Assuntos
Intoxicação por Cádmio/sangue , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/metabolismo , Animais , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Doença Crônica , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Cadmium is an important metal for modern industrial processes and, being biologically non-essential, poses health hazards to the organisms. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of cadmium exposure on the histo-cytology of prolactin cells in the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes (H.) fossilis. Fish were subjected to 288 mg/L (0.8 of 96 h LC50) and 72 mg/L (0.2 of 96 h LC50) of cadmium chloride for short-term and long-term, respectively. After sacrificing the fish, the blood was collected on 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in short-term and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in long-term experiment and analyzed for plasma calcium levels. Also, pituitary glands were fixed on these intervals. The plasma calcium levels of short-term cadmium exposed fish remain unchanged after 24 h. The levels exhibit a progressive decrease from 48 h onwards. The fish exposed to cadmium for 7 days exhibit a decrease in the plasma calcium level. Thereafter, the levels progressively decrease till the end of the experiment (28 days). The prolactin cells of the control fish exhibit structural resemblance to the description given for the prolactin cells of normal H. fossilis. No change in the histological structure and nuclear volume of prolactin cells of cadmium non-exposed fish has been noticed throughout the experiment. In cadmium treated fish, the prolactin cells remain unchanged till 14 days. On day 21, the nuclear volume of these cells exhibits an increase and the cells degranulate. These changes increased profoundly on day 28. In addition, vacuolization and cytolysis were also encountered on day 28 following cadmium treatment. It is concluded that cadmium affects the prolactin cells of the fish H. fossilis thus disturbing the ionic balance.
El cadmio es un metal importante para los procesos industriales modernos, siendo no esencial biológicamente, representa riesgos para la salud de organismos. En este estudio tratamos de evaluar el efecto de la exposición al cadmio por el aspecto histológico y citológico de células secretoras de prolactinas del pez gato de agua dulce Heteropneustes (H.) fossilis. Los peces fueron sometidos a una exposición de 288 mg/L (0,8 de 96 h CL50) and 72 mg/L (0,2 de 96 h CL50) de cloruro de cadmio por a corto y largo término respectivamente. Después del sacrificio de los peces, la sangre fue colectada, tomando muestras de 24, 48, 72 y 96 hs en el corto término y de 7, 14, 21 y 28 días en las sometidas a largo término, la cuales se analizaron para medir niveles de calcio. Además, las glándulas pituitarias fueron fijadas en esos intervalos El nivel plasmático de calcio en los experimentos de exposición a corto tiempo se mantuvo sin cambio tras 24 h. Los niveles exhibieron una caída progresiva a partir de las 48 hs. Los peces expuestos a cadmio por 7 días presentaron una disminución en el nivel plasmático de calcio. Después de esto, los niveles decayeron progresivamente hasta el fin del experimento (28 días). Las células prolactínicas de los peces controles mostraron semejanza estructural a la descripción dada para estas células normales en H. fossilis. No se observaron cambios en la estructura histológica y el volumen nuclear de las células prolactínicas de los peces no expuestos a cadmio a través de todo el experimento. En los peces tratados con cadmio las células prolactínicas se mantuvieron sin cambios hasta los 14 días. En el día 21, el volumen nuclear de esas células se incrementó y estas células presentaron desgranulación. Estos cambios aumentaron profundamente en las muestras del día 28. Adicionalmente en el día 28 posterior al tratamiento con cadmio se encontró vacuolización y citólisis. Se concluyó en que el Cadmo afecta las cñelupas prolactínicas de H fossilis, produciendo disturbios en el balance iónico.
Assuntos
Animais , Intoxicação por Cádmio/sangue , Intoxicação por Cádmio/diagnóstico , Peixes-Gato/anatomia & histologia , Prolactina/análiseRESUMO
The Mimosa (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) is a plant native from South America; it is used in the traditional medicine systems for treating bacterial, fungal, parasitic and inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenotoxic and antioxidant activities induced by mimosa (M. caesalpiniifolia) in multiple rodent organs subjected to intoxication with cadmium chloride. A total of 40 Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 250 g) were distributed into eight groups (n = 5), as follows: Control group (non-treated group, CTRL); Cadmium exposed group (Cd); cadmium exposure and treated with extract at 62.5 mg/kg/day; cadmium exposure and treated with extract at 125 mg/kg/day; cadmium exposure and treated with extract at 250 mg/kg/day; cadmium exposure and treated with ethyl acetate fraction at 62.5 mg/kg/day. For evaluating the toxicogenetic potential of mimosa, two groups were included in the study being treated with extract at 250 mg/kg/day and acetate fraction of mimosa at 62 mg/kg/day, only. Extract of mimosa at concentrations of 62.5 and 125 mg decreased DNA damage in animals intoxicated with cadmium when compared to cadmium group. In a similar manner, treatment with ethyl acetate fraction of mimosa at 62.5 mg concentration in animals previously exposed to cadmium reduced genetic damage in peripheral blood cells. In a similar manner, the treatment with ethyl acetate fraction reduced DNA damage in liver cells. Oxidative DNA damage was reduced to animals exposed to cadmium and treated with 125 mg of extract as well as those intoxicated to cadmium and treated with 62.5 of acetate fraction of mimosa. Taken together, our results indicate that mimosa prevents genotoxicity induced by cadmium exposure in liver and peripheral blood cells of rats as a result of antioxidant activity.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Intoxicação por Cádmio/tratamento farmacológico , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Mimosa/química , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta/química , Acetatos/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Células Sanguíneas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Células Sanguíneas/patologia , Brasil , Cloreto de Cádmio/antagonistas & inibidores , Cloreto de Cádmio/toxicidade , Intoxicação por Cádmio/sangue , Intoxicação por Cádmio/metabolismo , Intoxicação por Cádmio/patologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etnofarmacologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Medicina Tradicional , Mutagênicos/química , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoterapia/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Ratos Wistar , Solventes/químicaRESUMO
Blood samples were withdrawn from n = 49 mothers and their children at the moment of birth to assess blood cadmium levels of the mother, the newborn and the cord. A questionnaire was applied to the mothers in order to obtain data about possible sources of cadmium exposure. Maternal blood cadmium was found significantly correlated (r2 = 0.578) with cord blood cadmium levels, while cord blood was correlated (r2 = 0.499) with newborn blood cadmium. Nevertheless, maternal blood cadmium and newborn blood cadmium were not correlated at all (r2 = 0.047). Previous smoking habits of the mother increased maternal blood cadmium concentrations significantly, but it did not modify cadmium concentrations of either the cord or the newborn. The latter result suggests the existence of a placental barrier for cadmium. Birthweight was found to be inversely associated (P < 0.06) only with cord blood cadmium levels. The results of the study suggest that cord blood cadmium holds information about both maternal and newborn cadmium status and also about cadmium effects on birthweight.