Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus , Coinfecção/etiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Micoses/complicações , Pneumonia Viral/microbiologia , COVID-19 , Coinfecção/tratamento farmacológico , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Humanos , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
The year 2020 will be remembered by a never before seen, at least by our generation, global pandemic of COVID-19. While a desperate search for effective vaccines or drug therapies is on the run, nutritional strategies to promote immunity against SARS-CoV-2, are being discussed. Certain fermented foods and probiotics may deliver viable microbes with the potential to promote gut immunity. Prebiotics, on their side, may enhance gut immunity by selectively stimulating certain resident microbes in the gut. Different levels of evidence support the use of fermented foods, probiotics and prebiotics to promote gut and lungs immunity. Without being a promise of efficacy against COVID-19, incorporating them into the diet may help to low down gut inflammation and to enhance mucosal immunity, to possibly better face the infection by contributing to diminishing the severity or the duration of infection episodes.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Alimentos Fermentados , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Inflamação , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Prebióticos , Probióticos , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/complicações , Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Dieta , Trato Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Humanos , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/microbiologia , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Inflamação/virologia , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/complicações , Pneumonia Viral/microbiologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
COVID-19, designated as SARS-CoV-2, has caused millions of infections worldwide, including in patients with concomitant infections. Here, we report two unusual cases of patients with triple infections of SARS-CoV-2, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and HIV. Both cases were confirmed through microbiological and immunological studies. The acute respiratory phase in both patients was treated with supplemental oxygen. Antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapies were started simultaneously. In 2 weeks, both patients demonstrated clinical improvement and recovery from COVID-19. Our findings suggest that even in cases of triple infection, clinical management together with respiratory therapy contributes to patient survival.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Infecções por HIV/terapia , Heparina/uso terapêutico , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/terapia , Adulto , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Convalescença , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , HIV/patogenicidade , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/microbiologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/métodos , SARS-CoV-2 , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/virologiaRESUMO
Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in patients with HIV/AIDS has not been previously reported. Here, we present two cases of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and MTB in patients with HIV. The first case is a 39-year-old patient who was admitted with a 7-day history of fever, myalgia, headache, and cough. The second patient is a 43-year-old man who had a 1-month history of cough with hemoptoic sputum, evolving to mild respiratory distress in the last 7 days. Both patients already had pulmonary tuberculosis and subsequently developed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the 2020 pandemic. Nonadherence to antiretroviral treatment may have been a factor in the clinical worsening of the patients.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Tosse/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Cooperação do Paciente/psicologia , Pneumonia Viral/microbiologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Tosse/tratamento farmacológico , Tosse/imunologia , Tosse/virologia , HIV/patogenicidade , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/imunologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/virologiaRESUMO
Infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus worldwide has led the World Health Organization to declare a COVID-19 pandemic. Because there is no cure or treatment for this virus, it is emergingly urgent to find effective and validated methods to prevent and treat COVID-19 infection. In this context, alternatives related to nutritional therapy might help to control the infection. This narrative review proposes the importance and role of probiotics and diet as adjunct alternatives among the therapies available for the treatment of this new coronavirus. This review discusses the relationship between intestinal purine metabolism and the use of Lactobacillus gasseri and low-purine diets, particularly in individuals with hyperuricemia, as adjuvant nutritional therapies to improve the immune system and weaken viral replication, assisting in the treatment of COVID-19. These might be promising alternatives, in addition to many others that involve adequate intake of vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds from food.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Dieta/métodos , Imunomodulação/fisiologia , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Humanos , Lactobacillus gasseri/imunologia , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/microbiologia , Purinas/imunologia , Purinas/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Replicação Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Introducción: La enfermedad producida por el nuevo coronavirus constituye un reto para los sistemas de salud. En estos tiempos de pandemia disponer de pruebas que ayuden a un diagnóstico temprano e incluso a detectar pacientes asintomáticos, es una de las claves para disminuir los contagios y evitar la propagación. Objetivo: Revisar los aspectos más importantes en el diagnóstico del nuevo coronavirus. Desarrollo: La detección de ARN de SARS-CoV2 en muestras respiratorias, es la técnica de referencia y de elección para el diagnóstico microbiológico de COVID-19. Tomando la muestra de la parte posterior de la faringe y de las fosas nasales puede detectarse la presencia del virus. La detección de antígenos es un tipo de prueba de diagnóstico rápido la cual detecta la presencia de proteínas virales (antígenos) expresadas por el virus de la COVID-19. La detección de los anticuerpos generados en el organismo huésped infectado es una de las técnicas más utilizadas a nivel mundial en grandes poblaciones, incluso como pesquizaje, aunque su interpretación puede requerir intervención de médicos especializados. También está basada en la detección de anticuerpos del tipo IgM e IgG y algunas presentan la detección de anticuerpos IgA. Conclusiones: La interpretación de las pruebas serológicas debe realizarse con cautela, teniendo en cuenta sus limitaciones, y evaluarlas acorde a la situación clínica del paciente y de los resultados de la prueba de referencia(AU)
Introduction: The disease caused by the new coronavirus constitutes a challenge for health systems. In these times of pandemic, having tests that help early diagnosis and even detect asymptomatic patients is one of the keys to reducing infections and preventing the spread. Objective: To review the most important aspects in the diagnosis of the new coronavirus. Findings: Detection of SARS-CoV2 RNA in respiratory samples is the reference and technique of choice for the microbiological diagnosis of COVID-19. By taking samples from the back of the pharynx and the nostrils, the presence of the virus can be detected. Antigen detection is a type of rapid diagnostic test which detects the presence of viral proteins (antigens) expressed by COVID-19 virus. Detection of the antibodies generated in the infected host organism is one of the most widely used techniques worldwide in large populations, even as screening, although its interpretation may require the intervention of specialists. It is also based on the detection of IgM and IgG type antibodies and some have the detection of IgA antibodies. Conclusions: The interpretation of serological tests should be done with caution, taking into account the limitations, and assessing them according to the patient's clinical situation and the results of the reference test(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , RNA/uso terapêutico , Testes Sorológicos/métodos , Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Diagnóstico Precoce , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Imunoglobulina M/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A new highly pathogenic human coronavirus has emerged. Its natural history and its determinants are still under investigation. It lacks a publication to examine all the cases identified worldwide. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to describe the cases and deaths caused by the new coronavirus. METHODS: World Health Organization's, European Centre for Disease Control's and Eurosurveillance's publications online were reviewed. We performed a descriptive analysis of the cases; the limits of proportions were calculated with a 0.05 alpha using Wilson test, and Student's t test for mean difference. RESULTS: There are 17 confirmed cases and 11 deaths in several countries in Asia and Europe; men predominated. The case fatality rate was 64.70 %. People who died took five days to hospitalize after the first symptoms. There is a lack of publications to describe the natural history of the disease, but the descriptions of the European publications are consistent with the results of this study. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to keep the surveillance and further studies in order to assess the impact on international public health.
Introducción: emergió una nueva enfermedad por coronavirus. Su historia natural y sus determinantes todavía se están investigando. Se carece de una publicación que estudie todos los casos identificados en el mundo, por lo que el objetivo de este artículo estriba en describir los casos y defunciones por el nuevo coronavirus. Métodos: se revisaron las publicaciones en línea de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, del Centro Europeo para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades y de la Eurosurveillance. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los casos, se calcularon los límites para proporciones con un alfa del 0.05 por prueba de Wilson y una prueba t de Student para diferencia de medias. Resultados: son 17 casos confirmados y 11 defunciones en varios países de Asia y Europa; predominaron los pacientes masculinos. La tasa de letalidad fue de 64.70 %; los que fallecieron se hospitalizaron cinco días después de los primeros síntomas. Se carece de publicaciones que describan la historia natural de la enfermedad; sin embargo, lo descrito en las publicaciones de Europa coincide con los resultados de este estudio. Conclusión: es necesario continuar con la vigilancia epidemiológica y la realización de nuevos estudios para evaluar el impacto de esta enfermedad en la salud pública internacional.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Coronavirus/patogenicidade , Adulto , Idoso , Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Feminino , Saúde Global , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância em Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the agent of a highly contagious disease that affects domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). Recent reports showed a high prevalence of one main IBV genotype (Brazil or BR-I) with low genetic diversity in commercial poultry flocks from Brazil. This research analyzed IBV positive poultry flocks from different rearing regions to verify the S1 gene variability and geographic distribution of variant IBV strains in recent years (2010 and 2011). Samples of IBV-positive flocks were obtained from 60 different farms. Forty-nine partial S1 gene sequences were determined and aligned for phylogenetic and amino acid similarity analyses. Eleven samples (22.4%) were similar to Massachusetts vaccine strains (Mass genotype) and 34 samples (69.4%) to the previously characterized Brazilian BR-I genotype. Interestingly, the remaining four samples (8.2%) clustered into a new IBV variant genotype (Brazil-II or BR-II), divergent from the BR-I. A unique nucleotide sequence insertion coding for five amino acid residues was observed in all the Brazilian variant viruses (BR-I and BR-II genotypes). These results show a higher genetic diversity in Brazilian IBV variants than previously described.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/genética , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Galinhas , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Alinhamento de Sequência/veterinária , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterinária , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismoRESUMO
1. After MHV3 infection, only macrophages from resistant A/J mice partially restricted virus growth compared to those from susceptible BALB/c mice (2 logs of difference in virus titer). 2. Cellular ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis by MHV3-infected macrophages was decreased only in A/J mouse macrophages as indicated by accumulation of the 28S rRNA fraction. 3. The accumulation of viral messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in MHV3-infected macrophages was also reduced in A/J mouse macrophages compared to BALB/c mice. 4. In pulse-chase experiments of viral protein synthesis, the appearance, glycosylation and cleavage of glycoprotein S, as well as the metabolism of nucleoprotein N were delayed in A/J mouse macrophages. 5. These data show that MHV3 infection of A/J mouse macrophages induced an imbalanced accumulation of the 28S fraction of rRNA. Furthermore the synthesis of mRNAs correlated with viral protein synthesis in both A/J and BALB/c macrophages, but was delayed in A/J mice. 6. These results suggest that the partial restriction of MHV3 replication in macrophages of resistant A/J mice may take place during or before the mRNA synthesis, although it is correlated with the appearance, glycosylation, cleavage and metabolism of viral proteins.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/microbiologia , Hepatite Viral Animal/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Vírus da Hepatite Murina/fisiologia , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Ribossômico/biossíntese , RNA Viral/biossíntese , Animais , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos A , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fatores de Tempo , Replicação ViralRESUMO
1. After MHV3 infection, only macrophages from resistant A/J mice partially restricted virus growth compared to those from susceptible BALB/c mice (2 logs of difference in virus titer). 2. Cellular ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis by MHV3-infected macrophages was decreased only in A/J mouse macrophages as indicated by accumulation of the 28S rRNA fraction. 3. The accumulation of viral messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in MHV3-infected macrophages was also reduced in A/J mouse macrophages compared to BALB/c mice. 4. In pulse-chase experiments of viral protein synthesis, the appearance, glycosylation and cleavage of glycoprotein S, as well as the metabolism of nucleoprotein N were delayed in A/J mouse macrophages. 5. These data show that MHV3 infection of A/J mouse macrophages induced an imbalanced accumulation of the 28S fraction of rRNA. Furthermore the synthesis of mRNAs correlated with viral protein synthesis in both A/J and BALB/c macrophages, but was delayed in A/J mice. 6. These results suggest that the partial restriction of MHV3 replication in macrophages of resistant A/J mice may take place during or before the mRNA synthesis, although it is correlated with the appearance, glycosylation, cleavage and metabolism of viral proteins