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INTRODUCTION: Natural hazards are elements of the physical environment caused by forces extraneous to human intervention and may be harmful to human beings. Natural hazards, such as weather events, can lead to natural disasters, which are serious societal disruptions that can disrupt dialysis provision, a life-threatening event for dialysis-dependent people. The adverse outcomes associated with missed dialysis sessions are likely exacerbated in island settings, where health care resources and emergency procedures are limited. The effect of natural disasters on dialysis patients living in geographically vulnerable areas such as the Cayman Islands is largely understudied. To inform predisaster interventions, we systematically reviewed studies examining the effects of disasters on dialysis patients and discussed the implications for emergency preparedness in the Cayman Islands. METHODS: Two reviewers independently screened 434 titles and abstracts from PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. We included studies if they were original research articles published in English from 2009 to 2019 and conducted in the Americas. RESULTS: Our search yielded 15 relevant articles, which we included in the final analysis. Results showed that disasters have both direct and indirect effects on dialysis patients. Lack of electricity, clean water, and transportation, and closure of dialysis centers can disrupt dialysis care, lead to missed dialysis sessions, and increase the number of hospitalizations and use of the emergency department. Additionally, disasters can exacerbate depression and lead to posttraumatic stress disorder among dialysis patients. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this systematic review is the first study that presents a synthesis of the scientific literature on the effects of disasters on dialysis populations. The indirect and direct effects of disasters on dialysis patients highlight the need for predisaster interventions at the patient and health care system levels. Particularly, educating patients about an emergency renal diet and offering early dialysis can help to mitigate the negative effects of disasters.

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The nature of mental disorders, the attitudes and prejudices of the social community towards psychiatric patients, the behavior and treatment of mental patients, all bring about numerous dilemmas and prejudices. When a patient is diagnosed with a mental disorder, he may suffer restrictions in the field of general human rights. However, the biggest problems in clinical practice occur in the treatment of patients who, besides their mental disorder also have a somatic disease. We report a 56-years-old female with a severe renal failure who refused to undergo dialysis. Following the patient's refusal to sign an informed consent, a psychiatrist was called in for consultation and diagnosed an acute psychotic reaction. To manage the delusions and acute psychotic reactions, risperidone in the dose of 2 mg was started. After 22 days, the patient still had marked psychotic symptoms. A psychiatrist, a nephrologist and an anesthesiologist, in the presence of the spouse on the grounds of her life-threatening condition, decided to apply the necessary medical procedures even without the patient's consent. A day after the start of dialysis the patient still had delusional ideas, but without the presence of anxiety, and the patient no longer offered resistance to dialysis. Four days after the first dialysis, the patient was calm, had vague memories about the entire previous period, and signed the informed consent concerning her further treatment.

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The nature of mental disorders, the attitudes and prejudices of the social community towards psychiatric patients, the behavior and treatment of mental patients, all bring about numerous dilemmas and prejudices. When a patient is diagnosed with a mental disorder, he may suffer restrictions in the field of general human rights. However, the biggest problems in clinical practice occur in the treatment of patients who, besides their mental disorder also have a somatic disease. We report a 56-years-old female with a severe renal failure who refused to undergo dialysis. Following the patient's refusal to sign an informed consent, a psychiatrist was called in for consultation and diagnosed an acute psychotic reaction. To manage the delusions and acute psychotic reactions, risperidone in the dose of 2 mg was started. After 22 days, the patient still had marked psychotic symptoms. A psychiatrist, a nephrologist and an anesthesiologist, in the presence of the spouse on the grounds of her life-threatening condition, decided to apply the necessary medical procedures even without the patient's consent. A day after the start of dialysis the patient still had delusional ideas, but without the presence of anxiety, and the patient no longer offered resistance to dialysis. Four days after the first dialysis, the patient was calm, had vague memories about the entire previous period, and signed the informed consent concerning her further treatment.

Se generan muchos dilemas y prejuicios debido a la naturaleza de las enfermedades mentales. Cuando a un paciente se le diagnostica un cuadro mental, sus derechos humanos pueden verse perjudicados. Sin embargo, los mayores problemas se suscitan en pacientes que además de tener un trastorno mental, tienen una enfermedad somática. Presentamos una mujer de 56 años con una falla renal que rechazó ser dializada. Después que la paciente no firmó el consentimiento informado, se pidió una interconsulta a psiquiatría y se diagnosticó una reacción psicótica aguda. Se indicó risperidona para tratar las alucinaciones. Después de 22 días de tratamiento la paciente aún tenía síntomas psicóticos. Una junta médica efectuada en la presencia del cónyuge de la paciente, decidió efectuar la diálisis a pesar del rechazo de la paciente. Un día después de dializarse, la paciente aún tenía alucinaciones pero menos ansiedad y dejó de rechazar la diálisis. Cuatro días más tarde la paciente no recordaba lo ocurrido y firmó el consentimiento para dializarse.

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This article focuses on individuals who are growing old with chronic illnesses and early onset impairments. Their experience of illness complications, bodily and functional losses is similar to what Bury has referred to as a biographical disruption. However, whereas Bury argues that a chronic illness amounts to a critical situation for the individual, partly due to its unexpected nature, this does not apply to the participants in our two studies. A second difference concerns Bury's implicit suggestion that the disruption is a single event that is characteristic of the early stage of a chronic illness. Repeated disruptions seemed to shape the lives of several of those interviewed. At the same time, this article challenges studies which suggest that the notion of disruption is less relevant to people in later life and to those who have experienced difficult lives, and also questions the argument that continuity rather than change characterises the lives of people who have had chronic conditions since their early years. In its approach, the article responds to Williams' request for studies in the sociology of chronic illness that extend the predominant biographical focus on the middle years of life to both ends of the life course.

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Bury's (1982) argument that the onset of a chronic illness represents a biographical disruption has become paradigmatic in the sociology of illness studies. More recently Bury (1991, 1997) himself Williams (2000) and other medical sociologists have argued that the notion of illness as biographical disruption needs re-examination. Following a phenomenological approach, in this paper the author draws on different narrative models (Labov and Waletzky 1967 and Ricoeur 1980) to analyze how patients orient to the onset of chronic illness as the complicating action. The data comprise eight narratives collected in South America: three correspond to patients with renal failure, and five to patients with HIV/AIDS disease. It is observed that in some cases, patients' complicating actions are rather oriented to experiences of poverty, drug addiction, and criminality that took place prior to their onset of their illnesses. These experiences, instead of the onset of their illnesses, occupy the place of the complicating action in these patients' narratives. The author discusses that in the studies of illness narratives, it is difficult to operate from a different paradigm, but argues that conflating the onset of chronic illness with a biographical disruption may confuse the episodic dimension of narrative with the configurational dimension.

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As doenças crônicas, entre elas a insuficiência renal crônica, têm recebido grande atenção dos profissionais de saúde nas últimas décadas devido ao importante papel desempenhado na morbimortalidade da população mundial. Este trabalho pretende apresentar um relato de experiência sobre o atendimento psicológico, realizado numa clínica de hemodiálise, de 26 pacientes com idades entre 15 e 80 anos, a maioria mulheres (69,2 por cento), casados (53,8 por cento), que não trabalham (92,3 por cento) e aposentados (57,7 por cento), fazendo hemodiálise três vezes por semana. No lugar de reagir passivamente a eventos negativos, indivíduos podem se comportar de modos que aumentem seu bem-estar em tempos de desafios e mudanças, como no caso de se ter uma insuficiência renal crônica. A forma como as pessoas lidam com o sofrimento e seus benefícios pode trazer possibilidades de ajustamento e crescimento pessoal frente à adversidade.(AU)

Chronic illnesses, such as kidney disease, have received great attention from health professionals in the last decades. This work intends to present an experience with psychological care, in a hemodialysis clinic, with 26 patients aged between 15 and 80 years, the majority of which were women (69,2 percent), married (53,8 percent), did not work (92,3 percent), or were retired (57,7 percent), taking hemodialysis three times a week. Instead of reacting negatively to life events, individuals can behave in ways that improve their well-being in times of transformation and change, as is the case when one has a chronic kidney disease. The manner in which the individual deals with suffering and its benefits can bring possibilities of psychological adjustment and personal growth in face of adversity.(AU)

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As doenças crônicas, entre elas a insuficiência renal crônica, têm recebido grande atenção dos profissionais de saúde nas últimas décadas devido ao importante papel desempenhado na morbimortalidade da população mundial. Este trabalho pretende apresentar um relato de experiência sobre o atendimento psicológico, realizado numa clínica de hemodiálise, de 26 pacientes com idades entre 15 e 80 anos, a maioria mulheres (69,2 por cento), casados (53,8 por cento), que não trabalham (92,3 por cento) e aposentados (57,7 por cento), fazendo hemodiálise três vezes por semana. No lugar de reagir passivamente a eventos negativos, indivíduos podem se comportar de modos que aumentem seu bem-estar em tempos de desafios e mudanças, como no caso de se ter uma insuficiência renal crônica. A forma como as pessoas lidam com o sofrimento e seus benefícios pode trazer possibilidades de ajustamento e crescimento pessoal frente à adversidade.

Chronic illnesses, such as kidney disease, have received great attention from health professionals in the last decades. This work intends to present an experience with psychological care, in a hemodialysis clinic, with 26 patients aged between 15 and 80 years, the majority of which were women (69,2 percent), married (53,8 percent), did not work (92,3 percent), or were retired (57,7 percent), taking hemodialysis three times a week. Instead of reacting negatively to life events, individuals can behave in ways that improve their well-being in times of transformation and change, as is the case when one has a chronic kidney disease. The manner in which the individual deals with suffering and its benefits can bring possibilities of psychological adjustment and personal growth in face of adversity.

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Dialysis and renal transplants have become a reality in the XXIst century. Their use in third world countries has profound impacts on social, economic, political and cultural aspects. Extraordinary achievements for the medical world, that is constantly concerned in improving the health levels for the population; but what are the repercussions for the lower income groups? Is the cost/benefit relationship being analysed? Is there ample information available and is it well distributed regarding how to avoid the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant? What recommendations are made to the health care workers? And, what has been revealed to us after reflecting on the philosophical/historical aspects of the human existence? How valuable are Dr. Ivan Illich's observations and what can we expect from health care workers in relation to such significant achievements as we face the XXIst century?

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