RESUMO
A raiva é uma doença infecciosa ocasionada por vírus do gênero Lyssavirus. Considerada uma antropozoonose é caracterizada por encefalite progressiva e de curso fatal. A doença é transmitida através da inoculação do agente em indivíduos suscetíveis, sendo a principal forma de transmissão a mordedura praticada por animal raivoso. A vacinação animal é a principal estratégia para controle da doença, a vigilância e diagnóstico de casos suspeitos são essenciais para desencadear as medidas de profilaxia e controle de foco. Esta revisão bibliográfica objetiva apresentar a raiva animal bem como as atividades de controle e vigilância da raiva em cães e gatos.
Rabies is an infectious disease caused by viruses of the Lyssavirus genus. Considered an anthropozoonosis, it is characterized by progressive encephalitis with a fatal course. The disease is transmitted through the inoculation of the agent in susceptible individuals, the main form of transmission being the biting practiced by a rabid animal. Animal vaccination is the main strategy for disease control, surveillance and diagnosis of suspected cases are essential to trigger prophylaxis and outbreak control measures. This literature review aims to present animal rabies as well as rabies control and surveillance activities in dogs and cats.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , LyssavirusRESUMO
The knowledge of genomic data of new plant viruses is increasing exponentially; however, some aspects of their biology, such as vectors and host range, remain mostly unknown. This information is crucial for the understanding of virus-plant interactions, control strategies, and mechanisms to prevent outbreaks. Typically, rhabdoviruses infect monocot and dicot plants and are vectored in nature by hemipteran sap-sucking insects, including aphids, leafhoppers, and planthoppers. However, several strains of a potentially whitefly-transmitted virus, papaya cytorhabdovirus, were recently described: (i) bean-associated cytorhabdovirus (BaCV) in Brazil, (ii) papaya virus E (PpVE) in Ecuador, and (iii) citrus-associated rhabdovirus (CiaRV) in China. Here, we examine the potential of the Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) to transmit BaCV, its morphological and cytopathological characteristics, and assess the incidence of BaCV across bean producing areas in Brazil. Our results show that BaCV is efficiently transmitted, in experimental conditions, by B. tabaci MEAM1 to bean cultivars, and with lower efficiency to cowpea and soybean. Moreover, we detected BaCV RNA in viruliferous whiteflies but we were unable to visualize viral particles or viroplasm in the whitefly tissues. BaCV could not be singly isolated for pathogenicity tests, identification of the induced symptoms, and the transmission assay. BaCV was detected in five out of the seven states in Brazil included in our study, suggesting that it is widely distributed throughout bean producing areas in the country. This is the first report of a whitefly-transmitted rhabdovirus.
Assuntos
Hemípteros/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Brasil , Carica/virologia , China , Equador , Genômica , Oriente Médio , Folhas de Planta/virologia , Vírus de Plantas , Plantas/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Análise de SequênciaRESUMO
A survey of rodents and hematophagous flies was conducted on three farms located in an area endemic for vesicular stomatitis to determine the species composition of each zoological group occurring in these areas. Eleven species of small rodents were collected and identified. Individuals from forty-nine species of hematophagous flies of the families Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, and Phlebotominae were captured and identified. The species compositions in each group were compared between farms. Rodents were tested for antibodies to vesicular stomatitis, New Jersey and Indiana serotypes. Seven species had antibody titers greater than 1:10. Attempts to isolate the virus produced negative results for all the species tested.
Assuntos
Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Roedores/virologia , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/classificação , Vesiculovirus , Aedes/virologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Culicidae/virologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Ecossistema , Phlebotomus/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/transmissão , Estomatite/epidemiologia , Estomatite/veterinária , Estomatite/virologia , Clima Tropical , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
This paper addresses the risks involved when bovine embryos are moved internationally and, specifically, the possibilities of transmitting foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue and vesicular stomatitis by embryos originating from an area in South America. The risk scenario pathway was divided into three phases for analysis. The first phase dealt with the potential for embryo contamination which depends on the disease situation in the exporting country and/or region, the health status of the herds and the donor cows from which the embryos are collected, and the pathogenetic characteristics of the specified disease agent. The second phase covers risk mitigation by use of internationally accepted standards for processing of embryos, and the third phase encompassed the risk reductions resulting from post-collection surveillance of the donors and donor herds, and also from testing of embryo-collection (flushing) fluids for the disease agent. Quantitative risk analysis showed that under the circumstances specified in the paper, the risk of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis by embryos would be likely to be less than 1 in 100 billion (10(-11.0)) and 1 in 100 million (10(-8.0)), respectively. The values for bluetongue were 1 in 30,000 (10(-4.2)) when embryos were collected in the vector season and 1 in 1 million (10(-6.0)) in the season with low vector activity. These risk values were influenced by the incidence of each disease in the area of origin and the ease with which clinical signs can be recognised. Competent embryo processing according to procedures recommended by the International Embryo Transfer Society were also of great importance. The analysis showed that the reasons for the low levels of risk of transmission differed for each of the three diseases. In the case of bluetongue, vector ecology was of major importance.