RESUMO
Bees are often exposed to pesticides affecting physiological functions and molecular mechanisms. Studies showed a potential link between altered expression of energy metabolism related transcripts and increased homing flight time of foragers exposed to pesticides. In this study, we investigated the effects of thiamethoxam and pyraclostrobin on longevity, flight behavior, and expression of transcripts involved in endocrine regulation (hbg-3, buffy, vitellogenin) and energy metabolism (cox5a, cox5b, cox17) using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Parallel, a laboratory study was conducted investigating whether pesticide exposure alone without the influence of flight activity caused similar expression patterns as in the RFID experiment. No significant effect on survival, homing flight duration, or return rate of exposed bees was detected. The overall time foragers spent outside the hive was significantly reduced post-exposure. Irrespective of the treatment group, a correlation was observed between cox5a, cox5b, cox17 and hbg-3 expression and prolonged homing flight duration. Our results suggest that flight behavior can impact gene expression and exposure to pesticides adversely affects the expression of genes that are important for maintaining optimal flight capacity. Our laboratory-based experiment showed significantly altered expression levels of cox5a, cox6c, and cox17. However, further work is needed to identify transcriptional profiles responsible for prolonged homing flight duration.
Assuntos
Voo Animal , Fungicidas Industriais , Inseticidas , Neonicotinoides , Animais , Abelhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Abelhas/fisiologia , Abelhas/genética , Voo Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Fungicidas Industriais/toxicidade , Neonicotinoides/toxicidade , Tiametoxam , Nitrocompostos/toxicidade , Pólen , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismoRESUMO
The requirement to improve the efficiency of pesticide utilization has led to the development of sustainable and smart stimuli-responsive pesticide delivery systems. Herein, a novel avermectin nano/micro spheres (AVM@HPMC-Oxalate) with sensitive stimuli-response function target to the Lepidoptera pests midgut microenvironment (pH 8.0-9.5) was constructed using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the cost-effective and biodegradable material. The avermectin (AVM) loaded nano/micro sphere was achieved with high AVM loading capacity (up to 66.8 %). The simulated release experiment proved the rapid stimuli-responsive and pesticides release function in weak alkaline (pH 9) or cellulase environment, and the release kinetics were explained through release models and SEM characterization. Besides, the nano/micro sphere size made AVM@HPMC-Oxalate has higher foliar retention rate (1.6-2.1-fold higher than commercial formulation) which is beneficial for improving the utilization of pesticides. The in vivo bioassay proved that AVM@HPMC-Oxalate could achieve the long-term control of Plutella xylostella by extending UV shielding performance (9 fold higher than commercial formulation). After 3 h of irradiation, the mortality rate of P. xylostella treated by AVM@HPMC-Oxalate still up to 56.7 % ± 5.8 %. Moreover, AVM@HPMC-Oxalate was less toxic to non-target organisms, and the acute toxicity to zebrafish was reduced by 2-fold compared with AVM technical.
Assuntos
Ivermectina , Mariposas , Raios Ultravioleta , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/química , Ivermectina/farmacologia , Ivermectina/toxicidade , Animais , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/química , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Celulose/química , Celulose/análogos & derivados , Derivados da Hipromelose/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Liberação Controlada de FármacosRESUMO
The widespread use of pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides necessitates accurate toxicity predictions for regulatory compliance. In this study QSAR and SSD models for six pyrethroid and four organophosphate compounds using QSAR Toolbox and SSD Toolbox have been developed. The QSAR models, described by the formula 48 h-EC50 or 96 h-LC50 = x + y * log Kow, were validated for predicting 48 h-EC50 values for acute Daphnia toxicity and 96 h-LC50 values for acute fish toxicity, meeting criteria of n ≥10, r2 ≥0.7, and Q2 >0.5. Predicted 48 h-EC50 values for pyrethroids ranged from 3.95 × 10-5 mg/L (permethrin) to 8.21 × 10-3 mg/L (fenpropathrin), and 96 h-LC50 values from 3.89 × 10-5 mg/L (permethrin) to 1.68 × 10-2 mg/L (metofluthrin). For organophosphates, 48 h-EC50 values ranged from 2.00 × 10-5 mg/L (carbophenothion) to 3.76 × 10-2 mg/L (crufomate) and 96 h-LC50 values from 3.81 × 10-3 mg/L (carbophenothion) to 12.3 mg/L (crufomate). These values show a good agreement with experimental data, though some, like Carbophenothion, overestimated toxicity. HC05 values, indicating hazardous concentrations for 5% of species, range from 0.029 to 0.061 µg/L for pyrethroids and 0.030 to 0.072 µg/L for organophosphates. These values aid in establishing environmental quality standards (EQS). Compared to existing EQS, HC05 values for pyrethroids were less conservative, while those for organophosphates were comparable.
Assuntos
Daphnia , Praguicidas , Piretrinas , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Piretrinas/toxicidade , Piretrinas/química , Animais , Daphnia/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Praguicidas/química , Organofosfatos/toxicidade , Organofosfatos/química , Peixes , Dose Letal Mediana , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Inseticidas/químicaRESUMO
Little information is available on the adverse effects of expired pesticides on the environment, so it is essential to characterize the risk of these chemicals to non-target organisms. Therefore, this work aims to estimate and compare the acute toxicity (LD50) of unexpired and expired formulations of malathion, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin in rats and to determine their residues in the liver and kidneys of treated rats. This is the first study to investigate the toxic effects of expired pesticides on rats. The acute toxicity of expired lambda-cyhalothrin was higher than that of non-expired rats, while the opposite was observed in rats treated with malathion and chlorpyrifos. All formulations tested caused clinical signs of toxicity in the treated rats. The data showed that some expired formulations significantly affected body weight and estimated vital signs compared to non-expired pesticides. The data showed that the highest residues were found in the liver and kidneys of rats treated with both malathion formulations, followed by chlorpyrifos; however, the lowest residues were found in rats treated with lambda-cyhalothrin, which can be referred to as LD50 values of the insecticides tested. The residues detected after the 10th dose gradually decreased at the end of the recovery period, and their losses ranged from 80.0 to 95.4% in the liver and from 92.3 to 99.99% (undetectable). The results show that the toxic effects of expired and non-expired formulations are different. This underlines the need to dispose of expired compounds carefully to prevent their discharge into the ecosystem.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos , Inseticidas , Rim , Fígado , Malation , Nitrilas , Piretrinas , Animais , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/química , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Piretrinas/toxicidade , Malation/toxicidade , Dose Letal Mediana , Nitrilas/toxicidade , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Resíduos de Praguicidas/toxicidade , RatosRESUMO
The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important agricultural pest. Phoxim is an organophosphate insecticide that has been widely used to control A. ipsilon. The extensive application of phoxim has resulted in a reduction in phoxim susceptibility in A. ipsilon. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phoxim tolerance in A. ipsilon remain unclear. In this work, we report the involvement of AiGSTz1, a zeta class glutathione S-transferase, in phoxim tolerance in A. ipsilon. Exposure to a sublethal concentration (LC50) of phoxim dramatically upregulated the transcription level of the AiGSTz1 gene in A. ipsilon larvae, and this upregulation might be caused by phoxim-induced oxidative stress. The recombinant AiGSTz1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli was able to metabolize phoxim. Furthermore, AiGSTz1 displayed antioxidant activity to protect against oxidative stress. Knockdown of AiGSTz1 by RNA interference significantly increased the mortality rate of A. ipsilon larvae in response to phoxim. In addition, the transcription factor AiCncC can bind to the cap 'n' collar isoform C: muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis (CncC:Maf) binding site in the putative promoter of the AiGSTz1 gene. Silencing of AiCncC resulted in a dramatic downregulation of AiGSTz1. These results indicated that AiGSTz1 is involved in phoxim tolerance and is potentially regulated by AiCncC. These findings provide valuable insights into the defense mechanisms used by A. ipsilon against phoxim.
Assuntos
Glutationa Transferase , Proteínas de Insetos , Inseticidas , Mariposas , Compostos Organotiofosforados , Fatores de Transcrição , Animais , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Compostos Organotiofosforados/farmacologia , Compostos Organotiofosforados/toxicidade , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mariposas/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Introduction: Currently, although there have been a few reports on the endocrine-disrupting effects of neonicotinoids, the effect on Chironomidae during long-term exposure remains unknown. Methods: Ecdysis and sex ratio, along with ecdysone-relevant gene expressions of representative neonicotinoid dinotefuran on Chironomus kiinensis were investigated at different environmental concentrations by long-term exposure. Results: A low dose of dinotefuran delayed pupation and emergence via inhibiting ecdysis. Sex ratios of adults shifted toward male-dominated populations with the concentration of dinotefuran increasing. The corresponding transcriptions of ecdysis genes ecr, usp, E74, and hsp70 were significantly downregulated in the midge. For estrogen effects, the vtg gene expression was upregulated, but there was no significant change for the err gene. Discussion: These results would improve our understanding of the endocrine-disrupting mechanisms of neonicotinoid insecticides to Chironomidae and provide data support for assessing their potential environmental risks.
Assuntos
Chironomidae , Disruptores Endócrinos , Guanidinas , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompostos , Razão de Masculinidade , Animais , Neonicotinoides/toxicidade , Chironomidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Chironomidae/genética , Chironomidae/metabolismo , Masculino , Nitrocompostos/toxicidade , Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Feminino , Guanidinas/toxicidade , Muda/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Neonicotinoids, highly toxic to insects, are among the world's most used insecticides. However, their harmful effects on pollinators like honeybees and potential to contaminate water bodies have drawn significant criticism. Herein, a nanopesticide, NTP@LDH, was developed by intercalating the model neonicotinoid insecticide nitenpyram (NTP) within layered double hydroxide (LDH) materials using a simple one-pot method. The NTP@LDH showed a nano-sized sheet structure, with an average particle size of 206.2 nm and a loading capacity of 14.6 %. The release rate of NTP@LDH under acidic conditions was higher than that under alkaline or neutral conditions. The photodegradation capacity and insecticidal activity of NTP were unaffected by intercalation in LDH. Importantly, NTP@LDH could significantly enhance the foliar adhesive properties of NTP, retard its leaching through the soil, and improve its safety for honeybees. Moreover, LDH was safe for crops and can improve their growth. This work provides a promising strategy with a simple procedure that could reduce leaching risks of neonicotinoids while concurrently enhancing their safety to pollinating creatures.
Assuntos
Argila , Inseticidas , Neonicotinoides , Animais , Neonicotinoides/toxicidade , Neonicotinoides/química , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Inseticidas/química , Abelhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Argila/química , Polinização/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidróxidos/química , Hidróxidos/toxicidade , Nanoestruturas/toxicidade , Nanoestruturas/química , Fotólise , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo/química , Silicatos de Alumínio/química , Silicatos de Alumínio/toxicidadeRESUMO
Pesticide use is a major factor contributing to the global decline in bee populations. Sublethal effects, such as behavior alterations, are neglected in pesticide regulation for pollinators. However, these effects can bring important information to understanding the impacts of pesticides on bees' daily activities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the insecticide acetamiprid (7 ng/µL) and the fungicide azoxystrobin (10 ng/µL) on the behavior of the Neotropical solitary bee Centris analis. Female and male bees were exposed to these chemicals continuously for 48 h, followed by an additional 48 h without contaminated food, totaling 96 h of observation. We used five experimental groups: control, solvent control, insecticide, fungicide, and pesticide mixture (insecticide + fungicide). Behavioral alterations based on locomotion and light response were assessed by video tracking at 48 (end of pesticide exposure) and 96 h (end of bioassay). In addition, after recording bees at 96 h, the individuals were anesthetized for brain collection and histological evaluation of mushroom bodies to evaluate if pesticides can damage their neurons and impair the cognitive processes and responses of bees to sensory stimuli. Bees exposed to acetamiprid and pesticide mixture showed lethargic movements and impaired locomotion at 48 h. Notably, these behavioral effects were no longer evident after the bees consumed uncontaminated food for an additional 48 h, totaling 96 h from the start of pesticide exposure. Only fungicide exposure did not result in any behavioral or brain histological changes. Therefore, our study showed that acetamiprid at an estimated residual concentration, despite being classified as having low toxicity for bees, can cause significant initial locomotion disruption in solitary bees. These findings highlight the importance of considering sublethal effects in environmental risk assessment.
Assuntos
Fungicidas Industriais , Inseticidas , Locomoção , Neonicotinoides , Pirimidinas , Estrobilurinas , Animais , Abelhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Abelhas/fisiologia , Neonicotinoides/toxicidade , Estrobilurinas/toxicidade , Fungicidas Industriais/toxicidade , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Pirimidinas/toxicidade , Metacrilatos/toxicidade , Masculino , Feminino , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The emergence of nanotechnology has opened new avenues for enhancing pest control strategies through the development of nanopesticides. Green-fabricated nanoparticles, while promising due to their eco-friendly synthesis methods, may still pose risks to biodiversity and ecosystem stability. The potential toxic effects of nanomaterials on ecosystems and human health raise important questions about their real-world application. Understanding the dose-response relationships of nanopesticides, both in terms of pest control efficacy and non-target organism safety, is crucial for ensuring their sustainable use in agricultural settings. This review delves into the complexities of silver nanopesticides, exploring their interactions with arthropod species, modes of action, and underlying mechanisms of toxicity. It discusses critical issues concerning the emergence of silver nanopesticides, spanning their mosquitocidal efficacy to environmental impact and safety considerations. While nanosilver has shown promise in targeting insect pests, there is a lack of systematic research comparing its effects on different arthropod subclasses. Moreover, factors influencing nanotoxicity, such as nanoparticle size, charge, and surface chemistry, require further investigation to optimize the design of eco-safe nanoparticles for pest control. By elucidating the mechanisms by which nanoparticles interact with pests and non-target organisms, we can enhance the specificity and effectiveness of nanopesticides while minimizing unintended ecological consequences.
Assuntos
Culicidae , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Prata , Prata/toxicidade , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , Animais , Culicidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Química Verde/métodosRESUMO
Chirality plays a crucial role in the design and efficacy of insecticides, significantly influencing their biological activity, selectivity, and environmental impact. Recent advancements in chiral insecticides have focused on enhancing their effectiveness, reducing toxicity to nontarget organisms, and improving environmental sustainability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on chiral insecticides, including neonicotinoids, isoxazolines, and sulfiliminyls. We discuss the stereochemistry, synthetic development, mode of action, and environmental fate of these compounds. The review highlights the importance of chirality in optimizing insecticidal properties and underscores the need for continued research into novel chiral compounds and advanced synthesis technologies. By understanding the role of chirality, we can develop more effective and environmentally friendly insecticides for sustainable pest management.
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Inseticidas/química , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Animais , Estereoisomerismo , Desenho de Fármacos , Insetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Insetos/química , Neonicotinoides/química , Neonicotinoides/toxicidade , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Industrialization and the extensive use of chemicals have raised significant concerns about their environmental impacts, particularly on aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluated the sub-lethal effects of Celcron (Cec), an organophosphate insecticide, on the Java barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) through erythrocyte morphology and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, aiming to refine biomarkers for environmental health assessments. We hypothesized that sub-lethal Cec exposure would induce significant erythrocyte abnormalities and decrease AChE activity in Java barb, with variable recovery rates between gill and kidney tissues. To test this, we exposed the juvenile Java barbs to two sub-lethal Cec concentrations - 0.01 ppm (10 % of the LC50) and 0.05 ppm (50 % of the LC50) -for 60 days. After the exposure period, the fish were placed in pesticide-free water to allow for recovery. Results indicated a significant decline in AChE activity in both liver and kidney tissues, with activity levels showing gradual recovery over time. Erythrocyte abnormalities, including nuclear and cellular changes, were significantly elevated in response to Cec exposure. The frequency of nuclear abnormalities such as micronuclei and binucleation increased in a concentration- and duration-dependent manner, with the gill blood exhibiting higher sensitivity and slower recovery compared to kidney blood. Cellular abnormalities such as twin, teardrop and spindle-shaped cells were also more prevalent in Cec-treated fish. Recovery from these abnormalities was observed but varied between gill and kidney blood, with gill blood showing higher sensitivity and slower recovery compared to kidney blood. This study underscores the utility of AChE activity and erythrocyte abnormalities as biomarkers for assessing pesticide impacts on aquatic organisms. The findings highlight the sensitivity of fish erythrocytes to environmental contaminants and emphasize the need for continued research to better understand the long-term effects of pesticide exposure on aquatic health and ecosystem stability.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase , Eritrócitos , Inseticidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Cyprinidae , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Monitoramento Ambiental , EcossistemaRESUMO
Fenitrothion (FNT) is a common organophosphorus pesticide that is widely used in both agricultural and domestic pest control. FNT has been frequently detected in various environmental media, including the human body, and is a notable contaminant. Epidemiological investigations have recently shown the implications of exposure to FNT in the incidence of various metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus in humans, indicating that FNT may be a potential endocrine disruptor. However, the effects of FNT exposure on glucose homeostasis and their underlying mechanisms in model organisms remain largely unknown, which may limit our understanding of the health risks of FNT. In this study, FNT (4 5, 90, 180, and 4 50 µM) exposure model of rat hepatocytes (Buffalo Rat Liver, BRL cells) was established to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of its toxicity on glucose metabolism. Several key processes of glucose metabolism were detected in this study. The results showed significantly increased glucose levels in the culture medium and decreased glycogen content in the FNT-exposed BRL cells. The results of quantitative real-time PCR and enzymology showed the abnormal expression of genes and activity/content of glucose metabolic enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, which might promote gluconeogenesis and inhibit glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glycogenesis. Furthermore, gluconeogenesis and glycolytic were carried out in the mitochondrial membrane. The abnormal of mitochondrial membrane potential may be a potential mechanism underlying FNT-induced glucose metabolism disorder. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression implicated that FNT may disrupt glucose metabolism by inhibiting the AMPKα and IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In conclusion, results provide in vitro evidence that FNT can cause glucose metabolism disorder, which emphasizes the potential health risks of exposure to FNT in inducing diabetes mellitus.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Fenitrotion , Glucose , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Ratos , Fenitrotion/toxicidade , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Transtornos do Metabolismo de Glucose/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos do Metabolismo de Glucose/metabolismo , Inseticidas/toxicidadeRESUMO
The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a devastating insect-pest of 29 plants including date palm. It feeds inside the tree bark thus it is difficult to manage using insecticides. Only a few insecticides have been found effective against RPW. Among these insecticide, emamectin benzoate (EMB) is widely used. This insecticide can pose threat human and environmental health as it is used in the form of tree injection. Thus, keeping in view its possible, its sublethal effect on RPW was studied using Age-stage, two sex life table. Life table parameters of the progeny of exposed larvae to LC10, LC25, and LC50 of EMB were computed. Statistically higher fecundity (161.12 per female) was observed in control treatment, while less fecundity was observed in LC50 treatment. Significantly higher values for intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (Ro) (0.0376, 1.0383, and 67.13 per day, respectively) were recorded for the control treatment. Contrarily, lower values for r, Ro, and λ i.e. 0.0318, 23.82, and 1.0324 per day, respectively were recorded in the LC50 treatment. Decreased population parameters suggest that EMB can be successfully used in for the management of RPW.
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Ivermectina , Tábuas de Vida , Gorgulhos , Animais , Gorgulhos/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorgulhos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/farmacologia , Ivermectina/toxicidade , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Feminino , Masculino , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The widespread application of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) has attracted widespread attention to their potential ecotoxicological effects. In this study, we systematically evaluated the toxic effects of thiamethoxam (TMX) and its metabolite clothianidin (CLO) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Specifically, the antioxidant system responses and endogenous metabolite metabolism responses in earthworms were analyzed in the temporal dimension after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of exposure to TMX and CLO. The results found that TMX and CLO could inhibit the growth phenotype of earthworms and cause significant changes in antioxidant system related indicators. More importantly, we found that TMX and CLO could cause significant changes in the metabolic profiles of earthworms through NMR-based metabolomics. From the changes in endogenous metabolites, the toxicity effects of TMX on earthworms gradually increases with prolonged exposure time. Differently, the toxicity effects of CLO on earthworms is significantly higher than that of TMX in the early stages of exposure. Meanwhile, these impacts will not weaken with prolonged exposure time. Furthermore, the results of KEGG enrichment pathway analysis indicated that TMX and CLO could significantly interfere with energy homeostasis, redox homeostasis, osmotic regulation, amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in earthworms. These findings further deepen our understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of NNIs on soil organism.
Assuntos
Guanidinas , Inseticidas , Neonicotinoides , Oligoquetos , Tiametoxam , Tiazóis , Oligoquetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligoquetos/metabolismo , Animais , Tiametoxam/toxicidade , Neonicotinoides/toxicidade , Tiazóis/toxicidade , Guanidinas/toxicidade , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Nitrocompostos/toxicidade , Oxazinas/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , MetabolômicaRESUMO
Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture and aquaculture. Triazophos, an organophosphate-based pesticide, is widely used in agriculture to control many insect pests. Due to its high photochemical stability and mode of action, Triazophos could persist in the aquatic ecosystem and cause toxic effects on non-target organisms. We have studied the potential toxic effects of Triazophos on L. rohita. Primarily, we determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) of Triazophos for 24 and 96 h. Next, we studied acute (96 h, LC50-96 h) toxicity. Then, we studied chronic (35 days, 1/10th LC50-24 h Treatment I: 0.609 mg/L, 1/5th LC50-96 h Treatment II: 1.044 mg/L) toxicity. We analyzed blood biomarkers such as hematology (Hb, Hct, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC), prolactin, cortisol, glucose and protein levels. Concurrently, we analyzed tissue biomarkers such as glycogen, GOT, GPT, LDH and histopathology. IBRv2 index assessment method was also to evaluate the Triazophos toxicity. Studied hematological, hormonal, biochemical and enzymological biomarkers were affected in Triazophos treated groups when compare to the control group. The changes in these biomarkers were statistically significant at the 0.05 alpha level. Triazophos exposed fish shown a severe degenerated primary and secondary lamellae, lamellar fusion, hypertrophy and telangiectasia in the gills. In the hepatic tissue, it caused moderate necrosis, blood congestion, distended sinusoids with minor vacuolation, prominent pyknotic nuclei, hypertrophy, cloudy swelling of cells, lipid accumulation and fibrotic lesions. In the renal tissue, Triazophos caused thickening of Bowman's capsule, hyaline droplets degeneration, irregular renal corpuscle, congestion, cellular swelling, degeneration of tubular epithelium, necrosis, shrunken glomerulus, vacuolated glomerulus, hypertrophy, exudate and edema. IBRv2 analysis suggested that tissue biomarkers are highly sensitive to Triazophos toxicity and prolonged exposure could cause serious health effects like acute toxicity in fish. Triazophos could cause multiorgan toxicity at studied concentrations.
Assuntos
Cyprinidae , Organotiofosfatos , Triazóis , Animais , Organotiofosfatos/toxicidade , Triazóis/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Dose Letal Mediana , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/patologia , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/patologiaRESUMO
Arecoline (ACL), an active constituent derived from Areca catechu L., exerts various pharmacological effects and serves as a potential plant-based insecticide. However, the effects of ACL on Spodoptera litura, an important and widely distributed agricultural pest, remain unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying ACL-induced toxicity and its inhibitory effects on larval growth and development through intestinal pathology observations, intestinal transcriptome sequencing, intestinal digestive enzyme activity analysis. The results indicated that ACL exposure leads to pathological alterations in the S. litura midgut. Furthermore, the detection of digestive enzyme activity revealed that ACL inhibits the activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase, lipase, α-amylase, and trypsin. Simultaneously, upregulation of superoxide dismutase activity and downregulation of malondialdehyde levels were observed after ACL exposure. Transcriptome analysis identified 1118 genes that were significantly differentially expressed in the midgut after ACL exposure, potentially related to ACL toxic effects. Notably, ACL treatment downregulated key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid binding protein 2-like, pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase-like, pancreatic lipid-related protein 2-like, and fatty acid binding protein 1-like. Taken together, these results suggest that ACL induces midgut damage and impedes larval growth by suppressing digestive enzyme activity in the intestine. These findings can aid in the development of environmentally friendly plant-derived insecticides, utilizing ACL to effectively combat S. litura proliferation.
Assuntos
Intestinos , Larva , Spodoptera , Animais , Spodoptera/efeitos dos fármacos , Spodoptera/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Lipase/metabolismo , Lipase/genéticaRESUMO
Aphis gossypii Glover is one of the most agriculturally important phloem-feeding economic pests, causing tremendous loss in crop yield annually. The hormesis is an important cause of A. gossypii resistance formation, population resurgence, and re-outbreak. However, whether the hormesises induced by different insecticides interact mutually remain largely unclear. In the study, four-generation A. gossypii experiment found that the 24-h sublethal-dose (LC20) sulfoxaflor treatment on G0 significantly increased the net reproductive rate (R0) and fecundity of G1 and G2 generation A. gossypii, but it did not significantly affect the fecundity of G3 and G4 individuals. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the insecticide-induced significant up-regulation of pathways ribosome, energy metabolism, and the DNA replication and reparation might be responsible for the enhancement of fecundity in G1 and G2 A. gossypii. Notably, G0 exposure to LC20 sulfoxaflor followed by G1 exposure to LC30 deltamethrin resulted in a stronger reproductive stimulation than sulfoxaflor or deltamethrin exposure alone. Our findings provide valuable reference for optimizing sulfoxaflor application in integrated pest management strategies.
Assuntos
Afídeos , Hormese , Inseticidas , Piridinas , Reprodução , Compostos de Enxofre , Animais , Compostos de Enxofre/toxicidade , Compostos de Enxofre/farmacologia , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Afídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Afídeos/genética , Hormese/efeitos dos fármacos , Piridinas/toxicidade , Piridinas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Piretrinas/toxicidade , Nitrilas/toxicidade , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Organophosphate pesticides have potent endocrine disrupting effects, hence banned in many countries. However, many organophosphates like chlorpyrifos, malathion et cetera continue to be used in some countries (Wolejko et al., 2022; Wolejko et al., 2022)including India. Fodder mediated ingestion of these substances may be harmful for livestock fertility. We have investigated the effect of the widely used organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCPy) on the expression of genes essential for spermatogenesis in goat testicular tissue. The testicular Sertoli cells (Sc) regulate germ cell division and differentiation under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (T). Impaired FSH and T mediated signalling in Sc can compromise spermatogenesis leading to sub-fertility/infertility. As Sc express receptors (R) for FSH and T, they are highly susceptible to the endocrine disrupting effects of pesticides affecting fertility by dysregulating the functioning of Sc. Our results indicated that exposure to different concentrations of CPF and TCPy can compromise Sc function by downregulating the expression of FSHR and AR which was associated with a concomitant decline in the expression of genes essential for germ cell division and differentiation, like KITLG, INHBB, CLDN11 and GJA1. CPF also induced a significant reduction in the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the testes and increased the total testicular antioxidant capacity. Our results suggested that CPF and its metabolite TCPy may induce reproductive toxicity by dysregulating the expression of Sc specific genes essential for spermatogenesis.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos , Cabras , Espermatogênese , Testículo , Animais , Masculino , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Piridinas/farmacologia , Piridinas/toxicidade , Células de Sertoli/efeitos dos fármacos , Células de Sertoli/metabolismo , Receptores do FSH/genética , Receptores do FSH/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , PiridonasRESUMO
Cordyceps javanica has been registered as a fungal insecticide in several countries. However, little is known about whether metabolic toxins are involved in the insecticidal process. In this research, we assessed the insecticidal activity of the fermentation broth of C. javanica. Myzus persicae mortality differed when exposed to the metabolized C. javanica broths at 3 days post fermentation (DPF) and 5 DPF. Comparison of the metabolic fluid at 3 DPF and 5 DPF revealed a key alkaloid, heteratisine, which was found to have insecticidal activity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. Heteratisine has high insecticidal activity against adult M. persicae, the absolute 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was only 0.2272 mg/L. Heteratisine showed high inhibitory activity on AChE with the 50% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 76.69 µM. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations showed that heteratisine conjugation occurs at the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the AChE of M. persicae, leading to suppression of enzyme activity. Heteratisine was rarely found in fungal metabolites, which helps us to understand the complex and elaborate insecticidal mechanism of C. javanica.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase , Afídeos , Inibidores da Colinesterase , Cordyceps , Inseticidas , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Cordyceps/metabolismo , Inseticidas/química , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/metabolismo , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Animais , Afídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/toxicidade , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Alcaloides/química , Metabolismo SecundárioRESUMO
Pyrethroid are the primary insecticides used for controlling of Bactricera dorsalis, a highly destructive and invasive fruit pest. Field populations have developed serious resistance, especially to ß-cypermethrin. While mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) are a common mechanism of pyrethroid resistance, variations in BdVgsc associated with ß-cypermethrin resistance remain unclear. Here, we reported the resistance levels of five field populations from China, with resistance ratio ranging from 1.54 to 21.34-fold. Cloning the full length of BdVgsc revealed no specific or known amino acid mutations between the most resistant population and the susceptible strain. However, three types of partial intron retention (IRE4-5, IRE19-f and IREL-24) were identified in BdVgsc transcripts, with these intron retentions containing stop codons. The expression of IRE4-5 transcripts and total BdVgsc showed different trends across developmental stages and tissues. Exposure to ß-cypermethrin led to increased expression of IRE4-5. Comparison of genomic and transcriptional sequences reveled that IRE4-5 transcripts had two types (IRE4-5.5 T and IRE4-5.6 T) caused by genomic variations. Both field and congenic strains indicated that homozygotes for IRE4-5.5 T had lower IRE4-5 transcript levels than homozygotes for IRE4-5.6 T. However, congenic and field strains exhibited inconsistent results about the association of expression levels of IRE4-5 transcripts with sensitivity to ß-cypermethrin. In summary, this study is the first to identify intron retention transcripts in the Vgsc gene from B. dorsalis and to examine their expression patterns across different developmental stages, tissues, and strains with varying sensitivities to ß-cypermethrin. The potential role of the intron retentions of BdVgsc in insecticide toxicity is also discussed.