RESUMO
Regeneration of lost or injured organs is an intriguing process in which numerous cellular events take place to form the new structure. Studies of this process during reconstitution of the intestine have been performed in echinoderms, particularly in holothurians. Many cellular events triggered during regeneration have been described using the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima as a research model. More recent experiments have targeted the molecular mechanisms behind the process, a task that has been facilitated by the new sequencing technologies now available. In this review, we present studies involving cellular processes and the genes that have been identified to be associated with the early events of gut regeneration. We also present ongoing efforts to perform functional studies necessary to establish the role(s) of the identified genes. A synopsis of the studies is given with the course of the regenerative process established so far.
Assuntos
Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regeneração , Pepinos-do-Mar , Animais , Pepinos-do-Mar/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of associated glutamine and glutamic acid on growth performance and intestinal development of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings. Five isoproteic (~344.70 g kg−1 crude protein) and isocaloric diets (~3,925 kcal kg−1 gross energy) were developed containing 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 g kg−1 of associated glutamine and glutamic acid in extruded diets. Fish (n = 2,000, mean body weight of 2.12±0.53 g) were distributed into twenty 1-m3 floating net cages in an entirely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates, and each replicate comprised one floating net cage with 100 fish. Fish were hand-fed seven days per week, three times a day until apparent satiety for 45 days. There was a quadratic effect on final body weight, body weight gain, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency, net protein utilization, and intestinal villi height with optimized values for supplementation of associated glutamine and glutamic acid at 10.77, 10.67, 10.00, 8.85, 9.85, 10.15, and 10.98 g kg−1, respectively. There was no effect of associated glutamine and glutamic acid supplementation on feed intake, survival, and body composition. We conclude that 10.67 g kg−1 of associated glutamine and glutamic acid is adequate for growth performance optimization, and supplementation at 10.98 g kg−1 exerts trophic action and improves intestinal morphometry in cage-farmed Nile tilapia fingerlings.
Assuntos
Animais , Ácido Glutâmico/administração & dosagem , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glutamina/administração & dosagem , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal/análise , Aquicultura , Suplementos Nutricionais , AminoácidosRESUMO
Aedes aegypti control is a key component of the prophylaxis of dengue fever and other diseases. Moringa oleifera seeds contain a water-soluble lectin (WSMoL) with larvicidal and ovicidal activities against this insect. In this study, A. aegypti individuals were exposed at the third larval instar for 24â¯h to the water extract (0.1-1.0â¯mg/mL of protein) or lectin-rich fraction (0.05-0.6â¯mg/mL of protein) containing WSMoL, and then their survival and development were followed for 9 days post-exposure. The feeding capacity of adult females that developed from the treated larvae and the hatching success of eggs laid by them were also evaluated. Further, any alterations to the midgut histology of treated larvae, pupae, and adults were investigated. The extract and fraction induced the death of A. aegypti larvae along the post-exposure period. Both preparations also delayed the developmental cycle. The midguts of treated larvae and pupae showed disorganization and epithelial vacuolization, while in treated adults, the epithelium was underdeveloped compared to control. Unlike in control mosquitos, proliferating cells were not detected in treated larvae, and appeared in lower numbers in treated pupae than in control pupae. Adult females that developed from larvae treated with the fraction gained less weight after a blood meal compared with control. The amount of eggs laid by females that developed from larvae treated with both the extract and fraction was significantly lower than in control. In addition, the eggs showed lower hatching rates. In conclusion, females that developed from larvae treated with both the water extract and lectin-rich fraction showed reduced engorgement after a blood meal, with the consequent impairment of their fertility and fecundity. These results were probably due to the damage to midgut organization and impairment of the remodeling process during metamorphosis.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Lectinas/farmacologia , Moringa oleifera/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Aedes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aedes/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/química , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intestinos/patologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/fisiologia , Lectinas/química , Controle de Mosquitos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Pupa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pupa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pupa/fisiologia , Sementes/química , Água/químicaRESUMO
The capacity of the chicken intestinal tract to digest and absorb nutrients is not fully developed on the day of hatch. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of betaine on the intestinal development of broiler chickens, including brush border enzyme activities indices and morphological changes during the first week of growth. Fiftyone-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly distributed into five groups: control (C), low methionine(LM), low methionine plus betaine (LM+B), betaine 1 (B1) and betaine 2 (B2). Betaine was dissolved with a concentration of 500 mg/L in the drinking water of LM+B and B1groups and a concentration of 1000 mg/L in the B2 group. Histological assessment showed lower duodenal crypt depth and villi height/crypt depth ratio in B1 as compared to C. Jejunal villi height of B2birds was significantly higher than that of C birds, whereas jejunal crypt depth values of both B2 and LM birds were higher relative to LM+B and C birds. Betaine-fed groups had significantly a thicker ileal muscularis mucosa layer than C and LM groups. Duodenal and jejunal g-glutamyl transferase activity was significantly higher in B2birds in LM birds. Alkaline phosphatase activity in all three segments of the small intestine was significantly higher in the LM birds than in other groups. Jejunal alanine aminopeptidase activity in LM birds was significantly higher than in other groups, particularly in B1 and B2. The results suggest that betaine may be a promising agent to promote the intestinal development of broilers fed low-methionine or standard diets.
Assuntos
Animais , Betaína/análise , Enzimas , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
The capacity of the chicken intestinal tract to digest and absorb nutrients is not fully developed on the day of hatch. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of betaine on the intestinal development of broiler chickens, including brush border enzyme activities indices and morphological changes during the first week of growth. Fiftyone-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly distributed into five groups: control (C), low methionine(LM), low methionine plus betaine (LM+B), betaine 1 (B1) and betaine 2 (B2). Betaine was dissolved with a concentration of 500 mg/L in the drinking water of LM+B and B1groups and a concentration of 1000 mg/L in the B2 group. Histological assessment showed lower duodenal crypt depth and villi height/crypt depth ratio in B1 as compared to C. Jejunal villi height of B2birds was significantly higher than that of C birds, whereas jejunal crypt depth values of both B2 and LM birds were higher relative to LM+B and C birds. Betaine-fed groups had significantly a thicker ileal muscularis mucosa layer than C and LM groups. Duodenal and jejunal g-glutamyl transferase activity was significantly higher in B2birds in LM birds. Alkaline phosphatase activity in all three segments of the small intestine was significantly higher in the LM birds than in other groups. Jejunal alanine aminopeptidase activity in LM birds was significantly higher than in other groups, particularly in B1 and B2. The results suggest that betaine may be a promising agent to promote the intestinal development of broilers fed low-methionine or standard diets.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Betaína/análise , Enzimas , Ração Animal , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
Melanotransferrin (MTf) is a protein associated with oncogenetic, developmental, and immune processes which function remains unclear. The MTf gene has been reported in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species, including echinoderms. We now report the finding of four different MTfs in the transcriptome of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Sequence studies and phylogenetic analyses were done to ascertain the similarities among the putative proteins and their relationship with other transferrin family members. The genes were shown to be differentially expressed in various holothurian organs and to respond differently when the animals were challenged with the immune system activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, the four genes were found to be highly overexpressed during the early stages of intestinal regeneration. The finding of four different genes in the holothurian is particularly surprising, because only one MTf gene has been reported in all other animal species sequenced to date. This finding, combined with the increase expression during intestinal regeneration, suggests a new possible function of MTf in organ regenerative processes.
Assuntos
Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metaloproteínas/genética , Regeneração/genética , Pepinos-do-Mar/genética , Animais , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Metaloproteínas/metabolismo , Pepinos-do-Mar/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of breeder age and hatching temperature variations on chick quality. The experiment was a completely randomized design in a 3x2 factorial arrangement (three breeder ages and two hatching temperatures). We used 720 eggs from three breeder ages (30, 42, or 64 weeks). The hatching temperature for control group was 37.5 C during all the hatching period and for the elevated temperature group, it was 39.0 C during 6h between 10 and 18 days of incubation. Five chicks per treatment were euthanized by cervical dislocation for bursal and spleen morphological measurements. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the differences among means were compared by Tukey test (5%). Chicks from older flock had larger follicular area of bursa de Fabricius when hatched under normal temperature. The higher hatching temperature induced intestinal development because chicks hatched under high temperature had bigger crypt depth. Changes in hatching machine temperature affected young flock chick quality. Chicks from older flocks had better immune response.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da idade da matriz e da variação da temperatura de incubação sobre a qualidade do pinto neonato. O delineamento foi inteiramente causalizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas temperaturas de incubação). Foram incubados 720 ovos, provenientes de matrizes com diferentes idades (30, 42 ou 64 semanas). A temperatura da máquina de incubar para os grupos controle foi mantida constante (37,5 ºC) e para os tratamentos com estresse por calor foi aplicada uma temperatura de 39,0 ºC por 6h durante o período de 10 a 18 dias de incubação. Cinco pintos por tratamento foram sacrificados para coletas de órgãos e realizada a histomorfometria intestinal, de baço e bursa. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e foi utilizado o teste de Tukey (5%). A área dos folículos da bursa foi maior nos pintos oriundos de matrizes mais velhas quando os ovos foram incubados em temperatura ideal. A temperatura de 39,0 ºC estimulou o desenvolvimento intestinal. A variação na temperatura de incubação prejudicou a qualidade de pintos, sobretudo para pintos originados de matrizes jovens. Pintos oriundos de matrizes velhas apresentaram melhor resposta imune e desenvolvimento intestinal, independentemente da variação da temperatura de incubação.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , /anatomia & histologia , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Galinhas/fisiologia , Imunidade , Baço/anatomia & histologia , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , OvosRESUMO
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of breeder age and hatching temperature variations on chick quality. The experiment was a completely randomized design in a 3x2 factorial arrangement (three breeder ages and two hatching temperatures). We used 720 eggs from three breeder ages (30, 42, or 64 weeks). The hatching temperature for control group was 37.5 C during all the hatching period and for the elevated temperature group, it was 39.0 C during 6h between 10 and 18 days of incubation. Five chicks per treatment were euthanized by cervical dislocation for bursal and spleen morphological measurements. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the differences among means were compared by Tukey test (5%). Chicks from older flock had larger follicular area of bursa de Fabricius when hatched under normal temperature. The higher hatching temperature induced intestinal development because chicks hatched under high temperature had bigger crypt depth. Changes in hatching machine temperature affected young flock chick quality. Chicks from older flocks had better immune response.
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da idade da matriz e da variação da temperatura de incubação sobre a qualidade do pinto neonato. O delineamento foi inteiramente causalizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas temperaturas de incubação). Foram incubados 720 ovos, provenientes de matrizes com diferentes idades (30, 42 ou 64 semanas). A temperatura da máquina de incubar para os grupos controle foi mantida constante (37,5 ºC) e para os tratamentos com estresse por calor foi aplicada uma temperatura de 39,0 ºC por 6h durante o período de 10 a 18 dias de incubação. Cinco pintos por tratamento foram sacrificados para coletas de órgãos e realizada a histomorfometria intestinal, de baço e bursa. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e foi utilizado o teste de Tukey (5%). A área dos folículos da bursa foi maior nos pintos oriundos de matrizes mais velhas quando os ovos foram incubados em temperatura ideal. A temperatura de 39,0 ºC estimulou o desenvolvimento intestinal. A variação na temperatura de incubação prejudicou a qualidade de pintos, sobretudo para pintos originados de matrizes jovens. Pintos oriundos de matrizes velhas apresentaram melhor resposta imune e desenvolvimento intestinal, independentemente da variação da temperatura de incubação.
Assuntos
Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fatores Etários , Galinhas/fisiologia , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Baço/anatomia & histologia , Imunidade , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , OvosRESUMO
Two heat-shock protein (HSP) 70 family transcripts, heat-shock protein 70 cognate 5 and heat-shock protein 70 cognate 3 (designated as EsHSC70-5 and EsHSC70-3, respectively), were isolated from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis and their expression profiles were evaluated for their responsiveness to larval development and immune challenge in adult crabs. The HSPs exhibited 45-89% identity with other heat-shock proteins, and they shared similar structural features. EsHSC70 mRNA expression was detected not only during infection but also during the developmental larval stages. The EsHSC70s were enriched, and their expression fluctuated during early development. EsHSC70 mRNA expression was significantly induced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge in all of the tissues studied (P < 0.05). Expression of EsHSC70 mRNA in the hepatopancreas and at the early zoeal stages was particularly pronounced, and the two EsHSC70s exhibited differential expression patterns both chronologically and spatially. The EsHSC70-5 mRNA level was significantly downregulated in the intestine and gills compared to that in controls at nearly all time points, and was expressed at a lower level after the bacterial challenge, indicating that EsHSC70-5 and EsHSC70-3 respond to immune challenges. The stage-specific enrichment of EsHSC70 transcripts in crabs suggests that these stress proteins play an essential role during brachyurization events.
Assuntos
Braquiúros/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/biossíntese , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/genética , Larva/genética , Animais , Braquiúros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Brânquias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brânquias/imunologia , Brânquias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/genética , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/imunologia , Hepatopâncreas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hepatopâncreas/metabolismo , Hepatopâncreas/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intestinos/microbiologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/microbiologia , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/imunologia , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude cottonseed oil in isoenergetic diets, with or without supplementation of ferrous sulfate, on performance variables, relative weight of organs, and blood parameters of broilers, and on the economic viability of diets in the periods from 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 600 male birds of the Ross line were distributed in a completely randomized design in a (4×2) factorial arrangement with eight treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% cottonseed oil with and without ferrous sulfate), and five replicates. The following variables were studied: feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, weight of organs, blood parameters, and yield of carcass and cuts at 21 days. No effects of the levels of cottonseed oil were found on the performance of animals aged 1 to 7 days, or on the relative weights of the organs. In this same period, the weight gain, and the relative weights of heart, liver, and intestine of the animals that received ferrous sulfate were decreased, and feed conversion was worsened. In the period from 1 to 21 days, weight gain increased linearly with the increase in the levels of cottonseed oil. Blood parameters were not influenced by the diets. Crude cottonseed oil can be utilized in diets for broilers in the periods from 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days of age at up to 6% of inclusion, and supplementation with ferrous sulfate is unnecessary if the differences in metabolization of the cottonseed oil are considered, with and without, it during the diet formulation process.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleo de Sementes de Algodão/administração & dosagem , Dieta/veterinária , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Galinhas , Coração/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fígado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de níveis crescentes de antibióticos associados ao farelo integral de pimenta rosa (FIPR) sobre o desempenho produtivo e morfometria intestinal de frangos corte. Utilizaram-se 528 pintos Cobb, machos, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições de 22 animais cada, constituído pelos grupos T1 - Controle Negativo (CN) - Dieta basal sem FIPR e sem antibióticos; T2 - Controle Positivo (CP) - Dieta Basal com 1,2% FIPR; T3 - CP + 11ppm bacitracina zinco e 17ppm salinomicina; T4 - CP + 22ppm bacitracina zinco e 34ppm salinomicina; T5 - CP + 33ppm bacitracina zinco e 51ppm salinomicina; T6 - CP + 45ppm bacitracina zinco e 67ppm salinomicina. No período de 1-43 dias de idade, observou-se que a adição de FIPR com ou sem antibiótico reduziu (P≤0,05) o consumo e melhorou a conversão alimentar, comparado com CN. Verificou-se que os frangos alimentados com FIPR associado aos antibióticos, em valores acima de 22mg kg-1 de bacitracina de zinco e 34mg kg-1 de salinomicina, tiveram maiores alturas de vilosidades intestinais que o CN (P≤0,05). O FIPR pode ser utilizado em substituição aos antibióticos sem queda de desempenho animal e com a manutenção da viabilidade e do fator de produção.(AU)
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of the increase levels of antibiotics associated with the pink pepper meal (PPM) on animal performance and intestinal morphometry of broilers jejunum. A total of 528 day-old male chicks, Cobb 500, distributed in a randomized design of six treatments and four replicates of 22 birds each: T1 - Negative Control (NC) - basal diet without PPM or antibiotics, T2 - Positive Control (PC) - basal diet with 1,2% PP; T3 - PC + 11ppm zinc bacitracin and 17ppm salinomycin, T4 - PC + 22ppm zinc bacitracin and 34ppm salinomycin, T5 - PC + 33ppm zinc bacitracin and 51ppm salinomycin, T6 - PC + 45ppm zinc bacitracin and 67ppm salinomycin. In period of 1-43 days-old, it was observed that the use of PPM with or without antibiotcs reduced feed intake and improved feed:gain ratio compared with NC (P≤0,05). It was observed that the broilers fed diet with antibiotics values of up to 22mg kg-1 of zinc bacitracin and 34mg kg-1 of salinomycin associated with the PPM had the higher villus height compared with NC. The PPM can be used to replace antibiotic growth promoters without decrease on animal performance, viability and production factor.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Aditivos Alimentares , Hormônio do Crescimento , Galinhas/fisiologia , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Anacardiaceae , Compostos Fitoquímicos , JejunoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate the development of the enteric, hepatic and muscle tissues in goat kids fed with lyophilized bovine colostrum in the transition period of passive immunity to early active immunity. At 0, 7 and 14 h of life, 15 male newborns received 5% of their body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum and 14 male newborns received goat colostrum, both with 55 mg/ml of IgG. Samples of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver and muscle were collected at 18, 36 and 96 h of life to quantify total protein, DNA and RNA contents. In the jejunum and ileum, the highest levels of total protein and higher protein/RNA ratio were observed at 18 h (p < 0.05). There were no differences in DNA contents in any intestinal segment (p > 0.05). At 96 h, maximum levels of RNA were observed in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05) and higher RNA/DNA ratio in the three intestinal segments (p < 0.05), showing increased ability to synthesize intracellular RNA and proteins. The LBC group showed higher protein content and higher protein/DNA and protein/RNA ratios in the jejunum, a higher DNA content in the liver (p < 0.05) and a higher protein/RNA ratio in the muscle tissue (p < 0.05). In the muscle, higher protein and DNA levels were also found at 96 h (p < 0.05). Indicators of cellular activity suggest greater absorption of proteins from lyophilized bovine colostrum and increased cell maturity in the enteric and muscle tissues in the first hours of goat kids' life.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Colostro/química , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fígado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Bovinos , DNA/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Liofilização , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Imunoglobulina G , Masculino , RNA/metabolismo , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Molecular analysis of the 16S rDNA of the intestinal microbiota of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was examined to investigate the effect of a Bacillus mix (Bacillus endophyticus YC3-b, Bacillus endophyticus C2-2, Bacillus tequilensisYC5-2) and the commercial probiotic (Alibio(®)) on intestinal bacterial communities and resistance to Vibrio infection. PCR and single strain conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses were then performed on DNA extracted directly from guts. Injection of shrimp with V. parahaemolyticus at 2.5 × 10(5) CFU g(-1) per shrimp followed 168 h after inoculation with Bacillus mix or the Alibio probiotic or the positive control. Diversity analyses showed that the bacterial community resulting from the Bacillus mix had the highest diversity and evenness and the bacterial community of the control had the lowest diversity. The bacterial community treated with probiotics mainly consisted of α- and γ-proteobacteria, fusobacteria, sphingobacteria, and flavobacteria, while the control mainly consisted of α-proteobacteria and flavobacteria. Differences were grouped using principal component analyses of PCR-SSCP of the microbiota, according to the time of inoculation. In Vibrio parahaemolyticus-infected shrimp, the Bacillus mix (~33 %) induced a significant increase in survival compared to Alibio (~21 %) and the control (~9 %). We conclude that administration of the Bacillus mix induced modulation of the intestinal microbiota of L. vannamei and increased its resistance to V. parahaemolyticus.
Assuntos
Bacillus/fisiologia , Metagenoma , Penaeidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Penaeidae/microbiologia , Probióticos/farmacologia , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Biodiversidade , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intestinos/microbiologia , Penaeidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/fisiologiaRESUMO
The hormonally active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3), acts in intestine, its major target tissue, where its actions are of regulatory and developmental importance: regulation of intracellular calcium through modulation of second messengers and activation of mitogenic cascades leading to cell proliferation. Several causes have been postulated to modify the hormone response in intestinal cells with ageing, among them, alterations of vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels and binding sites, reduced expression of G-proteins and hormone signal transduction changes. The current review summarizes the actual knowledge regarding the molecular and biochemical basis of age-impaired 1α,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) receptor-mediated signaling in intestinal cells. A fundamental understanding why the hormone functions are impaired with age will enhance our knowledge of its importance in intestinal cell physiology.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Calcitriol/fisiologia , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vitaminas/farmacologia , Animais , Calcitriol/farmacologia , Agonistas dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Sinalização do Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células , Enterócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Intestinos/citologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/fisiologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/fisiologia , Fosfolipase D/fisiologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases/fisiologia , Receptores de Calcitriol/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Calcitriol/metabolismo , Receptores da Fosfolipase A2/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Quinases da Família src/metabolismoRESUMO
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of walnut (T. conophorum) leaf and onion (A. cepa) bulb on the gut morphometry of Clarias gariepinus towards elucidating its mechanism of growth promotion. Twenty Clarias gariepinus juveniles (7.39+/-0.29g/ fish) were allocated to nine treatments, with three replicates each. Nine experimental diets were formulated at 40 percent crude protein representing different level of walnut leaf and onion bulb (0.5 percent, 1.0 percent, 1.5 percent and 2.0 percent) respectively and the control diet was free from walnut leaf and onion bulb and were fed twice daily at 3 percent body weight for 12 weeks. Growth indices like Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Gut morphormetry such as villi length, villi width and cryptal depth were investigated. Data were analyzed using linear regression, descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p= 0.05. Results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate of Clarias gariepinus increased with increasing level of walnut leaf and onion bulb residues. The highest weight gain (53.81+/-5.85), specific growth rate (1.09+/-0.11), feed conversion ratio (2.16+/-0.02) was observed with 1.5 percent inclusions of walnut leaf residue diets. Although, FCR and SGR were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments, the treated groups had better area of absorption and cryptal depth compared to the control. Treatment with 1.5 percent inclusion of walnut leaf residue recorded highest villi length and villi width and treatment with 1.5 percent inclusion of onion bulb recorded highest cryptal depth (30.00+/-0.00). These results indicate that using walnut leaf and onion bulb as a supplement in plant based diets may be useful in improving feed acceptability and growth performance of cultured C. gariepinus fed low cost, plant based diets and it was concluded that walnut (T. conophorum) leaf at 1.5 percent inclusion...
Este estudio fue realizado para evaluar los efectos de la hoja del nogal (T. conophorum) y el bulbo de la cebolla (A. cepa) sobre la morfometría intestinal de Clarias gariepinus con el fin de dilucidar su mecanismo de promoción del crecimiento. Veinte Clarias gariepinus jóvenes (7,39+/-0,29 g/pez) fueron asignadas a nueve tratamientos, con tres repeticiones cada uno. Nueve dietas experimentales se formularon con la proteína cruda al 40 por ciento que representan los diferentes niveles de hoja del nogal y el bulbo de la cebolla (0,5 por ciento, 1,0 por ciento, 1,5 por ciento y 2,0 por ciento), respectivamente, y dieta de control libre de la hoja del nogal y el bulbo de la cebolla, que fueron alimentados dos veces al día en un 3 por ciento del peso corporal durante 12 semanas. Fueron medidos los índices de crecimiento como aumento de peso medio (APM), tasa de crecimiento específico (TCE), consumo de alimento (CA) y el índice de conversión alimeticia (ICA). La morfometría intestinal como longitud de las vellosidades, ancho de las vellosidades y profundidad de las criptas fueron investigados. Los datos fueron analizados mediante regresión lineal, estadística descriptiva y ANOVA con un valos p=0,05. Los resultados mostraron que el aumento de peso y la tasa de crecimiento específico de Clarias gariepinus se elevó al aumentar el nivel de la hoja de nogal y los residuos del bulbo de cebolla. La mayor ganancia de peso (53,81 +/- 5,85), tasa de crecimiento específico (1,09 +/- 0,11), tasa de conversión alimenticia (2,16 +/- 0,02) se observó con inclusiones de 1,5 por ciento de las dietas de residuos de hojas de nogal. Aunque el ICA y TCE no fueron significativamente diferentes (p> 0,05) entre los tratamientos. Los grupos tratados tuvieron una mejor área de absorción y profundidad de las criptas en comparación con el control. El tratamiento con 1,5 por ciento de inclusión de hojas de nogal registró la mayor longitud y ancho de las vellosidades y el tratamiento con 1,5...
Assuntos
Animais , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intestinos , Peixes/anatomia & histologia , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , /uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Juglans/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Gastric development depends directly on the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, and these processes are controlled by multiple elements, such as diet, hormones, and growth factors. Protein restriction affects gastrointestinal functions, but its effects on gastric growth are not fully understood. METHODS: The present study evaluated cell proliferation in the gastric epithelia of rats subjected to protein restriction since gestation. Because ghrelin is increasingly expressed from the fetal to the weaning stages and might be part of growth regulation, its distribution in the stomach of rats was investigated at 14, 30, and 50 d old. RESULTS: Although the protein restriction at 8% increased the intake of food and body weight, the body mass was lower (P < 0.05). The stomach and intestine were also smaller but increased proportionately throughout treatment. Cell proliferation was estimated through DNA synthesis and metaphase indices, and lower rates (P < 0.05) were detected at the different ages. The inhibition was concomitant with a larger number of ghrelin-immunolabeled cells at 30 and 50 d postnatally. CONCLUSION: Protein restriction impairs cell proliferation in the gastric epithelium, and a ghrelin upsurge under this condition is parallel to lower gastric and body growth rates.
Assuntos
Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/efeitos adversos , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Mucosa Gástrica , Grelina/metabolismo , Crescimento/fisiologia , Deficiência de Proteína/metabolismo , Estômago , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/genética , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Peso Corporal , Proliferação de Células , DNA/biossíntese , Ingestão de Energia , Mucosa Gástrica/citologia , Mucosa Gástrica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metáfase , Tamanho do Órgão , Deficiência de Proteína/etiologia , Deficiência de Proteína/genética , Ratos , Estômago/citologia , Estômago/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Considering the high frequency of anaemia due to Fe deficiency, it is important to evaluate the effects of prebiotics on the absorption of Fe. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of high-performance (HP) inulin, oligofructose and synergy1 during recovery from anaemia in rats through the intestinal absorption of Fe, food intake, body growth, caecal pH and weight of the intestine. Wistar rats (n 47) were fed with rations of AIN93-G with no Fe to induce Fe deficiency anaemia. At 36 d of life, anaemic rats were divided into four groups: (1) the HP inulin group; (2) the synergy1 group; and (3) the oligofructose group, all with 100 g of the respective prebiotic per kg of ration; and (4) a control group, in which the prebiotic was replaced by maize starch. Then, 25 mg of elemental Fe/kg of ration was added to all rations to allow recovery from anaemia. The final values of Hb in the HP inulin, synergy1, oligofructose and control groups were, respectively: 98 (94-99); 83 (81-92); 100 (90-114); 77 (72-81) g/l, with a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0·001) between the oligofructose and control groups and the HP inulin and control groups. The four groups had an increase in weight and body length and had similar consumption of rations. The intestinal weight and caecal pH were significantly different between the groups that consumed prebiotics and the control group. HP inulin and oligofructose increased the intestinal absorption of Fe in rats.
Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/dietoterapia , Absorção Intestinal , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Inulina/uso terapêutico , Ferro da Dieta/metabolismo , Oligossacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Prebióticos , Anemia Ferropriva/sangue , Anemia Ferropriva/metabolismo , Animais , Ceco/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ceco/metabolismo , Colo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Colo/metabolismo , Fezes/química , Conteúdo Gastrointestinal/química , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análise , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ferro da Dieta/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Determining the type and source of cells involved in regenerative processes has been one of the most important goals of researchers in the field of regeneration biology. We have previously used several cellular markers to characterize the cells involved in the regeneration of the intestine in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. RESULTS: We have now obtained a monoclonal antibody that labels the mesothelium; the outer layer of the gut wall composed of peritoneocytes and myocytes. Using this antibody we studied the role of this tissue layer in the early stages of intestinal regeneration. We have now shown that the mesothelial cells of the mesentery, specifically the muscle component, undergo dedifferentiation from very early on in the regeneration process. Cell proliferation, on the other hand, increases much later, and mainly takes place in the mesothelium or coelomic epithelium of the regenerating intestinal rudiment. Moreover, we have found that the formation of the intestinal rudiment involves a novel regenerative mechanism where epithelial cells ingress into the connective tissue and acquire mesenchymal phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly suggest that the dedifferentiating mesothelium provides the initial source of cells for the formation of the intestinal rudiment. At later stages, cell proliferation supplies additional cells necessary for the increase in size of the regenerate. Our data also shows that the mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition provides many of the connective tissue cells found in the regenerating intestine. These results present some new and important information as to the cellular basis of organ regeneration and in particular to the process of regeneration of visceral organs.
Assuntos
Desdiferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/fisiologia , Holothuria/fisiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Regeneração/fisiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Proliferação de Células , Epitélio/imunologia , Holothuria/citologia , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mesentério/citologia , Mesentério/fisiologia , Células Musculares/imunologia , Regeneração/genéticaRESUMO
Avaliaram-se as características dos órgãos e do trato gastrintestinal de novilhos com duas condições sexuais - castrados e não castrados -, com predomínio genético Charolês ou Nelore com idade e peso médios iniciais de 12 meses e 267kg, respectivamente. Os novilhos foram confinados até o peso de abate médio preestabelecido de 400kg. A dieta alimentar continha relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50 (base na matéria seca), com 10 por cento de proteína bruta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial de 2x2 (duas condições sexuais x dois predomínios genéticos). Para o peso absoluto do omaso, observou-se interação significativa de genótipo versus condição sexual dos novilhos. Animais não castrados apresentaram maiores pesos absolutos dos rins (0,81 versus 0,66kg), do abomaso (1,20 versus 1,00kg) e dos intestinos, nas diferentes formas de expressão, em comparação aos castrados. Os animais com predomínio Charolês apresentaram maiores pesos absolutos do omaso (4,24 versus 3,46kg), dos intestinos (8,18 versus 6,84kg) e do total do trato digestório (16,88 versus 14,90kg) em relação aos animais com predominância Nelore. Não houve correlação entre o rendimento de carcaça e os componentes não integrantes da carcaça.
The characteristics of non-integrant parts of carcass of steers with two sexual conditions - castrated and non-castrated - with Charolais or Nellore genetic predominance were evaluated. The average age and inicial weight were 12 months old and 267kg, respectively. The steers were feedlot finished until slaughter weight of 400kg. The experimental diet was formulated in a roughage:concentrate ratio 50:50 (dry matter basis), with 10 percent crude protein. A completely randomized experimental design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two sexual conditions and two genetic groups) was used. Significant interaction between genotypes and sexual conditions of steers was observed for the omasum absolute weight. The non-castrated animals showed heavier kidneys (0.81 versus 0.66kg) and abomasums (1.20 versus 1.00kg) and intestines in comparisson to castrated animals. Genotypes with Charolais predominance showed heavier omasums (4.24 versus 3.46kg), intestines (8.18 versus 6.84kg), and the total digestive tract (16.88 versus 14.90kg) in relation to animals with Nellore predominance. No significant correlation between carcass dressing percentage and non-integrant parts of carcass was observed.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Ração Animal , Bovinos/anatomia & histologia , Castração/veterinária , Trato Gastrointestinal/anatomia & histologia , Dieta/veterinária , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Omaso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Rim/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Avaliaram-se as características dos órgãos e do trato gastrintestinal de novilhos com duas condições sexuais - castrados e não castrados -, com predomínio genético Charolês ou Nelore com idade e peso médios iniciais de 12 meses e 267kg, respectivamente. Os novilhos foram confinados até o peso de abate médio preestabelecido de 400kg. A dieta alimentar continha relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50 (base na matéria seca), com 10 por cento de proteína bruta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial de 2x2 (duas condições sexuais x dois predomínios genéticos). Para o peso absoluto do omaso, observou-se interação significativa de genótipo versus condição sexual dos novilhos. Animais não castrados apresentaram maiores pesos absolutos dos rins (0,81 versus 0,66kg), do abomaso (1,20 versus 1,00kg) e dos intestinos, nas diferentes formas de expressão, em comparação aos castrados. Os animais com predomínio Charolês apresentaram maiores pesos absolutos do omaso (4,24 versus 3,46kg), dos intestinos (8,18 versus 6,84kg) e do total do trato digestório (16,88 versus 14,90kg) em relação aos animais com predominância Nelore. Não houve correlação entre o rendimento de carcaça e os componentes não integrantes da carcaça.(AU)
The characteristics of non-integrant parts of carcass of steers with two sexual conditions - castrated and non-castrated - with Charolais or Nellore genetic predominance were evaluated. The average age and inicial weight were 12 months old and 267kg, respectively. The steers were feedlot finished until slaughter weight of 400kg. The experimental diet was formulated in a roughage:concentrate ratio 50:50 (dry matter basis), with 10 percent crude protein. A completely randomized experimental design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two sexual conditions and two genetic groups) was used. Significant interaction between genotypes and sexual conditions of steers was observed for the omasum absolute weight. The non-castrated animals showed heavier kidneys (0.81 versus 0.66kg) and abomasums (1.20 versus 1.00kg) and intestines in comparisson to castrated animals. Genotypes with Charolais predominance showed heavier omasums (4.24 versus 3.46kg), intestines (8.18 versus 6.84kg), and the total digestive tract (16.88 versus 14.90kg) in relation to animals with Nellore predominance. No significant correlation between carcass dressing percentage and non-integrant parts of carcass was observed.(AU)