RESUMO

Hepatitis B infection is one of the most important health problems around the world. The high mortality rate of the hepatitis B encouraged research that led to the finding of an effective vaccine against it. The aim of the present study was to find out the use of the Euvax-B vaccine in sectors of Nineveh province. According to the results obtained in this study, in the next five years, the vaccination coverage for the second and third doses needs to improve(AU)

La infección por hepatitis B es uno de los más importantes problemas de salud del mundo. La alta tasa de mortalidad de la hepatitis B impulsó las investigaciones que llevaron a encontrar una vacuna eficaz contra la misma. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el uso de la vacuna Euvax-B en sectores de la provincia de Nínive. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, en los próximos cinco años, se debe incrementar la cobertura de inmunización de la segunda y tercera dosis de la vacuna(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Orthohantaviruses are still a significant public health threat in endemic countries, with high case fatality rates (CFR). In Bolivia, the reporting of small outbreaks occurred until 2012. The findings of 40 laboratory-confirmed cases diagnosed in two departments are reported herein. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study. Data on laboratory-confirmed cases in 2018 were collected from the hospitals and departmental health services (SEDES) of Santa Cruz and Tarija. An ELISA was used for the detection of IgM antibody to hantavirus in the patient blood samples. RESULTS: Forty patients were IgM-positive. The median age of the patients was 24 years (interquartile range 19-41 years) and 72.5% were male. All patients were hospitalized; 57.5% were admitted to the intensive care unit and had cardiopulmonary compromise, with 83% of these presenting acute respiratory distress syndrome and 89.5% of these requiring mechanical ventilation. Six patients died (CFR 15%). Patients <15 or >60 years old were more prone to die (odds ratio 10.33, 95% confidence interval 1.411-75.694), as were those with comorbidities (odds ratio 16.5, 95% confidence interval 1.207-225.540). CONCLUSIONS: Orthohantavirus infections were associated with a high CFR. These cases occurred in areas with eco-epidemiological conditions facilitating viral transmission, including the presence of rodents, as well as the risk of spillover to humans due to social, environmental, and occupational factors.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The tent-making bat hepatitis B virus (TBHBV) is a hepadnavirus closely related to human hepatitis B virus. The ecology of TBHBV is unclear. We show that it is widespread and highly diversified in Peters' tent-making bats (Uroderma bilobatum) within Panama, while local prevalence varied significantly between sample sites, ranging from 0 to 14.3%. Females showed significantly higher prevalence than males, and pregnant females were more often acutely infected than non-reproductive ones. The distribution of TBHBV in bats was significantly affected by forest cover, with higher infection rates in areas with lower forest cover. Our data indicate that loss of natural habitat may lead to positive feedback on the biotic factors driving infection possibility. These results underline the necessity of multidisciplinary studies for a better understanding of mechanisms in pathogen-host relationships and for predictions in disease ecology.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HPS) has gained importance in Latin America as an emerging disease, with reports of about 4000 HPS cases; however, this is probably an underestimate because of limited surveillance programs and diagnostic tools to confirm HPS. In order to address this issue and develop better serosurveillance capability, we evaluated three recombinant peptides from the Necoclí virus (NECV) nucleocapsid in antibody-capture ELISA. We cloned and expressed antigens representing the whole NECV nucleocapsid protein (NECV-rN), the immunodominant domain (NECV-rN100), and a serospecific domain (NECV-rN428), and then we compared these antigens in ELISA to detect IgG antibodies to NECV in human sera. We evaluated human sera collected during two epidemiological studies from the area where NECV was discovered. The first group included 609 sera from healthy individuals, and the second one included 89 samples from patients with undifferentiated febrile illness. In these two groups, hantavirus infection had previously been determined by the presence of IgG to Maciel virus (MCLV), a hantavirus closely related to NECV. The number of IgG-positive sera was higher using the Necoclí ELISA with the rN100 protein, which detected antibodies in a higher percentage of healthy individuals, 129/609 (21.2%), as well as in febrile patients, 11/89 (12.3%). In contrast, using MCLV ELISA, 8 of 609 (1.3%) and 4 of 89 (4.5%) samples from healthy and febrile patients, respectively, were seropositive. The agreement between the NECV and MCLV ELISA assays was ≥ 82.3%; however, the kappa indices were weak but statistically significant for rN (0.251 CI; 0.138-0.365) and rN100rN (0.153 CI; 0.084-0.223). The weak kappa indices were attributed to decreased MCLV ELISA assay sensitivity. These results suggest that NECV rN and rN100 have increased specificity and could be further validated for improved diagnosis of hantavirus infections.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Uno de los tumores hepáticos mas frecuentes, y de mayor malignidad es el carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC), el mismo que se encuentra estrechamente relacionado con el virus de la hepatitis B y C. Según estudios realizados, se ha demostrado que hay mayor incidencia de CHC en los portadores crónicos del HBsAg, aunque el mecanismo por el cual el virus de la hepatitis B puede desarrollar el CHC no está totalmente esclarecido; no obstante existe una relación directa con los procesos necroinflamatorios crónicos que el virus puede inducir. Es importante señalar también la incidencia del CHC por VHC ya que según estudios realizados utilizando sistemas ELISA, se demostró la presencia y replicación del virus en tejido hepático tumoral, confirmando de esta forma la asociación causal entre la infección por el VHC y CHC.En ensayos realizados en Taiwan e Italia, se observó que en pacientes en los que se detectaron simultáneamente ambos marcadores virales (HBsAg y el antiVHC), el riesgo de desarrollar CHC fue mayor, en comparación a aquellos que presentaron en forma aislada, la infección por uno de los 2 virus.Los mecanismos por los cuales la presencia de los virus de las hepatitis B y C promueven el desarrollo del CHC, no esta esclarecido totalmente; pero en la revisión de la literatura se plantean hipótesis importantes en cuanto al efecto oncogénico directo que pueden tener, así como los mecanismos indirectos que actúan por un incremento en la tasa de recambio de hepatocitos o por la producción de radicales libres.Estas son las razones por las cuales la Agencia Internacional para la investigación sobre el cáncer de la OMS se ha pronunciado sobre considerarlos, en especial al VHC, como agente carcinógeno en humanos.

One of the most common liver tumors, and of greatest malignancy, is the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is closely linked to Hepatitis B and C viruses.According to some studies, it has been demonstrated that the incidence of HC is highest among chronic carriers of HBAgs, although the mechanism by which the virus can lead to HCC is not well identified, thus there is a direct relationship among the chronic necroinflammatory processes that this virus can induce.It is also important to mention the incidence of HCC due to HCV, because there is studies in which the presence and replication of the virus in a normal liver tissue has been demonstrated by Elisa procedures, therefore confirming the causative association among virus infection and HCC.In some trials conducted in Taiwan and Italy, it was observed that the patients in which both viral markers (HBAgs and antiHCV) were detected simmoultaneously, the risk of developing HCC was higher, in comparison to those who presented isolated infection by one of the 2 viruses.The mechanisms by which the presence of both viruses, hepatitis B and C can promote the development of HCC is not totally determined, but the review of the literature suggests important hypothesis concerning a direct oncogenic effect, as well as indirect mechanisms, involving an increase in the exchange rate of hepatocites or the production of free radicals.These are the reasons for which the International Agency for the investigation of cancer of the WHO has pronounced into consideration, specially the HCV as a carcinogenic agent in humans.

Assuntos