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In the present study Isospora feroxis Berto, Luz, Flausino, Ferreira & Lopes, 2009 is redescribed from the photosyntypes and from new samples from a short-crested flycatcher Myiarchus ferox (Gmelin), which is the type-host in the type-locality, the Marambaia Island in Southeastern Brazil. In addition, the yellow-olive flycatcher Tolmomyias sulphurescens Spix is recorded as a new host for this species, in a new locality, the Itatiaia National Park, in the interior of Southeastern Brazil, providing a preliminary genotypic characterization via sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. Micropyle and rough oöcyst wall are added to the description of I. feroxis, in addition to other details. This is the sixth species identified from suboscine birds (Tyranni) to have a COI gene sequence deposited in GenBank and, although it is not yet possible to make conclusions on the phylogeny of Isospora spp. from Passeriformes by the COI gene, the molecular analysis confirmed the differences between coccidian species from tyrant-flycatchers.

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Isospora parnaitatiaiensis Silva, Rodrigues, Lopes, Berto, Luz, Ferreira & Lopes, 2015 was identified from a new host, the plain antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis (Temminck), and also from the white-shouldered fire-eye Pyriglena leucoptera Vieillot, in its type-locality, the Itatiaia National Park in the southeastern Brazil, and a preliminary genotypic characterisation by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene is provided. The oöcysts recovered from P. leucoptera and D. mentalis were polymorphic and have genotypic differences that were not considered sufficient for the description of new species, but only different genotypes and morphotypes of I. parnaitatiaiensis related to each host. These morphological and molecular variations were associated with a process of ongoing speciation and in adaptive development to their respective host species.

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Isospora dipperia n. sp. is described from the feces of the American dipper Cinclus mexicanus Swainson collected in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. Sporulated oöcysts of the new species are subespherical, 20-24 × 17-21 (20.9 × 18.7) µm, with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.0-1.1 (1.1); one polar granule is present, but micropyle is absent. Sporocyts are lemon-shaped, 14-16 × 8-11 (15.5 × 9.8) µm, with a L/W ratio of 1.6; prominent Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies are both present, but para-Stieda body is absent. Sporocyst residuum of many scattered granules is present and the sporozoites have prominent anterior and posterior refractile bodies. The mean dimensions (15.9 × 13.8 µm) of unsporulated oöcysts of I. cincli Gottschalk, 1972 from the white-throated dipper C. cinclus (L.) in Europe, appear to be considerably smaller than those in I. dipperia n. sp. Comparisons of Isospora dipperia n. sp. with two species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 described in the Americas from birds of the family Sturnidae, related to Cinclidae, revealed that the mean dimensions of the sporulated oöcysts in the new species are considerably smaller than those in I. graculai Bhatia, Chauhan, Arora & Agrawal, 1973 from Gracula religiosa (24.6 × 22.4 µm) and I. rothschildi Upton, Wilson, Norton & Greiner, 2001 from Leucopsar rothschildi (22.3 × 21.6 µm). The new species is the first species of Isospora recorded in a bird of the family Cinclidae in the New World.

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In the current work, Isospora massardi Lopes, Berto, Luz, Galvão, Ferreira & Lopes, [10] is identified from white-necked thrushes Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818, rufous-bellied thrushes Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 and from a new host, the yellow-legged thrush Turdus flavipes (Vieillot, 1818) in a new locality, the Itatiaia National Park, in Southeastern Brazil, providing a preliminary genotypic characterization via sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. The oocysts and sporocysts of I. massardi of the current study are morphologically similar to the original description and are uniform in the proportionality of width on length, but exhibited different patterns of size associated with each host species. Furthermore, a genotypic difference of 3% was found in the COI sequences from T. flavipes and T. albicollis. Therefore, an ecological discussion is introduced aimed at associating these morphometric and genotypic differences with an ongoing speciation process.

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Isospora toxostomai n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is described based on material from the curved-billed thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre (Swainson) in the Central Highlands of Mexico. The new species possesses subspherical oöcysts, with a smooth, bi-layered wall. Sporulated oöcysts measure 22-25 × 21-24 (23.4 × 22.3) µm; length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.0-1.1 (1.1). Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, 15-17 × 10-11 (15.8 × 10.5); L/W ratio of 1.3-1.6 (1.5). Micropyle and oöcyst residuum are both absent, and a polar granule present (many fibrils). Mean dimensions of both sporulated oöcysts and sporocysts of I. toxostomai n. sp. appear to be considerably larger than those of Isospora mimusi Coelho, Berto, Neves, Oliveira Flausino & Lopes, 2011 from the tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieilot) in Brazil. This is the second species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 infecting a host of the Mimidae in the Americas.

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Isospora phainopepla n. sp. is described from the faeces of Phainopepla nitens (Swainson) collected in Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA. To our knowledge, there are no metazoan or protist parasites described yet from any species in the Ptiliogonatidae of the Americas. Sporulated oöcysts of the isosporan are ellipsoidal, 30-35 × 22-29 (32.9 × 25.4) µm, with a length/width (L/W) ratio 1.20-1.35 (1.30); one rice-shaped polar granule is present, but both oöcyst residuum and micropyle are absent. Sporocyts are elongate-ellipsoidal, 22-27 × 11-14 (23.9 × 12.0) µm, with L/W ratio 1.97-2.02 (2.00); prominent Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies are both present, but para-Stieda body is absent. Sporocyst residuum of many scattered granules is present and the sporozoites have prominent anterior and posterior refractile bodies. This parasite is clearly new to science and represents the first species of Isospora hosted by a New World bird species from this small family of silky flycatchers (Ptiliogonatidae). This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as 7F664B0D-DF0E-4CAD-8CEA-45D79C8BBF92. This article was published as an Online First article on the online publication date shown on this page. The article should be cited by using the doi number. This is the Version of Record.

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Isospora sporophilae Carvalho-Filho, Meireles, Ribeiro & Lopes, 2005 was morphologically and molecularly identified from the double-collared seedeater Sporophila frontalis (Verreaux), which is categorised as 'vulnerable' by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), and from the uniform finch Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis in conserved and anthropomorphic/fragmented areas of Atlantic Forest in the southeastern Brazil. The oöcysts recovered from S. frontalis and H. unicolor had small morphological and genotypic differences that were not considered sufficient for the description of new species, but only different genotypes of I. sporophilae related to each host. This coccidian species was originally described from double-collared seedeaters Sporophila caerulescens (Vieillot) in a center screening of wild animals; therefore, this new report emphasises a potential occurrence of anthropomorphic dispersion of coccidia through illegal trade, seizures and reintroductions in the wild.

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A new species of coccidian, Isospora guaxi n. sp., and Isospora bellicosa Upton, Stamper & Whitaker, 1995 (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are recorded from red-rumped caciques Cacicus haemorrhous (L.) in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Brazil. Isospora guaxi n. sp. has sub-spheroidal oöcysts, measuring on average 30.9 × 29.0 µm, with smooth, bi-layered wall c.1.9 µm thick. Micropyle and oöcyst residuum are absent, but a polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, measuring on average 19.3 × 13.8 µm. Stieda body is knob-like and sub-Stieda body is prominent and compartmentalized. Sporocyst residuum is composed of scattered granules. Sporozoites are vermiform, with one refractile body and a nucleus. Isospora bellicosa has sub-spheroidal to ovoidal oöcysts, measuring on average 27.1 × 25.0 µm, with smooth, bi-layered wall c.1.5 µm thick. Micropyle and oöcyst residuum are absent, but one or two polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, measuring on average 18.1 × 10.9 µm. Stieda body is knob-like and sub-Stieda body is rounded to rectangular. Sporocyst residuum is composed of a cluster of compact or diffuse granules. Sporozoites are vermiform, with one refractile body and a nucleus. Isospora bellicosa was originally described from the Peruvian meadowlark Sturnella bellicosa deFilippi, a trans-Andean icterid which is allopatric with the cis-Andean C. haemorrhous. Therefore, in conclusion, this current study reveals the dispersion of coccidia from Icteridae across the Andes Mountains, besides describing the sixth isosporoid coccidium infecting an icterid bird.

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A new coccidian species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) collected from the red warbler Cardellina rubra (Swainson) is reported from the Nevado de Toluca National Park, Mexico. Isospora cardellinae n. sp. has subspherical oöcysts, measuring on average 26.6 × 25.4 µm, with smooth, bi-layered wall, c.1.3 µm thick. Micropyle, oöcyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts are ovoidal, measuring on average 19.0 × 12.0 µm, with a knob-like Stieda body, a trapezoidal sub-Stieda body and sporocyst residuum composed of scattered spherules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with one refractile body and a nucleus. This is the fourth description of an isosporoid coccidian infecting a New World warbler.

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A new isosporoid coccidian species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is reported from the southern house wren Troglodytes musculus, a very well distributed species in South and Central America. Isospora corruirae sp. nov. oocysts are subspherical to ovoidal, 24.1 × 21.4 µm, with smooth, bilayered wall. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but small spherules and splinter-like granules are frequently present. Sporocysts are ovoidal to piriform, 14.0 × 9.5 µm. Stieda body is prominent knob-like and substieda body is delicate. Sporocyst residuum is composed of scattered fragments of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with posterior refractile bodies, anterior striations and a nucleus. This is the second description of an isosporoid coccidium infecting a New World wren.

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A new coccidian species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Isospora) parasitizing the white-shouldered fire-eye Pyriglena leucoptera (Vieillot, 1818) is described in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. This park is a protected area in southeastern Brazil with a high degree of vulnerability, representing a "conservation island" of biodiversity. Isospora parnaitatiaiensis n. sp. has oocysts that are ellipsoidal, 23.8 × 19.4 µm, with smooth, bilayered wall, ~1.1 µm thick. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but one or two polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, 14.6 × 9.3 µm. The Stieda body is nipple- to knob-like and sub-Stieda body rounded to rectangular. Sporocyst residuum is present, usually as a cluster of numerous granules. Sporozoites are vermiform with two refractile bodies and a nucleus. This is the second isosporoid coccidian described from antbirds (Thamnophilidae).

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A new coccidian species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is described from a specimen of the Eurasian blackbird Turdus merula Linnaeus held for rehabilitation and reintroduction into the wild in a centre for research and recovery of wild animals in Quinta de Marim, Olhão, Portugal. Isospora lusitanensis n. sp. has subspherical to ovoidal oöcysts, measuring on average 26.4 × 23.4 µm, with smooth, bi-layered wall c.1.1 µm thick. Micropyle and oöcyst residuum are absent, but a polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, measuring on average 16.0 × 10.9 µm. Stieda body is knob-like and sub-Stieda body is prominent and rounded. Sporocyst residuum is composed of scattered spherules. Sporozoites are vermiform, with one refractile body and a nucleus. The morphological and morphometric data for the new species were compared with those for species parasitising birds of the Muscicapidae, Turdidae, Timaliidae, Troglodytidae and Cinclidae, which are considered phylogenetically close. The original histograms of Isospora turdi Schwalbach, 1959 were redrawn for comparison with I. lusitanensis n. sp. and a linear regression of width against length of the oöcysts is presented for characterisation. This is the first isosporoid coccidian described from T. merula in mainland Portugal.

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A new coccidian species (Protista: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is described from the orange-crowned warbler Oreothlypis celata (Say) collected in the Nevado de Toluca National Park, Mexico at 3,000 metres above sea level. Isospora celata n. sp. has subspheroidal oöcysts, measuring 28.4 × 26.4 µm, with smooth, bi-layered wall c.1.2 µm thick. Micropyle and polar granule are absent, but oöcyst residuum is present as a compact mass. Sporocysts are ovoidal, 18.2 × 12.8 µm. Stieda body knob-like and sub-Stieda body irregular and barely discernible. Sporocyst residuum is composed of granules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with one refractile body and a nucleus. This is the third description of an isosporoid coccidian infecting a New World warbler.

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A new species of Coccidia (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) isolated from emus, Dromaius novaehollandiae, which was observed in Brazil is described and named. Oocysts of Isospora dromaii n. sp. are subspheroidal to ovoid in shape, measure 21.6 × 19.8 µm, and have a double and smooth wall thickness of approximately 1.4 µm. In this species, micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granules are absent. The sporocysts are slightly ovoid in shape and measure 13.7 × 10.0 µm. Nipple-like Stieda body and prominent sub-Stieda body are present. The sporocyst residuum is composed of small dispersed granules of varying sizes. The sporozoites are characterized by an oblong refractile body and one centrally located nucleus. This is the first description of isosporid coccidia infecting birds of the family Dromaiidae.

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A new coccidian species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are reported from the white-necked thrush Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818, a very common species in South America. Isospora massardi sp. nov. oocysts are subspherical, 18.6 × 17.7 µm, with smooth, bilayered wall, ~0.9 µm. Micropyle, oocyst residuum are absent, but two polar granules are frequently present. Sporocysts are ovoidal, 14.8 × 9.3 µm. Stieda body is knob-like to rounded and substieda body is rounded. Sporocyst residuum is composed of scattered spherules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with posterior and anterior refractile bodies and a nucleus. This is the sixth description of an isosporoid coccidium infecting a New World turdid bird.

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Isospora canaria Box, 1975 (Protozoa, Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) is reported and described from canaries Serinus canaria (Linnaeus) in southeast Brazil. Its oöcysts are subspheroidal to ellipsoidal, 24.4 × 22.2 µm, with smooth, bilayered wall, ~1.2 µm. The micropyle and the oöcyst residuum are absent, but a polar granule is present. The sporocysts are lemon-shaped, 17.6 × 10.6 µm. The Stieda body is nipple-like, and substieda body is prominent and homogeneous. The sporocyst residuum is composed of scattered granules. The sporozoite has anterior and posterior refractile bodies and a nucleus. The report of this coccidium recovered from exotic canaries in South America is relevant to native passerines, mainly to Carduelis yarrellii, which are listed as vulnerable species by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources).

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Nineteen (91%) of 21 rufous-and-white wrens (Thryothorus rufalbus) and five (71%) of seven plain wrens (Cantorchilus modestus) sampled from Costa Rica were positive for a new species of Isospora. Oocysts have a thin, smooth, double, colorless wall and measure 20.1 ± 1.4 × 23.4 ± 1.5 µm (18-24 × 20-26 µm) with an average length-width ratio of 1.2 µm. Sporocysts are ovoid, measure 9.5 ± 0.9 × 15.5 ± 1.1 µm (7-12 × 12-18 µm) with an average length-width ratio of 1.6 µm. A nipple-like steida body continuous with the sporocyst wall and a prominent oval-shaped substeida body are present. In addition to the four sporozoites, a single compact sporocyst residuum was present in each sporocyst. This is the first description of an Isospora species from the family Troglodytidae and the first report of Isospora from the rufous-and-white wren and plain wren.

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A new coccidian species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) obtained from masked yellowthroat Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin) is reported from Brazil. Isospora piacobrai n. sp. has oöcysts which are subspheroidal to ovoidal, measure 15.8 x 10.5 microm and have a smooth, bilayered wall c. 1.2 microm thick. A micropyle and oöcyst residuum are absent, but a polar granule is present. Its sporocysts are ovoidal and measure 15.8 x 10.5 microm. The Stieda body is knob-like and prominent, the substieda body large, trapezoidal and homogeneous, and the sporocyst residuum composed of granules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with one refractile body and a nucleus. This is the first description of an isosporoid coccidian infecting a bird of the family Parulidae.

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In the current study, two new coccidian species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) obtained from short-crested flycatcher Myiarchus ferox (Gmelin) are reported from Brazil. Isospora feroxis n. sp. has oöcysts which are spheroidal to sub-spheroidal, 18.7 x 18.0 microm, with a smooth and bi-layered wall, c. 1.2 microm. The micropyle and oöcyst residuum are absent, but two polar granules are present. Its sporocysts are broadly ellipsoidal and 11.7 x 8.5 microm. Stieda and substieda bodies are present. A sporocyst residuum is present and the sporozoites have a refractile body and nucleus. Oöcysts of Eimeria sicki n. sp. are spheroidal to sub-spheroidal, 30.3 x 28.5 microm, with a smooth and bi-layered wall, c. 1.3 microm. The micropyle, oöcyst residuum and polar granule are absent. Its sporocysts are ellipsoidal, 18.4 x 10.0 microm. Stieda and substieda bodies are present. A sporocyst residuum is present and sporozoites have a refractile body and nucleus.

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