RESUMO
A raiva é uma doença infecciosa ocasionada por vírus do gênero Lyssavirus. Considerada uma antropozoonose é caracterizada por encefalite progressiva e de curso fatal. A doença é transmitida através da inoculação do agente em indivíduos suscetíveis, sendo a principal forma de transmissão a mordedura praticada por animal raivoso. A vacinação animal é a principal estratégia para controle da doença, a vigilância e diagnóstico de casos suspeitos são essenciais para desencadear as medidas de profilaxia e controle de foco. Esta revisão bibliográfica objetiva apresentar a raiva animal bem como as atividades de controle e vigilância da raiva em cães e gatos.
Rabies is an infectious disease caused by viruses of the Lyssavirus genus. Considered an anthropozoonosis, it is characterized by progressive encephalitis with a fatal course. The disease is transmitted through the inoculation of the agent in susceptible individuals, the main form of transmission being the biting practiced by a rabid animal. Animal vaccination is the main strategy for disease control, surveillance and diagnosis of suspected cases are essential to trigger prophylaxis and outbreak control measures. This literature review aims to present animal rabies as well as rabies control and surveillance activities in dogs and cats.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , LyssavirusRESUMO
The knowledge of genomic data of new plant viruses is increasing exponentially; however, some aspects of their biology, such as vectors and host range, remain mostly unknown. This information is crucial for the understanding of virus-plant interactions, control strategies, and mechanisms to prevent outbreaks. Typically, rhabdoviruses infect monocot and dicot plants and are vectored in nature by hemipteran sap-sucking insects, including aphids, leafhoppers, and planthoppers. However, several strains of a potentially whitefly-transmitted virus, papaya cytorhabdovirus, were recently described: (i) bean-associated cytorhabdovirus (BaCV) in Brazil, (ii) papaya virus E (PpVE) in Ecuador, and (iii) citrus-associated rhabdovirus (CiaRV) in China. Here, we examine the potential of the Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) to transmit BaCV, its morphological and cytopathological characteristics, and assess the incidence of BaCV across bean producing areas in Brazil. Our results show that BaCV is efficiently transmitted, in experimental conditions, by B. tabaci MEAM1 to bean cultivars, and with lower efficiency to cowpea and soybean. Moreover, we detected BaCV RNA in viruliferous whiteflies but we were unable to visualize viral particles or viroplasm in the whitefly tissues. BaCV could not be singly isolated for pathogenicity tests, identification of the induced symptoms, and the transmission assay. BaCV was detected in five out of the seven states in Brazil included in our study, suggesting that it is widely distributed throughout bean producing areas in the country. This is the first report of a whitefly-transmitted rhabdovirus.
Assuntos
Hemípteros/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Brasil , Carica/virologia , China , Equador , Genômica , Oriente Médio , Folhas de Planta/virologia , Vírus de Plantas , Plantas/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Análise de SequênciaRESUMO
The genome of a novel rhabdovirus was detected in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.). The newly identified virus, tentatively named "yerba mate virus A" (YmVA), has a genome of 14,961 nucleotides. Notably, eight open reading frames were identified in the antigenomic orientation of the negative-sense, single-stranded viral RNA, including two novel accessory genes, in the order 3'-N-P-3-4-M-G-L-8-5'. Sequence comparisons of the encoded proteins as well as phylogenetic analysis suggest that YmVA is a new member of the genus Cytorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae. YmVA's unique genomic organization and phylogenetic relationships indicate that this virus likely represents a distinct evolutionary lineage among the cytorhabdoviruses.
Assuntos
Ilex paraguariensis/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Argentina , Genoma Viral , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Fases de Leitura Aberta , FilogeniaRESUMO
Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is an infectious disease responsible for severe economic losses for various cyprinid species, particularly common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio). The causative agent is the SVC virus (SVCV), a member of the Sprivivirus genus, Rhabdoviridae family, and a List 1 pathogen notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health. This study describes the diagnosis of an SVCV pathogen isolated in October 2015 from wild common carp inhabiting a natural lagoon in central Mexico. While neither an epidemic nor fish mortalities were reported, the collected killed specimens exhibited clinical signs of disease (e.g., exopthalmia, moderate abdominal distension and haemorrhaging, as well as internal haemorrhages and adhesions). Histological results of injuries were consistent with the pathology caused by SVCV. This finding was supported by the isolation of a virus in EPC and BF-2 cells and subsequent RT-PCR confirmation of SVCV. The phylogenetic analyses of partial SVCV glycoprotein gene sequences classified the isolates into the Ia genogroup. These findings make this the first report of SVCV detection in Mexico, extending the southern geographical range of SVCV within North America. However, since this pathogen was detected in fish inhabiting a natural body of water without tributaries or effluents, it is difficult to estimate the risk of SVCV for other wild/feral cohabitating cyprinid species in the lagoon. The status of this virus is also unknown for other bodies of water within this region.
Assuntos
Carpas , Doenças dos Peixes/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Sepse/veterinária , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Glicoproteínas/análise , México , Filogenia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Sepse/diagnóstico , Sepse/virologia , Proteínas Virais/análiseRESUMO
CD40 is a crucial signal mediating factor in T-dependent B cell responses and involved in many aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. In this paper, recombinant protein of CD40 in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and its antibodies (Abs) were produced, native CD40 molecules in flounder tissues were identified, then the CD40+ leukocytes in T/B lymphocytes were characterized, and the variations of CD40+ leukocytes in flounder after Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) infection and immunization were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the Abs could specifically recognize native flounder CD40 molecule at 32 kDa. The proportions of CD40+ leukocytes were varied by flounder tissues. CD40+/IgM+ B lymphocytes, CD40+/CD4-1+ T lymphocytes, CD40+/CD4-2+ T lymphocytes and CD40+/CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were 1.18 ± 0.27%, 0.69 ± 0.17%, 0.75 ± 0.14% and 0.25 ± 0.14%; were 2.80 ± 0.32%, 0.71 ± 0.19%, 0.88 ± 0.23% and 0.33 ± 0.17% in spleen; 4.11 ± 0.47%, 0.92 ± 0.18%, 1.09 ± 0.17% and 0.9 ± 0.17% in head kidney; 1.92 ± 0.39%, 1.02 ± 0.23%, 1.33 ± 0.38% and 0.67 ± 0.24% in intestine; 1.24 ± 0.36%, 1.21 ± 0.24%, 1.70 ± 0.3% and 0.97 ± 0.21% in gill, respectively. The percentages of CD40+ leukocytes in PBLs were significantly increased in both HIRRV infection and immunization groups, and reached their peak levels at 3rd day with 5.70 ± 0.16% and 6.40 ± 0.13%, respectively. Concluded with our previous study, these data first reported that CD40 molecules were expressed on both B and T lymphocytes in teleost, and had a coordination with T and B lymphocytes in immune responses.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD40/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Linguado/imunologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Novirhabdovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/imunologia , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Linguado/virologia , Leucócitos/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologiaRESUMO
We have determined the complete genome sequence of a new rhabdovirus, tentatively named Caligus rogercresseyi rhabdovirus Ch01 (CrRV-Ch01), which was found in the parasite Caligus rogercresseyi, present on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Chile. The genome encodes the five canonical rhabdovirus proteins in addition to an unknown protein, in the order N-P-M-U (unknown)-G-L. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus clusters with two rhabdoviruses (Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdovirus No9 and Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdovirus No127) obtained from another parasitic caligid, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, present on farmed Atlantic salmon on the west coast of Norway.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Genoma Viral , Filogenia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Salmo salar/virologia , Animais , Chile , Copépodes/virologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Pesqueiros , Efeito Fundador , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
Piry virus (PIRYV) is a rhabdovirus (genus Vesiculovirus) and is described as a possible human pathogen, originally isolated from a Philander opossum trapped in Para State, Northern Brazil. This study describes the complete full coding sequence and the genetic characterization of PIRYV. The genome sequence reveals that PIRYV has a typical vesiculovirus-like organization, encoding the five genes typical of the genus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that PIRYV is most closely related to Perinet virus and clustered in the same clade as Chandipura and Isfahan vesiculoviruses.
Assuntos
Genoma Viral , Vesiculovirus/genética , Sequência de Bases , Genômica , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Vesiculovirus/classificação , Vesiculovirus/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Rabies is responsible for 50,000 deaths per year worldwide. Mainland France has been officially freed from rabies in non-flying animals since 2001. METHOD: We wanted to provide an update on the French situation, using published data, and describe possible options since official guidelines are lacking. RESULTS: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (early and careful cleaning and dressing of the wound, vaccination, and in case of high-risk exposure, injection of specific anti-rabies immunoglobulins) is known to be efficient except in rare cases. It is recommended after grade II contact (+specific immunoglobulins in immunodepressed patients), or grade III contact (vaccination+immunoglobulins). DISCUSSION: Mainland France being rabies-free, 3 options may be considered in case of bite by a dog or a cat that cannot be monitored in France: (a) consider the risk of rabies as null, so no PEP should be administrated, whatever the severity of bites; (b) consider there is a weak but lethal risk, so the international recommendations should be applied, using immunoglobulins in some cases; (c) consider that the risk is extremely low but cannot be excluded, and that the patient should be vaccinated to be protected, but without adding immunoglobulins (whether in case of grade II or III bites). CONCLUSION: There are no national guidelines for rabies in France, and so the physician managing the patient is the one who will decide to treat or not.
Assuntos
Profilaxia Pós-Exposição/métodos , Raiva/epidemiologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Mordeduras e Picadas/terapia , Mordeduras e Picadas/virologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças , Cães , Raposas , França/epidemiologia , Guiana Francesa/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Humanos , Imunização Passiva , Lyssavirus/genética , Lyssavirus/patogenicidade , Imperícia , Animais de Estimação/virologia , Profilaxia Pós-Exposição/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/transmissão , Raiva/veterinária , Raiva/virologia , Vacina Antirrábica/uso terapêutico , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Risco , Viagem , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinação/veterinária , Organização Mundial da Saúde , ZoonosesRESUMO
Rhabdoviruses infect a variety of hosts, including non-avian reptiles. Consensus PCR techniques were used to obtain partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequence from five rhabdoviruses of South American lizards; Marco, Chaco, Timbo, Sena Madureira, and a rhabdovirus from a caiman lizard (Dracaena guianensis). The caiman lizard rhabdovirus formed inclusions in erythrocytes, which may be a route for infecting hematophagous insects. This is the first information on behavior of a rhabdovirus in squamates. We also obtained sequence from two rhabdoviruses of Australian lizards, confirming previous Charleville virus sequence and finding that, unlike a previous sequence report but in agreement with serologic reports, Almpiwar virus is clearly distinct from Charleville virus. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed that most known rhabdoviruses of squamates cluster in the Almpiwar subgroup. The exception is Marco virus, which is found in the Hart Park group.
Assuntos
Répteis/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Animais , Austrália , Eritrócitos/virologia , Lagartos/virologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Rhabdoviridae/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/patologia , América do SulRESUMO
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) viruses have been classified into two serotypes: New Jersey (VSNJV) and Indiana (VSIV). Here, we have characterized field isolates causing vesicular stomatitis in Brazil and Argentina over a 35-year span. Cluster analysis based on either serological relatedness, as inferred from virus neutralization and complement fixation assays, or nucleotide sequences of two separate genes (phosphoprotein or glycoprotein) grouped the field isolates into two distinct monophyletic groups within the Indiana serogroup. One group included seven viruses from Brazil and Argentina that were serologically classified as Indiana-2 and Cocal virus (COCV). The other group contained three viruses from Brazil that were serologically classified as Indiana-3 and the prototype of this group, Alagoas virus (VSAV). Interestingly, two vesiculoviruses that were isolated from insects but do not cause disease in animals, one from Brazil (Maraba virus; MARAV) and the other from Colombia (CoAr 171638), grouped into two separate genetic lineages within the Indiana serotype. Our data provide support for the classification of viruses causing clinical VS in livestock in Brazil and Argentina into two distinct groups: Indiana-2 (VSIV-2) and Indiana-3 (VSIV-3). We suggest using nomenclature for these viruses that includes the serotype, year and place of occurrence, and affected host. This nomenclature is consistent with that currently utilized to describe field isolates of VSNJV or VSIV in scientific literature.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Insetos/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Vesiculovirus/genética , Vesiculovirus/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos Virais/genética , Bovinos , Cavalos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Testes de Neutralização , Filogenia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , América do Sul , Vesiculovirus/classificação , Vesiculovirus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
To determine whether fibroblasts from Blanco Orejinegro cattle, exhibit any level of resistance to infection against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotypes Indiana (VSV-I) or New Jersey (VSV-NJ), 30 fibroblast cultures were phenotyped to evaluate their resistance/susceptibility. Thirty three % of Blanco Orejinegro fibroblast cultures were classified as very resistant, 50% as resistant, and 17% as susceptible to VSV-I infection, whereas 20% were classified as very resistant, 50% as resistant and 30% as susceptible to VSV-NJ infection. Therefore, there appears to be a large variation in phenotypic polymorphism among the fibroblasts to infection by VSV. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this diversity, we searched for a possible relationship between resistance/ susceptibility and production of factors wi th antiviral activity; however fibroblasts did not secrete factors with antiviral activity. We examined also whether apoptosis where induced by infection and its correlation with the polymorphism of resistance/susceptibility to VSV. Using morphological analyses, hypoploidy measurements, and level of phosphatidyl serine expression, high levels of apoptosis were measured in VSV infected fibroblasts. However, no correlation exists between apoptosis and the category of resistance/susceptibility to infection, indicating that apoptosis is a pathogenic mechanism of VSV.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Animais , Antivirais/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patologia , Fibroblastos/virologia , Fosfatidilserinas/metabolismo , Frações Subcelulares/metabolismo , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Apoptose , Forma Celular , Células Cultivadas , Fenótipo , PloidiasRESUMO
To determine whether fibroblasts from Blanco Orejinegro cattle, exhibit any level of resistance to infection against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotypes Indiana (VSV-I) or New Jersey (VSV-NJ), 30 fibroblast cultures were phenotyped to evaluate their resistance/susceptibility. Thirty three % of Blanco Orejinegro fibroblast cultures were classified as very resistant, 50% as resistant, and 17% as susceptible to VSV-I infection, whereas 20% were classified as very resistant, 50% as resistant and 30% as susceptible to VSV-NJ infection. Therefore, there appears to be a large variation in phenotypic polymorphism among the fibroblasts to infection by VSV. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this diversity, we searched for a possible relationship between resistance/ susceptibility and production of factors wi th antiviral activity; however fibroblasts did not secrete factors with antiviral activity. We examined also whether apoptosis where induced by infection and its correlation with the polymorphism of resistance/susceptibility to VSV. Using morphological analyses, hypoploidy measurements, and level of phosphatidyl serine expression, high levels of apoptosis were measured in VSV infected fibroblasts. However, no correlation exists between apoptosis and the category of resistance/susceptibility to infection, indicating that apoptosis is a pathogenic mechanism of VSV.(AU)
Assuntos
Bovinos , Animais , Antivirais/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patologia , Fibroblastos/virologia , Fosfatidilserinas/metabolismo , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Frações Subcelulares/metabolismo , Apoptose , Forma Celular , Células Cultivadas , Fenótipo , PloidiasRESUMO
In previous reports we proposed a new genus for Rhabdoviridae and described neurotropic preference and gross neuropathology in newborn albino Swiss mice after Curionopolis and Itacaiunas infections. In the present report a time-course study of experimental encephalitis induced by Itacaiunas and Curionopolis virus was conducted both in vivo and in vitro to investigate cellular targets and the sequence of neuroinvasion. We also investigate, after intranasal inoculation, clinical signs, histopathology and apoptosis in correlation with viral immunolabeling at different time points. Curionopolis and Itacaiunas viral antigens were first detected in the parenchyma of olfactory pathways at 2 and 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) and the first clinical signs were observed at 4 and 8 dpi, respectively. After Curionopolis infection, the mortality rate was 100% between 5 and 6 dpi, and 35% between 8 and 15 dpi after Itacaiunas infection. We identified CNS mice cell types both in vivo and in vitro and the temporal sequence of neuroanatomical olfactory areas infected by Itacaiunas and Curionopolis virus. Distinct virulences were reflected in the neuropathological changes including TUNEL immunolabeling and cytopathic effects, more intense and precocious after intracerebral or in vitro inoculations of Curionopolis than after Itacaiunas virus. In vitro studies revealed neuronal but not astrocyte or microglial cytopathic effects at 2 dpi, with monolayer destruction occurring at 5 and 7 dpi with Curionopolis and Itacaiunas virus, respectively. Ultrastructural changes included virus budding associated with interstitial and perivascular edema, endothelial hypertrophy, a reduced and/or collapsed small vessel luminal area, thickening of the capillary basement membrane, and presence of phagocytosed apoptotic bodies. Glial cells with viral budding similar to oligodendrocytes were infected with Itacaiunas virus but not with Curionopolis virus. Thus, Curionopolis and Itacaiunas viruses share many pathological and clinical features present in other rhabdoviruses but distinct virulence and glial targets in newborn albino Swiss mice brain.
Assuntos
Encefalite Viral/patologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/patologia , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Rhabdoviridae/patogenicidade , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Apoptose , Encéfalo/embriologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Encefalite Viral/etiologia , Feminino , Imunofluorescência , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Camundongos , Neuroglia/citologia , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Neuroglia/virologia , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/virologia , Gravidez , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologiaRESUMO
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) outbreaks of unknown origin occur at 8-10-year intervals in the south-western USA with the most recent outbreak beginning in 2004. A previous study has suggested that strains causing US outbreaks are closely related to strains causing outbreaks in Mexico [Rodriguez (2002) Virus Res 85, 211-219]. This study determined the phylogenetic relationships among 116 vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) strains obtained from the 2004 outbreak and from endemic areas in Mexico. All 69 US viruses showed little sequence divergence (Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária
, Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária
, Estomatite/veterinária
, Vesiculovirus/classificação
, Vesiculovirus/genética
, Animais
, Camelídeos Americanos
, Bovinos
, Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia
, Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia
, Equidae
, Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia
, Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia
, Cavalos
, México/epidemiologia
, Epidemiologia Molecular
, Dados de Sequência Molecular
, New Jersey
, Filogenia
, Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia
, Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia
, Estomatite/epidemiologia
, Estomatite/virologia
, Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
, Vesiculovirus/isolamento & purificação
RESUMO
Viral-induced apoptosis might be mediated by oxidative stress. It has already been described that cell death in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected cells occurs by apoptosis. In this study, oxidative stress parameters present in VSV-infected Vero cells were analyzed. Lipid peroxides (LP) were evaluated in cellular extracts and expressed as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. LP levels exhibited a rise at different times post infection, according to the multiplicity of infection (MOI), while the presence of cycloheximide determined a reduction on LP. Also, an increase in protein degradation products and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids content was observed, indicating that cellular proteins and lipids began to be susceptible to degradation during VSV infection. In addition, we analyzed cell viability of VSV-infected Vero cells, which were incubated in the presence of butylated hydroxyanisole. This antioxidant was able to protect Vero cells, at least at MOIs assayed in this study, and to reduce viral yield only when VSV infection was done at MOI 0.05. Further, superoxide dismutases, which occupy the first step within the antioxidant enzyme cascade, also exhibit a rise in VSV-infected Vero cells, at different MOI. These results suggest that both an oxidative stress and an antioxidative cell response precede the induction of apoptosis by VSV.
Assuntos
Estresse Oxidativo , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/fisiologia , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Células Vero/metabolismo , Células Vero/patologia , Células Vero/virologiaRESUMO
Viral neurotropism is the ability of viruses to infect neuronal cells. This is well studied for herpesviruses, rabies-related viruses, and a few others, but it is poorly investigated among almost all arboviruses. In this study, we describe both the neurotropism and the neuropathological effects of Amazonian rhabdoviruses on the brains of experimentally infected-newborn mice. Suckling mice were intranasally infected with 10(-4) to 10(-8) LD50 of viruses. Animals were anaesthetized and perfused after they had become sick. Immunohistochemistry using specific anti-virus and anti-active caspase three antibodies was performed. All infected animals developed fatal encephalitis. Survival time ranged from 18 h to 15 days. Viruses presented distinct species-dependent neurotropism for CNS regions. Histopathological analysis revealed variable degrees of necrosis and apoptosis in different brain regions. These results showed that viruses belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family possess distinct tropism for CNS structures and induce different pattern of cell death depending on the CNS region.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/virologia , Neurônios/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/patogenicidade , Animais , Animais Lactentes , Apoptose/fisiologia , Encefalopatias/patologia , Brasil , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Neurônios/patologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/patologiaRESUMO
The occurrence of vesicular stomatitis (VS) was investigated in El Salvador through monthly visits to 12 sentinel cattle operations located in four different departments. Management, environmental, and spatial data were collected. Heifers were enrolled on the operations and were examined and bled monthly for 3 years. Two competitive ELISAs were used to detect antibodies on each sample for each serotype of VS virus (VSV). On 8 of the 12 operations, small terrestrial rodents were trapped, blood samples collected, and antibodies to both VS serotypes evaluated using a serum-neutralization test for each virus serotype. Similar to other studies of VS in Central America, the seroprevalence of the New Jersey serotype was higher than the seroprevalence to the Indiana serotype. An outbreak of VS appeared to occur in the Department of Sonsonate in the summer of 1999. We confirmed that VS is endemic in the four departments investigated in El Salvador.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Vesiculovirus , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Estudos de Coortes , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , El Salvador/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Testes de Neutralização/veterinária , Projetos Piloto , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Roedores/classificação , Roedores/virologia , Estações do Ano , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sorotipagem/veterinária , Estomatite/veterinária , Estomatite/virologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Phylogenetic analysis of partial phosphoprotein and glycoprotein gene sequences showed that a single genetic lineage of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype New Jersey (NJ) caused the 1995 and 1997 outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in the western United States. While distinct from VSV-NJ strains causing previous outbreaks in the western United States and those circulating in feral swine in the southeastern United States, this lineage was closely related to viral lineages circulating in the Mexican states of Guerrero, Veracruz, and Oaxaca in 1996, 1989, and 1984 respectively. In 1997 and 1998, VSV serotype Indiana 1 (IN1) re-emerged in the western United States after 30 years. Viruses causing these outbreaks grouped within a single genetic lineage distinct from VSV-IN1 isolates causing outbreaks in the western United States in 1929 and 1956 but closely related to a strain circulating in the state of Colima in central Mexico in 1997. Our data showed that sporadic VS outbreaks in the western United States are caused by genetically distinct viral lineages closer to those circulating in enzootic areas of central and southern Mexico than to those causing previous outbreaks in the United States. The genetic evidence and temporal distribution of outbreaks are not consistent with a pattern of long-term maintenance of VSV in the western United States.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Estomatite/epidemiologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/genética , Vesiculovirus , Genótipo , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Estomatite/virologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSV-NJ) is a rhabdovirus that causes economically important disease in cattle and other domestic animals in endemic areas from southeastern United States to northern South America. Its negatively stranded RNA genome is capable of undergoing rapid evolution, which allows phylogenetic analysis and molecular epidemiology studies to be performed. Previous epidemiological studies in Costa Rica showed the existence of at least two distinct ecological zones of high VSV-NJ activity, one located in the highlands (premontane tropical moist forest) and the other in the lowlands (tropical dry forest). We wanted to test the hypothesis that the viruses circulating in these ecological zones were genetically distinct. For this purpose, we sequenced the hypervariable region of the phosphoprotein gene for 50 VSV-NJ isolates from these areas. Phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses from each ecological zone had distinct genotypes. These genotypes were maintained in each area for periods of up to 8 years. This evolutionary pattern of VSV-NJ suggests an adaptation to ecological factors that could exert selective pressure on the virus. As previous data indicated an absence of virus adaptation to factors related to the bovine host (including immunological pressure), it appears that VSV genetic divergence represents positive selection to adapt to specific vectors and/or reservoirs at each ecological zone.