RESUMO
With the arrival of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil in February 2020, several preventive measures were taken by the population aiming to avoid severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection including the use of masks, social distancing, and frequent hand washing then, these measures may have contributed to preventing infection also by other respiratory viruses. Our goal was to determine the frequencies of Influenza A and B viruses (FLUAV/FLUBV), human mastadenovirus C (HAdV-C), Enterovirus 68 (EV-68), and rhinovirus (RV) besides SARS-CoV-2 among hospitalized patients suspect of COVID-19 with cases of acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) in the period of March to December 2020 and to detect possible coinfections among them. Nucleic acid detection was performed using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in respiratory samples using naso-oropharyngeal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage. A total of 418 samples of the 987 analyzed (42.3%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2, 16 (1.62%) samples were positive for FLUAV, no sample was positive for FLUBV or EV-68, 67 (6.78%) samples were positive for HAdV-C, 55 samples were positive for RV 1/2 (26.3%) and 37 for RV 2/2 (13.6%). Coinfections were also detected, including a triple coinfection with SARS-CoV-2, FLUAV, and HAdV-C. In the present work, a very low frequency of FLUV was reported among hospitalized patients with ARDS compared to the past years, probably due to preventive measures taken to avoid COVID-19 and the high influenza vaccination coverage in the region in which this study was performed.
Assuntos
Infecções por Adenoviridae/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Resfriado Comum/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Distanciamento Físico , Infecções por Adenoviridae/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Resfriado Comum/prevenção & controle , Enterovirus Humano D/genética , Enterovirus Humano D/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Máscaras , Mastadenovirus/genética , Mastadenovirus/isolamento & purificação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Rhinovirus/genética , Rhinovirus/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT Although the use of vaccines has controlled enteric diseases in dogs in many developed countries, vaccine coverage is still under optimal situation in Brazil. There is a large population of nonimmunized dogs and few studies about the identification of the viruses associated with diarrhea. To address this situation, stool samples from 325 dogs were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for the detection of common enteric viruses such as Canine adenovirus (CAdV), Canine coronavirus (CCoV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine rotavirus (CRV) and Carnivorous protoparvovirus 1 (canine parvovirus 2; CPV-2). At least one of these species was detected in 56.6% (184/325) of the samples. The viruses detected most frequently in either diarrheic or nondiarrheic dog feces were CPV-2 (54.3% of the positive samples), CDV (45.1%) and CCoV (30.4%), followed by CRV (8.2%) and CAdV (4.9%). Only one agent was detected in the majority of the positive samples (63%), but co-infections were present in 37% of the positive samples and mainly included CDV and CPV-2. The data presented herein can improve the clinical knowledge in regions with low vaccine coverage and highlight the need to improve the methods used to control these infectious diseases in domestic dogs.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/veterinária , Filogenia , Brasil , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/genética , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Enterovirus/classificação , Enterovirus/genética , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Enterovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Fezes/virologiaRESUMO
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infections are one of the main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina worldwide. EV-A71 infection is a life-threatening communicable disease and there is an urgent global need for the development of vaccines for its prevention and control. The morbidity rate of EV-A71 infection differs between countries. The pathogen's genetic lineages are undergoing rapid evolutionary changes. An association between the occurrence of EV-A71 infection and the circulation of different genetic strains of EV-A71 virus has been identified around the world. In this review, we present and discuss the molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of the human disease caused by EV-A71 infection, as well as current prospects for the development of an EV-A71 vaccine.
Assuntos
Enterovirus Humano A/genética , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/virologia , Herpangina/virologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Enterovirus Humano A/imunologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/epidemiologia , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/prevenção & controle , Herpangina/epidemiologia , Herpangina/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Epidemiologia MolecularRESUMO
Although the use of vaccines has controlled enteric diseases in dogs in many developed countries, vaccine coverage is still under optimal situation in Brazil. There is a large population of nonimmunized dogs and few studies about the identification of the viruses associated with diarrhea. To address this situation, stool samples from 325 dogs were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for the detection of common enteric viruses such as Canine adenovirus (CAdV), Canine coronavirus (CCoV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine rotavirus (CRV) and Carnivorous protoparvovirus 1 (canine parvovirus 2; CPV-2). At least one of these species was detected in 56.6% (184/325) of the samples. The viruses detected most frequently in either diarrheic or nondiarrheic dog feces were CPV-2 (54.3% of the positive samples), CDV (45.1%) and CCoV (30.4%), followed by CRV (8.2%) and CAdV (4.9%). Only one agent was detected in the majority of the positive samples (63%), but co-infections were present in 37% of the positive samples and mainly included CDV and CPV-2. The data presented herein can improve the clinical knowledge in regions with low vaccine coverage and highlight the need to improve the methods used to control these infectious diseases in domestic dogs.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/virologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/veterinária , Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Cães , Enterovirus/classificação , Enterovirus/genética , Infecções por Enterovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Fezes/virologia , Filogenia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/genética , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Together, the three human rhinovirus (RV) species are the most frequent cause of the common cold. Because of their high similarity with other viral species of the genus Enterovirus, within the large family Picornaviridae, studies on RV infectious activities often offer a less pathogenic model for more aggressive enteroviruses, e.g. poliovirus or EV71. Picornaviruses enter via receptor mediated endocytosis and replicate in the cytosol. Most of them depend on functional F-actin, Rab proteins, and probably motor proteins. To assess the latter, we evaluated the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and two myosin V isoforms (Va and Vb) in RV-B14 infection. We report that ML-9, a very specific MLCK inhibitor, dramatically reduced RV-B14 entry. We also demonstrate that RV-B14 infection in cells expressing dominant-negative forms of myosin Va and Vb was impaired after virus entry. Using immunofluorescent localization and immunoprecipitation, we show that myosin Va co-localized with RV-B14 exclusively after viral entry (15 min post infection) and that myosin Vb was present in the clusters of newly synthesized RNA in infected cells. These clusters, observed at 180 min post infection, are reminiscent of replication sites. Taken together, these results identify myosin light chain kinase, myosin Va and myosin Vb as new players in RV-B14 infection that participate directly or indirectly in different stages of the viral cycle.
Assuntos
Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Ácido Metilmalônico/análogos & derivados , Cadeias Pesadas de Miosina/antagonistas & inibidores , Miosina Tipo V/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase de Cadeia Leve de Miosina/antagonistas & inibidores , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Infecções por Enterovirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Células HeLa , Humanos , Ácido Metilmalônico/farmacologia , Fosforilação , Rhinovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Rhinovirus/fisiologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT The 2014 enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) outbreak in the United States raised concerns about the introduction of the virus in the Caribbean region. The objective of this study was to provide rapid evidence of the introduction of EV-D68 strains in the Caribbean region during the 2014 outbreak in the United States, using a relatively simple phylogenetic approach. From October 2014 to May 2015, four EV-D68 cases from two countries (Bermuda and Dominica) were detected at the regional referral laboratory at the Caribbean Public Health Agency (Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago) based on molecular testing of respiratory specimens. All cases were children presenting to hospitals with moderate respiratory distress. No cases of acute flaccid paralysis were detected. Phylogenetic analysis of the Caribbean strains showed more than 99% similarity with the 2014 U.S.-outbreak strain, providing evidence of the introduction and circulation of the virus in the region.(AU)
RESUMEN El brote de enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) registrado en el 2014 en los Estados Unidos suscitó preocupación acerca de la introducción del virus en el Caribe. El objetivo de este estudio fue aportar pruebas rápidas, mediante la adopción de un enfoque filogénico relativamente sencillo, de que durante ese brote ingresaron en el Caribe cepas del EV-D68. Entre octubre del 2014 y mayo del 2015, el laboratorio regional de referencia ubicado en el Organismo de Salud Pública del Caribe (Puerto España, Trinidad y Tabago) detectó cuatro casos de EV-D68 provenientes de dos países (Bermudas y Dominica) mediante el análisis molecular de muestras respiratorias. Todos los casos correspondían a niños que acudieron al hospital con dificultad respiratoria moderada. No se detectó ningún caso de parálisis flácida aguda. El análisis filogénico de las cepas encontradas en el Caribe demostró una semejanza superior al 99 % con la cepa responsable del brote del 2014 en los Estados Unidos, lo que demuestra la introducción y la circulación del virus en la región.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Bermudas/epidemiologia , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Dominica/epidemiologia , Enterovirus Humano D/isolamento & purificaçãoAssuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Metabolismo Energético , Imunidade Inata , Selênio/uso terapêutico , Animais , Cardiomiopatias/etiologia , Cardiomiopatias/prevenção & controle , Deficiências Nutricionais/imunologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais/intoxicação , Infecções por Enterovirus/etiologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Doença de Kashin-Bek/etiologia , Doença de Kashin-Bek/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias/etiologia , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Necessidades Nutricionais , Recomendações Nutricionais , Selênio/deficiência , Selênio/metabolismo , Selênio/intoxicaçãoRESUMO
Em agosto de 2016, o European Center of Disease Control (ECDC) publicou um artigo alertando para os casos de enteroviroses (EV) com sintomas neurológicos severos detectados na Europa neste mesmo ano e o aumento de casos do enterovírus D68 e outras enteroviroses em anos recentes. No texto, é sugerido que devem ser discutidas e exploradas a coleta de dados e a vigilância de enterovírus não pólio, especialmente de casos mais severos. É necessário, também, que os clínicos devam ser encorajados a obter fezes e espécimes respiratórias para a detecção e a caracterização de enterovírus de todos os pacientes com meningites, encefalites, doença da mão-pé-boca, mielite ou paralisia flácida aguda. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por Enterovirus , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Enterovirus/transmissão , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologiaRESUMO
The epidemiology of virus infections has changed dramatically in Europe in recent years due to ecologic, anthropologic and biologic factors such as: i) climate modifications, ii) global exchange of goods and international travel, iii) increased immigration flux from Africa, South America, the Middle East and Asia, iv) reduction of cultivated areas, and v) emergence and re-emergence of human viruses from zoonotic reservoirs. In addition, recent technical advancements have allowed the identification of previously unrecognized autochthonous viral species. Thus, at present, the technical and cultural challenge is to recognize infections caused by viruses not normally circulating in our geographical region (both as imported cases or potential local outbreaks), sustained by recently discovered autochthonous viruses or due to recognized viruses which are no longer widespread in Western Europe due to past vaccination campaigns.