RESUMO
Abstract The present study aims to investigate the impacts of cigarette smoking (CS) and water-pipe smoking (WPS) on the visceral adiposity index (VAI), hematological characteristics, and glycemic tolerance in Iraqi healthy smokers. A total of 528 healthy males from different locations of Baghdad city were allocated to three groups; nonsmokers (176), cigarette smokers (178), and WP smokers (174). Baseline characteristics, anthropometric and hematological markers and were reported. Glycemic control was evaluated using the glucose tolerance test. The evidence of elevated VAI, disrupted hematological markers, and impaired glucose tolerance was significantly (P<0.001) different compared with non-smokers and related to the duration of smoking. The impacts of WPS seem to be significantly greater than CS in certain parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, methemoglobin, and 2-hour glucose tolerance values). In conclusion, CS and WPS negatively impacted body fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and hematological markers. There is a positive association between the rate of smoking and obesity, glycemic intolerance in both groups
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Associação , Tabagismo/complicações , Distribuição da Gordura Corporal , Adiposidade , Fumar Cachimbo de Água/efeitos adversos , Controle Glicêmico/instrumentação , Hemoglobinas/análise , Fumantes , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose/instrumentação , Iraque/etnologiaRESUMO
Abstract The objectives of this study were to describe work characteristics of Iraqi pharmacists, to compare pharmacist job satisfaction between private and public sectors and to assess factors influencing job satisfaction level. This cross-sectional study of pharmacists, their work sites and work satisfactions used an electronic questionnaire that was posted on Facebook pharmacy professional group from June to September 2018. The participants included pharmacists from all 18 Iraqi provinces. We used multiple linear regression to identify predictors of general job satisfaction among 13 pharmacist characteristics. We received 658 usable surveys. Approximately half (47.24%) of respondents indicated dissatisfaction with their primary workplace. Job performance, patient contact, satisfaction with manager, income and expectation satisfactions were significantly related with work satisfaction. Pharmacists working in the private sector had significantly more control over their workplace and higher satisfaction with manager, income and general satisfactions compared to those working in public sector. Pharmacists work in diverse settings across the public healthcare system, community pharmacies, private drug bureaus and academia. About half of them are dissatisfied with their primary workplace. The private sector has more satisfaction rate compared to the public sector. Thus, officials need to improve job environments in the public sector.
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Farmacêuticos/ética , Farmácia/classificação , Assistência Farmacêutica/organização & administração , Iraque/etnologia , Satisfação no Emprego , Estudos Transversais/métodos , Inquéritos e Questionários/estatística & dados numéricos , Carga de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Local de Trabalho/classificação , Setor Público , Setor Privado , Atenção à Saúde , Desempenho Profissional/estatística & dados numéricos , Motivação/éticaRESUMO
AIM: To update data previously published on the health profile of the refugees resettling in New Zealand, and to draw attention to the change in health profile over time, with a decline of infectious disease/deficiencies, and a rise of non-communicable diseases, a worldwide phenomenon. METHOD: Comparative data was extracted from (1) written annual reports prepared by medical officers at the Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre (1978-1991), (2) a Microsoft ACCESS patient management system between 1995 and 1999 and (3) a MEDTECH patient management system between 2010 and 2014. RESULTS: Over the period 1979-2014, the rate of infectious diseases has declined markedly in resettling refugees, and the rate of non-communicable diseases has increased. For example, the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased from 4% to 0.2%, gut parasites from more than 40% to, in some intakes, 15% and iron deficiency from 22% to 10%, while the diabetes rate has gone from 0.1% to 2.7%. CONCLUSION: While management of unfamiliar infectious diseases and deficiencies (especially vitamin D) still remains an important part of the management of refugee health, their management usually involves limited time and expense, and their burden is much less than before. However, refugees now resettling in New Zealand and the rest of the world often present with familiar non-communicable diseases that require long-term management.
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Nível de Saúde , Estilo de Vida/etnologia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Refugiados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , África Subsaariana/etnologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Sudeste Asiático/etnologia , Butão/etnologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/etnologia , Comportamento Contraceptivo/etnologia , Comportamento Contraceptivo/tendências , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/etnologia , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/etnologia , Helicobacter pylori , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/etnologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Enteropatias Parasitárias/etnologia , Iraque/etnologia , Masculino , Saúde Mental/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/etnologia , Uso de Tabaco/etnologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/etnologia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objectives This paper has a clinical perspective and presents an innovative intervention that could be offered in different institutions and practice environments. The object here is a group intervention addressed specifically to immigrant and refugee women having experienced different forms of violence. The consequences of being exposed to intentional and dehumanizing violence, paired with the challenges associated with migration and forced exile, can fragilize the individuals and challenge their capacity to adapt. Even though psychological and psychosocial support in the years following their arrival could be beneficial, immigrants and refugees rarely use institutional services, and experts point out that the services are not tailored to them. In that respect stems the importance of promoting the development of more meaningful interventions for immigrants and refugees, in accordance with the principle of equity and equality of chances to have access to appropriate services, but also to better equip the specialists by giving them access to safe and culturally sensitive interventions. Following that perspective, a group intervention for immigrants and refugees having experienced violence was created in 2010 with the collaboration of researchers from l'IUPLSSS and social workers from CIUSSS de l'Estrie-Chus. Method Firstly, this article aims to present this group intervention. Innovative features of the proposed program will be highlighted, followed by an overview of the clinical and empirical supports that recommend the use of groups and art to intervene with immigrants and refugees. A more detailed description of the intervention will follow, describing the objectives of the intervention as well as the intervention framework, including some necessary components to assure the therapeutic reach of the groups and the establishment of a safe space. Secondly, the article presents a brief summary of the preliminary results of a current study aiming to evaluate the impacts of the intervention. During this study, qualitative and quantitative data was collected from 3 groups (n = 17) and analyzed with content analysis and non-parametric analyses to measure the changes between pre and post intervention. Results The results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses show that women report positive changes at the end of the group, namely in regard to post-traumatic stress symptoms and different dimensions of their well-being. Conclusion To conclude, the advantages and limits of this intervention will be discussed, but also its relevance for the practice environments. Even if it isn't the only answer for the intervention in a post-violence context, it consists of a good option for providing adapted services to the reality and needs of immigrants and refugees.
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Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Violência de Gênero/psicologia , Refugiados/psicologia , Autoimagem , Adulto , Afeganistão/etnologia , África/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Congo/etnologia , Assistência à Saúde Culturalmente Competente/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Iraque/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Segurança , Iugoslávia/etnologiaRESUMO
AIMS: Despite recent worldwide migratory movements, there are only a few studies available that report robust epidemiological data on the mental health in recent refugee populations. In the present study, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and somatisation were assessed using an epidemiological approach in refugees who have recently arrived in Germany from different countries. METHODS: The study was conducted in a reception facility for asylum-seekers in Leipzig, Germany. A total of 1316 adult individuals arrived at the facility during the survey period (May 2017-June 2018), 569 of whom took part in the study (N = 67 pilot study and N = 502 study sample; response rate 43.2%). The questionnaire (11 different languages) included sociodemographic and flight-related questions as well as standardised instruments for assessing PTSD (PCL-5), depression (PHQ-9) and somatisation (SSS-8). Unweighted and weighted prevalence rates of PTSD, depression and somatisation were presented stratified by sex and age groups. RESULTS: According to established cut-off scores, 49.7% of the respondents screened positive for at least one of the mental disorders investigated, with 31% suffering from somatisation, 21.7% from depression and 34.9% from PTSD; prevalence rates of major depression, other depressive syndromes and PTSD were calculated according to the DSM-5, which indicated rates of 10.3, 17.6 and 28.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underline the dramatic mental health burden present among refugees and provide important information for health care planning. They also provide important information for health care systems and political authorities in receiving countries and strongly indicate the necessity of establishing early psychosocial support for refugees suffering from psychological distress.
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Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Refugiados/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Somatoformes/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Camarões/etnologia , Transtorno Depressivo/epidemiologia , Eritreia/etnologia , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Iraque/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria/etnologia , Questionário de Saúde do Paciente , Prevalência , Refugiados/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Síria/etnologia , Turquia/etnologia , Venezuela/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Three case studies of immigrants to the US from China, Iraq, and Mexico were used to build a theory of acculturation in immigrants by integrating the continuing bonds model, which describes mourning in bereavement with the assimilation model, which describes psychological change in psychotherapy. Participants were interviewed about the loss of their native culture and their life in the US. One participant had not fully assimilated the loss of her native culture, but used her continuing bonds with her culture as a source of solace. Another participant used his continuing bonds with his culture as a source of solace, but these bonds had become a source of conflict with the host culture. The third participant had largely assimilated the loss of his native culture such that the voices of this culture were linked via meaning bridges with the voices of the host culture, and the continuing bonds were resources that helped him in his land of immigration.
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Aculturação , Comparação Transcultural , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Apego ao Objeto , Identificação Social , Adulto , Asiático/psicologia , China/etnologia , Feminino , Pesar , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Iraque/etnologia , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Preconceito , Valores Sociais , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Several studies have reported low levels of physical activity among immigrant women. However, few studies have attempted to explore possible causes underlying this phenomenon. This study intended to explore immigrant women's attitudes and experiences of physical activity and exercise. The ultimate goal was to find methods that can increase levels of physical activity among immigrant women. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory study was undertaken in Stockholm County, Sweden, involving 63 immigrant women from Chile, Iraq, and Turkey. Data were collected through interviews in 10 focus groups. The analysis was based on grounded theory approaches. Constant comparative analysis and theoretical sampling were employed to construct categories. MAIN FINDINGS: The model that emerged illustrated the core process, that is, enabling exercise. The model also described the women's attitudes and experiences and their ideas of how exercise can be made possible. The women agreed that the local community should recognize the problem and arrange exercise in familiar places. In addition, they called for activities that felt appropriate. If appropriate exercise was arranged, the women sometimes decided to participate. Otherwise, they hesitated or waited. CONCLUSION: If appropriate activities are arranged, levels of physical activity and exercise might increase among immigrant women. Future studies could explore specific activities that can facilitate immigrant women's opportunities to exercise.
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Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Emigração e Imigração , Exercício Físico , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde/etnologia , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Avaliação das Necessidades/organização & administração , Adulto , Idoso , Chile/etnologia , Características Culturais , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Iraque/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suécia/epidemiologia , Turquia/etnologiaRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study hypothesises that the presumed increased risk of self reported longstanding psychiatric illness and intake of psychotropic drugs among Iranian, Chilean, Turkish, and Kurdish adults, when these groups are compared with Polish adults, can be explained by living alone, poor acculturation, unemployment, and low sense of coherence. DESIGN: Data from a national sample of immigrants/refugees, who were between the ages of 20-44 years old, upon their arrival in Sweden between 1980 and 1989. Unconditional logistic regression was used in the statistical modelling. SETTING: Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: 1059 female and 921 male migrants from Iran, Chile, Turkey, Kurdistan and Poland and a random sample of 3001 Swedes, all between the ages of 27-60 years, were interviewed in 1996 by Statistics Sweden. MAIN RESULTS: Compared with Swedes, all immigrants had an increased risk of self reported longstanding psychiatric illness and for intake of psychotropic drugs, with results for the Kurds being non-significant. Compared with Poles, Iranian and Chilean migrants had an increased risk of psychiatric illness, when seen in relation to a model in which adjustment was made for sex and age. The difference became non-significant for Chileans when marital status was taken into account. After including civil status and knowledge of the Swedish language, the increased risks for intake of psychotropic drugs for Chileans and Iranians disappeared. Living alone, poor knowledge of the Swedish language, non-employment, and low sense of coherence were strong risk factors for self reported longstanding psychiatric illness and for intake of psychotropic drugs. Iranian, Chilean, Turkish and Kurdish immigrants more frequently reported living in segregated neighbourhoods and having a greater desire to leave Sweden than their Polish counterparts. CONCLUSION: Evidence substantiates a strong association between ethnicity and self reported longstanding psychiatric illness, as well as intake of psychotropic drugs. This association is weakened by marital status, acculturation status, employment status, and sense of coherence.