RESUMO
Recently, ocular biometrics in unconstrained environments using images obtained at visible wavelength have gained the researchers' attention, especially with images captured by mobile devices. Periocular recognition has been demonstrated to be an alternative when the iris trait is not available due to occlusions or low image resolution. However, the periocular trait does not have the high uniqueness presented in the iris trait. Thus, the use of datasets containing many subjects is essential to assess biometric systems' capacity to extract discriminating information from the periocular region. Also, to address the within-class variability caused by lighting and attributes in the periocular region, it is of paramount importance to use datasets with images of the same subject captured in distinct sessions. As the datasets available in the literature do not present all these factors, in this work, we present a new periocular dataset containing samples from 1122 subjects, acquired in 3 sessions by 196 different mobile devices. The images were captured under unconstrained environments with just a single instruction to the participants: to place their eyes on a region of interest. We also performed an extensive benchmark with several Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures and models that have been employed in state-of-the-art approaches based on Multi-class Classification, Multi-task Learning, Pairwise Filters Network, and Siamese Network. The results achieved in the closed- and open-world protocol, considering the identification and verification tasks, show that this area still needs research and development.
Assuntos
Identificação Biométrica , Humanos , Identificação Biométrica/métodos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Algoritmos , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Computadores de MãoRESUMO
Multimodal systems are a workaround to enhance the robustness and effectiveness of biometric systems. A proper multimodal dataset is of the utmost importance to build such systems. The literature presents some multimodal datasets, although, to the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies combining face, iris/eye, and vital signals such as the Electrocardiogram (ECG). Moreover, there is no methodology to guide the construction and evaluation of a chimeric dataset. Taking that fact into account, we propose to create a chimeric dataset from three modalities in this work: ECG, eye, and face. Based on the Doddington Zoo criteria, we also propose a generic and systematic protocol imposing constraints for the creation of homogeneous chimeric individuals, which allow us to perform a fair and reproducible benchmark. Moreover, we have proposed a multimodal approach for these modalities based on state-of-the-art deep representations built by convolutional neural networks. We conduct the experiments in the open-world verification mode and on two different scenarios (intra-session and inter-session), using three modalities from two datasets: CYBHi (ECG) and FRGC (eye and face). Our multimodal approach achieves impressive decidability of 7.20 ± 0.18, yielding an almost perfect verification system (i.e., Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0.20% ± 0.06) on the intra-session scenario with unknown data. On the inter-session scenario, we achieve a decidability of 7.78 ± 0.78 and an EER of 0.06% ± 0.06. In summary, these figures represent a gain of over 28% in decidability and a reduction over 11% of the EER on the intra-session scenario for unknown data compared to the best-known unimodal approach. Besides, we achieve an improvement greater than 22% in decidability and an EER reduction over 6% in the inter-session scenario.
Assuntos
Biometria/métodos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Eletrocardiografia , Olho , Face , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Olho/anatomia & histologia , Face/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Humanos , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Redes Neurais de Computação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMEN: Para que se desarrolle el iris, se requiere una especificación de la capa periférica de la copa óptica a un destino no neuronal y además la migración de células mesenquimales perioculares. Nuestro objetivo fue reconocer los cambios histológicos de los derivados periféricos de la copa óptica y mesénquima periocular, como también reconocer la presencia del morfógeno Sonic hedgehog (Shh) en las capas que constituyen el esbozo de iris. Se utilizaron 15 ratones hembras (Mus musculus) adultas jóvenes gestantes. Se realizó eutanasia con tiopental sódico. Los embriones y fetos de 12, 14,5 y 17 días post-coital (dpc) fueron procesados con técnica histológica e inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpo anti-Shh (scbt, H-160, conejo) con dilución 1:100 en PBS. A los 12 dpc, se observa una cópa óptica que presenta capas retinianas interna y externa, y el iris no se observa. Entre el cristalino y el ectodermo superficial se identifican 4 capas de células mesenquimales. A los 14,5 dpc, el iris contiene dos capas epiteliales (interna y externa) que se continúan con las capas neural y pigmentaria de la retina. Se observan 8 capas de células mesenquimales. A los 17 dpc, la capa epitelial interna del iris presenta un segmento más elongado con inmunotinción positiva a Shh y otra parte que constituye un epitelio de células cilíndricas simples negativas a este anticuerpo. La capa epitelial externa presenta el mismo epitelio inmunonegativo. Las capas de la retina también son positivas, como también la periferia del cristalino. No esta formado el iris ni tampoco el cuerpo ciliar. La inmunopositividad en el cristalino, en el primer segmento de la capa interna del esbozo del iris y en la capa ganglionar retinal a los 17 dpc, se relaciona con la diferenciación tardía del iris y con los ojos cerrados de las crías al nacimiento.
SUMMARY: In order for the iris to develop, a specification of the peripheral layer of the optic cup to a non-neuronal target is required, as well as the migration of periocular mesenchymal cells. Our aim was to recognize the histological changes of peripheral derivatives of the optic cup and periocular mesenchyme, as well as recognize the presence of the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the layers constituting the outline of the iris. 15 female mice (Mus musculus) pregnant young adults were used. Euthanasia was performed with sodium thiopental. Embryos and fetuses of 12, 14.5 and 17 days post-coital (dpc) were processed with histological and immunohistochemical technique with anti-Shh antibody (scbt, H 160, rabbit) with dilution 1:100 in PBS. At 12 dpc, an optic cup showing internal and external retinal layers is observed, and the iris is not observed. Between the lens and the superficial ectoderm, 4 layers of mesenchymal cells are identified. At 14.5 dpc, the iris contains two epithelial layers (internal and external) that are continued with the neural and pigmentary layers of the retina. 8 layers of mesenchymal cells are observed. At 17 dpc, the inner epithelial layer of the iris presents a more elongated segment with positive immunostaining to Shh and another part that constitutes an epithelium of simple cylindrical cells negative to this antibody. The outer epithelial layer presents the same immunonegative epithelium. The layers of the retina are also positive, as well as the periphery of the lens. The iris is not formed nor is the ciliary body.The immunopositivity in the lens, in the first segment of the inner layer of the iris outline and in the retinal ganglion layer at 17 dpc, is related to the late differentiation of the iris and the closed eyes of the offspring at birth.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Iris/embriologia , Olho/embriologia , Proteínas Hedgehog , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Olho/anatomia & histologia , MorfogêneseRESUMO
The study of facial growth is explored in many fields of science, including anatomy, genetics, and forensics. In the field of forensics, it acts as a valuable tool for combating child pornography. The present research proposes a new method, based on relative measurements and fixed references of the human face-specifically considering measurements of the diameter of the iris (iris ratio)-for the analysis of facial growth in association with age in children and sub-adults. The experimental sample consisted of digital photographs of 1000 Brazilian subjects, aged between 6 and 22 years, distributed equally by sex and divided into five specific age groups (6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 year olds ± one month). The software package SAFF-2D® (Forensic Facial Analysis System, Brazilian Federal Police, Brazil) was used for positioning 11 landmarks on the images. Ten measurements were calculated and used as fixed references to evaluate the growth of the other measurements for each age group, as well the accumulated growth (6-22 years old). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was applied for the evaluation of intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability within a specific set of images. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was used to assess the association between each measurement taken and the respective age groups. ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey tests were used to search for statistical differences between the age groups. The outcomes indicated that facial structures grow with different timing in children and adolescents. Moreover, the growth allometry expressed in this study may be used to understand what structures have more or less proportional variation in function for the age ranges studied. The diameter of the iris was found to be the most stable measurement compared to the others and represented the best cephalometric measurement as a fixed reference for facial growth ratios (or indices). The method described shows promising potential for forensic applications, especially as part of the armamentarium against crimes involving child pornography and child abuse.
Assuntos
Cefalometria/métodos , Face/anatomia & histologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Software , Adolescente , Brasil , Criança , Abuso Sexual na Infância/prevenção & controle , Literatura Erótica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fotografação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In literature it is established that the iris musculature consists of striate muscle fibers in birds while in mammals it consists of smooth muscles. Some authors report the presence of smooth muscle tissue also in the iris of some species of birds. In the present study we report on the iris muscle tissues (type of tissue, direction and mean diameter of muscle fibers or cells) in five species of Accipitriformes (diurnal raptors) and four species of Strigiformes (nocturnal raptors) because they show different way of life depending of their predatory behavior. This morphological study was carried out from raptors died or euthanized at the Wild Life Rescue Centre of Sea and Water birds in Livorno (Italy). From histological examination of iris serial radial sections we find both striated and smooth musculature even if with marked differences among analyzed species, not directly correlated with diurnal or nocturnal lifestyle. Striated fibers are always present, mainly with cross direction, throughout the iris stroma, while the histological differences concern the smooth cells. Indeed, harrier and sparrow hawk (Accipitriformes) and great horned owl and little owl (Strigiformes) show a compact layer of cross smooth muscle cells throughout the iris stroma. In the other species analyzed smooth muscle cells are slightly detectable as scattered or not detectable. Since the cross smooth muscle tissue allows to maintain a myotic state for extended periods of time, our results might be correlated more to the predatory behavior than the taxonomic order.
En la literatura, se establece que la musculatura del iris se compone de fibras musculares estriadas en las aves, mientras que en los mamíferos, la forman los músculos lisos. Algunos autores informan también de la presencia de tejido muscular liso en el iris de algunas especies de aves. El presente estudio informa sobre los tejidos musculares del iris (tipo de tejido, la dirección y diámetro de las fibras musculares o células) en cinco especies de Accipitriformes y cuatro especies de Strigiformes que muestran diferentes hábitos en función de su comportamiento depredador. Este estudio morfológico se realizó en aves rapaces que murieron o fueron eutanasiadas en el Centro de Vida Salvaje de Rescate de Aves Marinas y Acuáticas de Livorno (Italia). El examen histológico de secciones seriadas radiales del iris mostró la presencia tanto de musculatura estriada como lisa, aunque con marcadas diferencias entre las especies analizadas, pero sin correlación directa con el estilo de vida diurna o nocturna. Las fibras estriadas estuvieron siempre presentes, principalmente en dirección transversal a lo largo del estroma del iris, mientras que las diferencias histológicas fueron de las células lisas. Tanto el aguilucho y el gavilán (Accipitriformes) como el buho real y el mochuelo (Strigiformes) mostraron una capa compacta de células musculares lisas transversales en todo el estroma del iris. En las otras especies analizadas, las células musculares lisas fueron ligeramente detectables de manera dispersa o no detectables. Dado que el tejido del músculo liso transversal permite mantener un estado miótico durante largos períodos de tiempo, nuestros resultados podrían estar más correlacionados con el comportamiento depredador, y no con el orden taxonómico.
Assuntos
Animais , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Liso/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Estriado/anatomia & histologia , Aves Predatórias/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To compare the ocular anterior chamber depth, white-to-white distance, anterior chamber angle, and pupil diameter, as measured with two different Scheimpflug imaging devices. METHODS: This transversal study included 80 right eyes from 80 subjects aged from 20 to 40 years. Their spherical equivalents ranged from -4.25 to +1.00 diopters (D). Each eye's anterior chamber depth, white-to-white distance, anterior chamber angle, and pupil diameter, were measured for far vision using both the Galilei G4 (double Scheimpflug camera) and the Pentacam HR (single Scheimpflug camera) systems. RESULTS: Mean anterior chamber depths were calculated as 3.12 ± 0.23 mm and 3.19 ± 0.24 mm when measured with the Galilei G4 and the Pentacam HR, respectively. The mean white-to-white distance measured was 11.84 ± 0.31 mm and 11.90 ± 0.43 mm when measured with the Galilei G4 and the Pentacam HR, respectively. Mean pupil diameters were measured as 3.22 ± 0.58 mm and 3.22 ± 0.52 mm when measured with the Galilei G4 and the Pentacam HR, respectively. Finally, the mean anterior chamber angle was 34.30 ± 2.86 degrees when it was measured with the Galilei G4, and 39.26 ± 2.85 degrees when measured with the Pentacam HR. A comparative analysis revealed that the Galilei G4 yielded a significantly lower (P<0.05) measurement for the anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle, and pupil diameter, than the Pentacam HR system. Comparable values (P>0.05) for both devices were obtained for the white-to-white distance measurements. CONCLUSION: The Galilei G4 and Pentacam HR Scheimpflug systems cannot be used interchangeably because they produce significant measurement differences.
Assuntos
Câmara Anterior/anatomia & histologia , Imageamento Tridimensional/instrumentação , Interferometria/instrumentação , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Adulto , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Humanos , Fotografação/instrumentação , Pupila , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To study the changes in anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and pupil diameter (PD) during accommodation. METHODS: Eighty eyes of 80 subjects, aged 22 to 40 years, were included. The rotating Dual Scheimpflug and a Placido disc system (Galilei G4, Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG, Switzerland) was used to measure the changes in ACD, ACA, and PD during accommodation. ACD measurement was taken for the central zone and for 4 more positions, each in different orientation (nasal, superior, temporal and inferior), 4 mm away from the centre. ACA was measured for the whole eye as well for the nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior quadrants. These metrics were obtained for various accommodation stimuli, ranging from +1 D to -4 D in 1-D steps. RESULTS: For a given position, the ACD did not vary significantly with accommodation. For the central ACD, the percentage of relative change between far and near vision was -4.11%. The ACA was significantly lower at the inferior, temporal, and superior positions. There was no change in the ACA of the whole eye and that of the nasal orientation. These two eye metrics were significantly lower in the superior-nasal than in the inferior-temporal region. At each vergence studied, the PD decreased significantly with accommodation. The relative change after the -4 D stimulus was -8.13%. CONCLUSION: ACA and PD varied significantly with accommodation, whereas no such variation of ACD was observed. Further, the anterior chamber was found to be asymmetrical, with the nasal-superior area becoming significantly shallower than the inferior temporal region.
Assuntos
Acomodação Ocular/fisiologia , Câmara Anterior/anatomia & histologia , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/instrumentação , Adulto , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Feminino , Humanos , Iris/fisiologia , Masculino , Fotografação/instrumentação , Pupila/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Purpose: To study the changes in anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and pupil diameter (PD) during accommodation. Methods: Eighty eyes of 80 subjects, aged 22 to 40 years, were included. The rotating Dual Scheimpflug and a Placido disc system (Galilei G4, Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG, Switzerland) was used to measure the changes in ACD, ACA, and PD during accommodation. ACD measurement was taken for the central zone and for 4 more positions, each in different orientation (nasal, superior, temporal and inferior), 4 mm away from the centre. ACA was measured for the whole eye as well for the nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior quadrants. These metrics were obtained for various accommodation stimuli, ranging from +1 D to -4 D in 1-D steps. Results: For a given position, the ACD did not vary significantly with accommodation. For the central ACD, the percentage of relative change between far and near vision was -4.11%. The ACA was significantly lower at the inferior, temporal, and superior positions. There was no change in the ACA of the whole eye and that of the nasal orientation. These two eye metrics were significantly lower in the superior-nasal than in the inferior-temporal region. At each vergence studied, the PD decreased significantly with accommodation. The relative change after the -4 D stimulus was -8.13%. Conclusion: ACA and PD varied significantly with accommodation, whereas no such variation of ACD was observed. Further, the anterior chamber was found to be asymmetrical, with the nasal-superior area becoming significantly shallower than the inferior temporal region. .
Objetivo: Estudar as mudanças na profundidade da câmara anterior (ACD), ângulo da câmara anterior (ACA) e diâmetro da pupila (PD) durante a acomodação. Métodos: Foram incluídos 80 olhos de 80 indivíduos com idades entre 22 e 40 anos. Um sistema rotacional de Scheimpflug duplo acoplado a um sistema de disco de Placido (Galilei G4, Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG, Suíça) foi usado para medir as mudanças na ACD, ACA e PD, durante a acomodação. As medidas da ACD foram consideradas na zona central e em mais 4 posições, cada uma em orientação diferente (nasal, superior, temporal e inferior), a 4 milímetros de distância do centro. O ACA do olho inteiro, assim como nos quadrantes nasal, superior, temporal e inferior foram medidos. Todos estes indicadores foram obtidos por vários estímulos acomodativos, que variaram de +1 D a -4 D em intervalos de 1 D. Resultados: A ACD não variou significativamente com acomodação para qualquer determinada orientação, sendo a percentagem de variação relativa entre longe e visão de perto -4,11% para a ACD central (onde sinal negativo representa uma diminuição na ACD). Em relação ao ACA, este diminuiu significativamente em posições inferiores, temporais e superiores. O ACA total de olho e o ACA nasal não se alterou. Estas duas métricas oculares foram significativamente menores no par nasal-superior do que no temporal-inferior. Finalmente, PD diminuiu significativamente com a acomodação em cada vergência estudada, a mudança relativa após o estímulo de -4 D foi -8,13%. Conclusão: ACA e PD variaram significativamente com a acomodação, enquanto ACD não. Além disso, a câmara anterior se mostrou alterar assimetricamente, com a área nasal-superior se tornando ...
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Acomodação Ocular/fisiologia , Câmara Anterior/anatomia & histologia , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/instrumentação , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Iris/fisiologia , Fotografação/instrumentação , Pupila/fisiologiaRESUMO
Purpose: To compare the ocular anterior chamber depth, white-to-white distance, anterior chamber angle, and pupil diameter, as measured with two different Scheimpflug imaging devices. Methods: This transversal study included 80 right eyes from 80 subjects aged from 20 to 40 years. Their spherical equivalents ranged from -4.25 to +1.00 diopters (D). Each eye's anterior chamber depth, white-to-white distance, anterior chamber angle, and pupil diameter, were measured for far vision using both the Galilei G4 (double Scheimpflug camera) and the Pentacam HR (single Scheimpflug camera) systems. Results: Mean anterior chamber depths were calculated as 3.12 ± 0.23 mm and 3.19 ± 0.24 mm when measured with the Galilei G4 and the Pentacam HR, respectively. The mean white-to-white distance measured was 11.84 ± 0.31 mm and 11.90 ± 0.43 mm when measured with the Galilei G4 and the Pentacam HR, respectively. Mean pupil diameters were measured as 3.22 ± 0.58 mm and 3.22 ± 0.52 mm when measured with the Galilei G4 and the Pentacam HR, respectively. Finally, the mean anterior chamber angle was 34.30 ± 2.86 degrees when it was measured with the Galilei G4, and 39.26 ± 2.85 degrees when measured with the Pentacam HR. A comparative analysis revealed that the Galilei G4 yielded a significantly lower (P<0.05) measurement for the anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle, and pupil diameter, than the Pentacam HR system. Comparable values (P>0.05) for both devices were obtained for the white-to-white distance measurements. Conclusion: The Galilei G4 and Pentacam HR Scheimpflug systems cannot be used interchangeably because they produce significant measurement differences. .
Objetivo: Avaliar a medida da profundidade da câmara anterior, distância branco a branco, ângulo da câmara anterior e diâmetro pupilar usando dois dispositivos de imagens de Scheimpflug diferentes. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 80 olhos direitos de 80 indivíduos com idades entre 20 e 40 anos. O equivalente esférico variou de -4,25 a +1,00 dioptrias (D). A profundidade da câmara anterior de cada olho, a distância branco a branco, o ângulo da câmara anterior e o diâmetro pupilar, foram medidos para visão de longe usando tanto o Galilei G4 (câmera de Scheimpflug dupla) e os sistemas Pentacam HR (câmera de Scheimpflug simples). Resultados: A profundidade média da câmara anterior foi 3,12 ± 0,23 mm e 3,19 ± 0,24 mm, usando o Galilei G4 e o Pentacam HR, respectivamente. A distância média da medida de branco a branco com o Galilei G4 foi 11,84 ± 0,31 mm e com o HR Pentacam foi 11,90 ± 0,43 mm. A média do diâmetro pupilar foi 3,22 ± 0,58 mm e 3,22 ± 0,52 mm, medidos com o Galilei G4 e o Pentacam HR, respectivamente. Finalmente, a média do ângulo da câmara anterior foi de 34,30 ± 2,86 graus quando foi medido com o G4 Galileu, e 39,26 ± 2,85 graus com o Pentacam HR. A comparação revelou que o dispositivo Galilei G4 mediu significativamente menor (P<0,05) profundidade da câmara anterior, ângulo da câmara anterior e diâmetro da pupila do que o sistema de Pentacam HR, enquanto valores comparáveis (P>0,05) entre os dois dispositivos Scheimpflug foram obtidos para as medidas da distância branco a branco. Conclusão: O Galileu G4 e o Pentacam HR não podem ser usados indiferentemente, devido ás diferenças entre os dois aparelhos terem sido significativas sob o ponto de vista clínico. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Câmara Anterior/anatomia & histologia , Imageamento Tridimensional/instrumentação , Interferometria/instrumentação , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Pupila , Fotografação/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Aquatic mammals underwent morphological and physiological adaptations due to the transition from terrestrial to aquatic environment. One of the morphological changes regards their vision since cetaceans' eyes are able to withstand mechanical, chemical, osmotic, and optical water conditions. Due to insufficient information about these animals, especially regarding their sense organs, this study aimed to describe the morphology of the Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) eyeball. Three newborn females, stranded dead on the coast of Sergipe and Bahia, Brazil, were used. Samples were fixed in a 10% formalin solution, dissected, photographed, collected, and evaluated through light and electron microscopy techniques. The Humpback whale sclera was thick and had an irregular surface with mechanoreceptors in its lamina propria. Lens was dense, transparent, and ellipsoidal, consisting of three layers, and the vascularized choroid contains melanocytes, mechanoreceptors, and a fibrous tapetum lucidum. The Humpback whale eyeball is similar to other cetaceans and suggests an adaptation to diving and migration, contributing to the perception of differences in temperature, pressure, and lighting.
Assuntos
Olho/anatomia & histologia , Jubarte/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Câmara Anterior/anatomia & histologia , Câmara Anterior/ultraestrutura , Corioide/anatomia & histologia , Corioide/ultraestrutura , Corpo Ciliar/anatomia & histologia , Corpo Ciliar/ultraestrutura , Córnea/anatomia & histologia , Córnea/ultraestrutura , Olho/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Iris/ultraestrutura , Cristalino/anatomia & histologia , Cristalino/ultraestrutura , Microscopia , Microscopia Eletrônica , Nervo Óptico/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Óptico/ultraestrutura , Retina/anatomia & histologia , Retina/ultraestrutura , Esclera/anatomia & histologia , Esclera/ultraestruturaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study seeks to identify associations among genomic biogeographic ancestry (BGA), quantitative iris color, and iris texture traits contributing to population-level variation in these phenotypes. METHODS: DNA and iris photographs were collected from 300 individuals across three variably admixed populations (Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde). Two raters scored the photos for pigmentation spots, Fuchs' crypts, contraction furrows, and Wolflinn nodes. Iris color was quantified from RGB values. Maximum likelihood estimates of individual BGA were calculated from 176 ancestry informative markers. RESULTS: Pigmentation spots, Fuchs' crypts, contraction furrows, and iris color show significant positive correlation with increasing European BGA. Only contraction furrows are correlated with iris color. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between BGA and iris texture illustrates a genetic contribution to this population-level variation.
Assuntos
Genômica/estatística & dados numéricos , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Fenótipo , Brasil , Cabo Verde , DNA/análise , Humanos , Iris/fisiologia , Funções Verossimilhança , Fotografação , Filogeografia , Portugal , Análise de Regressão , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
Diffuse iris melanoma is rare, although is the most common primary intraocular neoplasm in cats, and is an unusual variant of anterior uveal melanoma. This neoplasm is malignant with high potential methastazed. Affects olders cats without breed or sex predisposition. The diagnosis can be made with fine needle aspiration cytology of anterior segment. The treatment is variable and depends of clinical signs evolution. The enucleation is commonly indicated when ocurred iridal pigment changes demonstrated as progressively increasing in size or number, or intractables uveitis or glaucoma. This work has for objectives to report a case of diffuse iris melanoma in a cat. Based on information available in the literature, this is the first case of diffuse iris melanoma in a cat documented in Brazil.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Melanoma/patologia , Gatos/classificação , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Hiperpigmentação/complicaçõesRESUMO
Diffuse iris melanoma is rare, although is the most common primary intraocular neoplasm in cats, and is an unusual variant of anterior uveal melanoma. This neoplasm is malignant with high potential methastazed. Affects olders cats without breed or sex predisposition. The diagnosis can be made with fine needle aspiration cytology of anterior segment. The treatment is variable and depends of clinical signs evolution. The enucleation is commonly indicated when ocurred iridal pigment changes demonstrated as progressively increasing in size or number, or intractables uveitis or glaucoma. This work has for objectives to report a case of diffuse iris melanoma in a cat. Based on information available in the literature, this is the first case of diffuse iris melanoma in a cat documented in Brazil.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos/classificação , Melanoma/patologia , Hiperpigmentação/complicações , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Neoplasias/patologiaRESUMO
The Brazilian tanager, Ramphocelus bresilius is an endemic species from Brazil that is sexually dimorphic in adult plumage. Young males are similar to adult and young females until their second year. Adults and young females are not distinguishable in plumage. We tested whether iris colour can be used to separate adult females from immature females. We used for the first time the molecular sexing technique based on CHD-genes to confirm the sex of the individuals classified as "female plumage with red iris", and to identify the sex of individuals classified as "female plumage and brown iris". The adult males were used as a positive control. DNA samples from 190 individuals were analysed. The sizes of the PCR products were identified as 350 base pairs (bp) for CHD-Z and 388 bp for CHD-W. We confirmed that adult females have a red iris and the young females a brown iris. We could also separate young males and females which present the same iris colour and plumage. Although there are indications that the iris colour can be used by birds to identify the adults in co-operative breeding species such as the Brazilian tanager, more behavioural data are required to understand the role of iris coloration in this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1629-1633. Epub 2008 December 12.
El ave Ramphocelus bresilius es una especie endémica de Brasil con dimorfismo sexual en el plumaje del adulto. Los machos jóvenes son similares a las hembras adultas y jóvenes hasta el segundo año de vida. Adultos y hembras jóvenes son indistinguibles por el plumaje. Evaluamos si el color del iris puede ser utilizado para distinguir hembras adultas de hembras inmaduras. Utilizamos por primera vez la técnica molecular de identificación de sexos basada en los genes CHD para confirmar el género de individuos clasificados como plumaje femenino con iris rojo, y para identificar el sexo de los individuos clasificados como plumaje femenino e iris marrón. Usamos machos adultos como control. Analizamos muestras de DNA de 190 individuos. Los tamaños de los productos del PCR fueron identificados como 350 pares de bases (pb) para CHD-Z y 388 pb para CHD-W. Pudimos confirmar que las hembras adultas presentan iris rojo y las hembras jóvenes iris marrón. También pudimos distinguir machos jóvenes de hembras, que presentan el mismo color de iris y plumaje.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Passeriformes/anatomia & histologia , Pigmentação/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , DNA , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Passeriformes/genética , Passeriformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Caracteres Sexuais , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/métodos , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/veterináriaRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Desenvolver um sistema digital, com capacidade de induzir acomodação, para medida do diâmetro e formato da pupila para dez diferentes níveis de iluminação (LUX), variando do nível mesópico ao fotópico. MÉTODOS: Um sistema óptico para conjugar imagens da pupila iluminada por LED infravermelho e branco foi projetado e montado usando um capacete típico de oftalmoscópio e uma máscara típica de mergulhador como suporte e uma câmera CCD de alta resolução e sensibilidade. Algoritmos usando princípios de processamento de imagens foram implementados para leitura do arquivo de vídeo e a detecção automática do centro geométrico e diâmetro da pupila para cada quadro. RESULTADOS: Apresentamos dados preliminares deste sistema para um paciente voluntário. Os dados sobre posição horizontal (x), vertical (y) do centro geométrico e do diâmetro da pupila foram exportados para arquivos texto que podem ser impressos usando um programa convencional de planilha (Excel). O processo de acomodação é garantido por uma mira virtual (LED branco) localizada a 6 metros do olho do paciente e o nível de iluminação é precisamente controlado por uma placa eletrônica que alimenta o LED central que tem sua potência controlada pelo "software". CONCLUSÕES: Com o instrumento desenvolvido dados precisos da posição e tamanhos da pupila podem então ser obtidos estereoscopicamente (para ambas as pupilas e ao mesmo tempo) para qualquer paciente. Acreditamos que tal instrumento possa ser útil em algumas práticas oftálmicas onde as características geométricas da pupila sejam importantes.
PURPOSE: We developed a digital system with accommodation capacities for measurement of the diameter and shape of the in vivo pupil for 10 different levels of illumination intensity, varying from mesopic to photopic. METHODS: An optical system for conjugating images from an infrared and white light illuminated pupil was designed and mounted using an ophthalmoscope helmet and a typical diving mask as support for a high-resolution and sensitivity CCD. Using an IBM compatible computer sequences of video in AVI format were digitized for several seconds at a mean rate of 30 Hz. Algorithms using principles of image processing were implemented for detection of the pupil edges. RESULTS: We present preliminary results of this system for a voluntary patient. Data for the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) central position and for the diameter of the pupil were then exported to files that could be read by typical spread sheet programs (Excel). CONCLUSIONS: In this manner, precise data can be obtained stereoscopically (for both pupils at the same time) for any patient, given that the accommodation process is guaranteed by using a white LED virtual mire located 6 meters from the patient's eye. An electronic board precisely controls the level of illumination. We believe here developed instrument may be useful in certain ophthalmic practices where precise pupil geometric data are needed.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Adaptação Ocular/fisiologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/instrumentação , Estimulação Luminosa/métodos , Pupila/fisiologia , Algoritmos , Desenho de Equipamento , Fixação Ocular/fisiologia , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Iluminação/métodos , Visão Mesópica/fisiologia , Oftalmoscópios , Dispositivos Ópticos , SoftwareRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate reproducibility and precision of ocular measurements by digital photograph analysis, in addition to the transformation of the measures according to the individual iris diameter as an oculometric reference. METHODS: Twenty-four eyes have been digitally photographed in a standardized way at two distances. Two researchers have analyzed these printed images using a caliper and these digital forms by ImageJ 1.37. Several external ocular parameters were estimated (mm and as iris diameter) and methods of measurement compared regarding their precision, agreement and correlation. RESULTS: Caliper and digital analysis of oculometric measures provided significant agreement and correlation, nevertheless the precision of digital measures was higher. The estimates of numeric transformation from oculometric measures according to individual iris diameter resulted in great correlation to caliper measures and high agreement when compared to different distances of taking the photographs. CONCLUSIONS: Facial digital photographs allowed oculometric precise and reproducible estimates, endorsing clinical research usefulness. Using iris diameter as individual oculometric reference disclosed high reproducibility when facial photographs were taken at different distances.
Assuntos
Olho/anatomia & histologia , Fotografação/métodos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por ComputadorRESUMO
This study is a literature review about Iridology/Irisdiagnose in the period from 1970 to 2005. The objective was to identify the worldwide scientific publications (articles) in this field and the opinions about the method. Twenty-five articles were found, four of them from Brazilian authors. About the category, 1 was literature review, 12 research studies and 12 updates, historical reviews or editorials. The countries that have contributed more with the studies were Brazil and Russia. Fifteen of those are in favor of the method and 10 are against it. In conclusion, it is necessary to develop more studies inside the methodological rigor, once Iridology brings hope to preventive medicine.
Assuntos
Terapias Complementares , Iris , Diagnóstico , Humanos , Iris/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a precisão e reprodutibilidade de medidas oculares utilizando fotografia digital, além do emprego do diâmetro da íris dos pacientes como unidade de referência para essas estimativas. MÉTODOS: Fotografaram-se com câmera digital, de forma padronizada, 24 olhos em duas diferentes distâncias, e as imagens foram analisadas pelo software ImageJ 1.37v® e pela medida com paquímetro, por dois pesquisadores. Foram avaliados (em mm e em unidades de diâmetro de íris) diversos parâmetros oculares externos, com posterior comparação entre as unidades de referência, definindo-se precisão, concordância e correlação das medidas. RESULTADOS: Os parâmetros oculométricos estimados pela medida com paquímetro e pela análise de fotografia digital apresentaram significativas concordância e correlação, sendo maior a precisão das estimativas da análise digital. A conversão das medidas em unidades de diâmetro de íris apresentou alta correlação com as medidas em milímetros e alta concordância quando fotografadas a diferentes distâncias. CONCLUSÕES: A fotografia digital permitiu estimar com precisão e reprodutibilidade medidas oculares, confirmando sua utilidade na pesquisa clínica. O uso do diâmetro de íris como unidade de referência individual mostrou alta reprodutibilidade na avaliação de parâmetros métricos oculares em fotografias realizadas com diferentes distâncias.
PURPOSE: To evaluate reproducibility and precision of ocular measurements by digital photograph analysis, in addition to the transformation of the measures according to the individual iris diameter as an oculometric reference. METHODS: Twenty-four eyes have been digitally photographed in a standardized way at two distances. Two researchers have analyzed these printed images using a caliper and these digital forms by ImageJ 1.37. Several external ocular parameters were estimated (mm and as iris diameter) and methods of measurement compared regarding their precision, agreement and correlation. RESULTS: Caliper and digital analysis of oculometric measures provided significant agreement and correlation, nevertheless the precision of digital measures was higher. The estimates of numeric transformation from oculometric measures according to individual iris diameter resulted in great correlation to caliper measures and high agreement when compared to different distances of taking the photographs. CONCLUSIONS: Facial digital photographs allowed oculometric precise and reproducible estimates, endorsing clinical research usefulness. Using iris diameter as individual oculometric reference disclosed high reproducibility when facial photographs were taken at different distances.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Olho/anatomia & histologia , Fotografação/métodos , Iris/anatomia & histologia , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por ComputadorRESUMO
Este estudo é uma revisão de literatura (artigos) no período de 1970 a 2005 sobre Iridologia/ Irisdiagnose, com o objetivo de identificar o número da produção científica mundial nesta área e as opiniões sobre o método. Foram encontrados 25 artigos, sendo quatro de autores brasileiros. Quanto à categoria, 1 era revisão bibliográfica, 12 pesquisas e 12 atualizações, históricos ou editoriais. Os países que mais contribuíram com os estudos foram Brasil e Rússia. Posicionam-se a favor do método 15 artigos e 10 contra. Conclui-se que é necessário que sejam realizados estudos com pesquisas dentro do rigor metodológico sobre essa prática, uma vez que a Iridologia traz esperança na área preventiva.
This study is a literature review about Iridology/Irisdiagnose in the period from 1970 to 2005. The objective was to identify the worldwide scientific publications (articles) in this field and the opinions about the method. Twenty-five articles were found, four of them from Brazilian authors. About the category, 1 was literature review, 12 research studies and 12 updates, historical reviews or editorials. The countries that have contributed more with the studies were Brazil and Russia. Fifteen of those are in favor of the method and 10 are against it. In conclusion, it is necessary to develop more studies inside the methodological rigor, once Iridology brings hope to preventive medicine.
Este estudio es una revisión bibliográfica (artículos) durante el periodo de 1970 al 2005 con relación a la Iridología/Iris-diagnóstico, el objetivo fue identificar la producción científica mundial en el área y conocer el parecer sobre el método. Fueron encontrados 25 artículos, de los cuales cuatro de autores brasileños. En cuanto a la categoría, 1 fue de revisión bibliográfica, 12 producto de investigaciones y 12 sobre actualidad histórica y editorial. Los países que más contribuyeron con estudios fueron Brasil y Rusia. Con relación al parecer son favorables al método 15 artículos y 10 están en contra. Concluyese que es necesario realizar estudios con rigor metodológico, pues la iridología brinda esperanzas dentro del área preventiva.
Assuntos
Humanos , Terapias Complementares , Iris , Diagnóstico , Iris/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The Brazilian tanager, Ramphocelus bresilius is an endemic species from Brazil that is sexually dimorphic in adult plumage. Young males are similar to adult and young females until their second year. Adults and young females are not distinguishable in plumage. We tested whether iris colour can be used to separate adult females from immature females. We used for the first time the molecular sexing technique based on CHD-genes to confirm the sex of the individuals classified as "female plumage with red iris", and to identify the sex of individuals classified as "female plumage and brown iris". The adult males were used as a positive control. DNA samples from 190 individuals were analysed. The sizes of the PCR products were identified as 350 base pairs (bp) for CHD-Z and 388 bp for CHD-W. We confirmed that adult females have a red iris and the young females a brown iris. We could also separate young males and females which present the same iris colour and plumage. Although there are indications that the iris colour can be used by birds to identify the adults in co-operative breeding species such as the Brazilian tanager, more behavioural data are required to understand the role of iris coloration in this species.