 adult Aa-fed C57BL/6 mice could restore their immunoglobulin levels and whether this recovery was dependent on the amount of dietary protein. After the introduction of a casein-containing diet, Aa-fed mice presented a fast recovery (after 7 days) of secretory IgA (from 0.33 to 0.75 mg/mL, while in casein-fed mice this value was 0.81 mg/mL) and serum immunoglobulin levels (from 5.39 to 10.25 mg/mL of total Ig). Five percent dietary casein was enough to promote the restoration of secretory IgA and serum immunoglobulin levels to a normal range after 30 days feeding casein diet (as in casein-fed mice--15% by weight of diet). These data suggest that the defect detected in the immunoglobulin levels was a reversible result of the absence of food proteins as an antigenic stimulus. They also indicate that the deleterious consequences of malnutrition at an early age for some immune functions may be restored by therapeutic intervention later in life.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares/imunologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Animais , Caseínas/administração & dosagem , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Most contacts with food protein and microbiota antigens occur at the level of the gut mucosa. In animal models where this natural stimulation is absent, such as germ-free and antigen-free mice, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and systemic immunological activities are underdeveloped. We have shown that food proteins play a critical role in the full development of the immune system. C57BL/6 mice weaned to a diet in which intact proteins are replaced by equivalent amounts of amino acids (Aa diet) have a poorly developed GALT as well as low levels of serum immunoglobulins (total Ig, IgG, and IgA, but not IgM). In the present study, we evaluated whether the introduction of a protein-containing diet in 10 adult Aa-fed C57BL/6 mice could restore their immunoglobulin levels and whether this recovery was dependent on the amount of dietary protein. After the introduction of a casein-containing diet, Aa-fed mice presented a fast recovery (after 7 days) of secretory IgA (from 0.33 to 0.75 mg/mL, while in casein-fed mice this value was 0.81 mg/mL) and serum immunoglobulin levels (from 5.39 to 10.25 mg/mL of total Ig). Five percent dietary casein was enough to promote the restoration of secretory IgA and serum immunoglobulin levels to a normal range after 30 days feeding casein diet (as in casein-fed mice - 15 percent by weight of diet). These data suggest that the defect detected in the immunoglobulin levels was a reversible result of the absence of food proteins as an antigenic stimulus. They also indicate that the deleterious consequences of malnutrition at an early age for some immune functions may be restored by therapeutic intervention later in life.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Proteínas Alimentares/imunologia , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Caseínas/administração & dosagem , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The Harderian gland of chickens contains numerous plasma cells and is considered as a peripheral lymphoid organ. Data about this gland in other avian species are scarce or inexistent. Considering that ducks show some unique characteristics regarding the immune system, which are important in evolutionary context, and that unusual location of plasma cells into the epithelium was recently described in primitive avian species, here we investigated the occurrence and characterized intraepithelial plasma cells in the Harderian gland of ducks, according to the immunoglobulin produced. Numerous intraepithelial plasma cells were found confined to the Harderian gland ducts. Plasma cells were also found in the ducts lamina propria. IgM-positive cells were the most abundant into the epithelium. In contrast, IgY- or IgA-positive cells were predominant in the lamina propria. The constancy of intraepithelial plasma cells in all specimens examined indicates that they may be essential mediator for an effective immunesurvaillance of the ocular mucosa.
Assuntos
Patos/imunologia , Glândula de Harder/imunologia , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Plasmócitos/imunologia , Animais , Western Blotting/veterinária , Glândula de Harder/citologia , Glândula de Harder/ultraestrutura , Imunoglobulina A/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Microscopia Eletrônica/veterinária , Plasmócitos/citologia , Plasmócitos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Surface proteins of schistosomes are exposed to host tissues and thus present as potential candidate molecules for the development of new intervention strategies. Herein, we have identified a new tegumental protein of Schistosoma mansoni, termed Sm29. In silico analysis revealed a signal peptide, three glycosylation sites and a transmembrane region on Sm29 amino acid sequence. Sm29 transcription in mammalian developmental stages cDNA libraries of S. mansoni was verified by PCR using specific primers for Sm29 nucleotide sequence and it revealed the presence of transcripts in schistosomula and adult worm stages of the parasite. Sm29 (40-169) fragment was produced in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography to be used in the immunological assays. Confocal microscopy confirmed bioinformatic studies, revealing that Sm29 is a membrane-bound protein localized on the tegument of S. mansoni adult worm. ELISA was performed using rSm29 protein to investigate the antibody isotype profile to Sm29 in sera of patients living in endemic areas for schistosomiasis. IgG1 and IgG3 subclass antibodies to rSm29 were predominant in sera of individuals naturally resistant to infection and resistant to re-infection whereas low levels of IgM, IgA or IgE were measured. Since, IgG1 and IgG3 are involved in parasite killing and in protective immunity the findings reported here suggest the use of Sm29 as a potential candidate vaccine against schistosomiasis.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/biossíntese , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Proteínas de Helminto/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Schistosoma mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Biologia Computacional , DNA Complementar/genética , Doenças Endêmicas , Feminino , Biblioteca Gênica , Genômica , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microscopia Confocal , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Esquistossomose mansoni/epidemiologia , Vacinas/imunologiaRESUMO
The immunoprotective and immunomodulatory role of neutrophils during pulmonary infection of resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was investigated. First, comparative studies about early cellular influx to the lungs demonstrated higher numbers of neutrophils in susceptible rather than in resistant mice. Neutrophil depletion resulted in decreased survival times of susceptible but not resistant mice. In both mouse strains, depletion led to increased fungal burdens at Week 1 of infection; however, only susceptible mice remained with increased pulmonary fungal loads and presented a dramatic fungal dissemination to liver and spleen. At Week 1 of infection, treated and untreated B10.A and A/J mice were negative for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, which remained negative for the susceptible strain. In contrast, from the second week onward, control and neutrophil-depleted, resistant mice became positive for DTH reactions. In B10.A mice, neutrophil depletion resulted in increased levels of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 in the lungs, high levels of hepatic cytokines, and increased synthesis of T helper cell type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-regulated antibodies [immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgA, and IgG3]. In neutrophil-depleted A/J mice, high levels of pulmonary IL-12 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor were concomitant to diminished levels of hepatic cytokines and increased amounts of Th1-regulated isotypes (IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3). Differently from primary infection, neutrophil depletion did not alter immunoprotection in secondary paracoccidioidomycosis. As a whole, our data showed that the genetic patterns of hosts exert an important influence on the immunoprotective and immunoregulatory functions of neutrophils, which appear to be essential in situations devoid of cell-mediated immunity.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Paracoccidioides/imunologia , Paracoccidioidomicose/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/biossíntese , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/sangue , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/genética , Vacinas Fúngicas/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Procedimentos de Redução de Leucócitos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/microbiologia , Fígado/patologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/genética , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos A , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Paracoccidioidomicose/genética , Paracoccidioidomicose/patologia , Receptores de Quimiocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Quimiocinas/imunologia , Baço/microbiologia , Baço/patologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Durable antigen (Ag)-specific T- and B-cell anergy induced by oral tolerance is an attractive strategy for immunotherapy of allergic diseases. Here, we address the lasting effect of oral tolerance induction in naïve or primed mice to ovalbumin (OVA) on antibody production. Single feeding with OVA prior to immunization or double feeding, before and after Ag priming, in A/Sn mice, induced a long-lasting suppression of IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a responses up to 8 months after immunization. In contrast, primed-fed mice had transient IgE inhibition. Naive and double-treated mice showed marked Ag-specific unresponsiveness and scarce cytokines production. Inhibition of IL-2 and IFN-gamma secretion in naïve-fed mice were restored in the presence of anti-CD28 mAb plus Ag stimulation. The durable inhibition of Ab production in OVA-fed mice was related to the persistent decrease of B7.2 expression on B cells. Ag feeding in naive and primed status may be a prophylactic measure to avoid later Ag sensitization.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-2/genética , Anergia Clonal/imunologia , Ovalbumina/administração & dosagem , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Antígenos CD/biossíntese , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígeno B7-2/biossíntese , Antígeno CTLA-4 , Feminino , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Cinética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos A , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos WFRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The impact and clinical relevance of pregnancy-related heart failure (HF) on humoral immunity are not known. Heart failure is often characterized by immunoglobulins (Ig) that differ in subclass profile with etiology. Subclass immunoglobulins differ in the biologic information they confer in disease. Therefore, given that progressive gestation is associated with immunologic incompetence, we sought to study the relative impact of pregnancy-related onset of HF on humoral immunity. METHODS: Immunoglobulins (class G and subclasses G1, G2, G3) against cardiac myosin were evaluated in 47 patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) from different global regions: South Africa (n = 15), Mozambique (n = 9), and Haiti (n = 23) and compared with healthy mothers and patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and Fas-Apo-1 were also studied in PPCMs. RESULTS: All PPCM groups were similar in Ig profiles. The immunoglobulins, frequencies and reactivities, were markedly and nonselectively raised in PPCM patients compared with DCM. Immunoglobulin frequencies in PPCMs, Haiti: G1 58%, G2 66%, G3 54%; Mozambique: G1 77%, G2 66%, G3 66%; and South Africa: G1 47%, G2 53%, G3 53%, were higher compared with DCMs from South Africa (n = 24): G1 8%, G2 8%, G3 21%, or the United Kingdom (n = 68): G1 10%, G2 8.8%, G3 22% (P < .0001). Hence, unlike the selective up-regulation of immunoglobulins of the G3 subclass (IgG3s) in DCM, class G and all subclass immunoglobulins were raised in PPCM. Of the serological variables, IgG3s (immunoglobulins with proinflammatory characteristics) discriminated NYHA functional status at diagnosis. IgG3-positive patients were in a higher NYHA class at initial presentation (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Immunoglobulin subclass profiles in patients with HF differ with etiology. Unlike DCM, the impact of pregnancy-related HF on humoral immunity is not subclass-restricted. However, raised levels of IgG3s may be of prognostic value in clinical PPCM.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Miosinas Cardíacas/imunologia , Cardiomiopatias/imunologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/imunologia , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Adulto , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Cardiomiopatias/sangue , Cardiomiopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiomiopatias/etiologia , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/sangue , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/imunologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Haiti , Insuficiência Cardíaca/sangue , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Humanos , Imunocompetência , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/classificação , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Moçambique , Gravidez , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/sangue , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/diagnóstico por imagem , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , África do Sul , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/análise , Ultrassonografia , Receptor fas/análiseRESUMO
The serological response induced by Brucella abortus strain 19 was evaluated in 52 Holstein females from a brucellosis-free herd using seven serological tests. Each calf was vaccinated at an age of 4 and 8 months old with 3 x 10(10) CFU B. abortus S19 and the antibody response was determined as the proportion of positive results to each test. The antibody dynamics, measured with the buffered plate antigen (BPA) test and the rapid automated presumptive (RAP) test, were similar. The proportion of positive reactions in these tests reached 100% one week after vaccination and remained at this level for seven weeks, after which the proportion of positive samples slowly declined to 8% (BPA) and 2% (RAP) at week 50. The response in the indirect enzyme immunoassay (i-ELISA) was similar, but shorter than that observed with the BPA/RAP. The antibody dynamic, measured using the seroagglutination test (SAT) in parallel with the 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me) test and the complement fixation test (CFT) were similar to the RAP/BPA, but of slightly shorter duration. The competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) was positive in all animals for 3 weeks, followed by a rapid decline. The fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) reached a maximum of 68.5% positive animals at week 4 and then declined. Based on these data, the c-ELISA and FPA discriminated residual antibody activity due to vaccination more efficiently than the other tests.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Brucelose/imunologia , Brucella abortus/imunologia , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Animais , Brucelose Bovina/prevenção & controle , Bovinos , Testes de Fixação de Complemento , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Fatores de Tempo , VacinasRESUMO
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are a heterogeneous family of antibodies found in autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and other situations. The presence of different aPLs has been associated with various clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of aPLs in a group of 90 Chilean patients with systemic lupus erytematosus (SLE) and 90 healthy controls. We measured anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs), antiphosphatidylserine antibodies (aPSs), anti-beta(2) glycoprotein I antibodies (anti-beta(2)GPIs), and antiprothrombin antibodies (aPTs) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent technique using "in-house" assays. Fifty-four of 90 SLE patients (60.0%) had some type of aPL. Forty of 90 (44.4%) were positive for aCLs, 9 of 61 (14.8%) had aPSs, 21 of 90 (23.3%) had anti-beta(2)GPIs, and 18 of 90 (20.0%) had aPTs. In the control group, prevalences were as follows: aCLs, 3.3%; aPSs, 1.1%; anti-beta(2)GPIs, 1.1%; aPTs, 2.2%. In most cases, values were in the low-positive range. Of all aPL detected, 29.5% was of the IgG isotype, 37.5% IgM, and 33.0% IgA. We observed a correlation between aCLs and aPSs and of these antibodies with anti-beta(2)GPIs and aPTs but not between anti-beta(2)GPIs and aPTs. Our results show a high prevalence of aPLs in SLE patients. An association between different specificities and isotypes of aPLs was also observed.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antifosfolipídeos/biossíntese , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Adulto , Anticorpos Anticardiolipina/biossíntese , Chile , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Glicoproteínas/imunologia , Humanos , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Masculino , Fosfatidilserinas/imunologia , beta 2-Glicoproteína IRESUMO
Infection by Plasmodium chabaudi results in polyclonal activation, massive proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes with parasite-unrelated specificities. To verify if polyclonal activation includes experienced B and T lymphocytes and if it modifies pre-established cytokine and Ig-isotype patterns, mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) in alum, a condition that favours T helper 2/immunoglobulin G1 (Th2/IgG1) responses, and infected with P. chabaudi 7 or 80 days later. Polyclonal activation markedly increased the number of anti-OVA Ig-secreting cells in the spleen, an effect more patent in mice infected 7 days after OVA immunization, but also evident in mice infected after 80 days. The Ig-isotype profile predefined by immunization was not qualitatively modified by polyclonal activation. Thus, although P. chabaudi infection preferentially induces IgG2a, the expanded anti-OVA response is dominated by IgG1. Polyclonal expansion of the anti-OVA response did not yield an enlarged memory B-cell pool that could be recalled months later by OVA boosting. Moreover, polyclonal activation of anti-OVA IgG1-secreting cells did not increase this antibody in serum, a probable consequence of the high Ig turnover observed during infection. When OVA-specific T-cell cytokines were evaluated, we observed an increase of both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in mice infected 7 days after immunization, whereas in those infected after 80 days, only IL-4 was augmented. These results suggest that polyclonal activation expands experienced B- and T-cell compartments, preserving their antibody and cytokine patterns.