RESUMO
Chlamydiaceae infections in poultry are mainly due to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia gallinacea. While C. psittaci has long been known to affect birds and to have zoonotic potential, C. gallinacea is a newly described species that has been found to be widespread in chickens. As no data were available regarding the presence of Chlamydiaceae in Mexican poultry, a cross-sectional survey to detect the presence of Chlamydiaceae on commercial and backyard farms was carried out in eight federal states of Mexico with a high poultry density. Individual cloacal swabs were collected on 14 large-scale commercial poultry farms with controlled environment houses, 23 large-scale commercial poultry farms with open-sided houses, and 16 backyard farms. Samples were tested using a specific Chlamydiaceae real-time PCR technique. Chlamydial species were subsequently identified by a species-specific real-time PCR method. Information on potential risk factors was collected through a questionnaire. Logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with Chlamydiaceae-positive results at the farm level on commercial farms. For backyard farms, a mixed-effect logistic regression model was used to consider information collected either at the animal or at the farm level. Overall, 7.1 % (n = 1/14) of controlled environment commercial farms, 26.1 % (n = 6/23) of open-sided commercial farms, and 75.0 % (n = 12/16) of backyard farms were Chlamydiaceae-positive. Apparent prevalence increased inversely to the level of confinement (controlled environment vs open-sided poultry houses vs backyards). Chlamydia gallinacea was the only chlamydial species detected. On commercial farms, egg-laying hen flocks had 6.7 times higher odds of being Chlamydiaceae-infected than broilers flocks (OR = 6.7, 95 % CI: 1.1-44.3, p = 0.04). On backyard farms, two variables were significantly associated with Chlamydiaceae infection: the lack of antibiotic use (OR = 8.4, 95 % CI: 1.84-38.49, p = 0.006), and an impaired health status (OR=8.8, 95 % CI: 1.9-38.9, p = 0.004). Further studies should be carried out to investigate the impact of C. gallinacea infection on egg quality and production performance in egg-laying hen flocks.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Galinhas , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/veterinária , Chlamydiaceae/isolamento & purificação , Perus , Animais , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/microbiologia , Coturnix , Estudos Transversais , Patos , Fazendas , Galliformes , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Our goal was to define the risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection among pregnant women at a large urban medical centre. In a retrospective study, clinical records at a US maternity unit from July 2005 through February 2008 were reviewed. The study population included all pregnant women with a singleton newborn of at least 20 weeks gestation and antenatal care information. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between a positive CT test and demographic, behavioural and prenatal care variables. A total of 2127 women were included in this analysis. The prevalence of CT infection was 4.7%. Cases were more likely to be younger, black and single. Other risk factors included tobacco use and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Our findings suggest that factors other than age may impact upon the diagnosis of CT in pregnant women and that a more comprehensive testing strategy should be considered.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adulto , Baltimore/epidemiologia , População Negra , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chlamydia trachomatis , Feminino , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Idade Materna , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Pessoa Solteira , Fumar/epidemiologia , População UrbanaRESUMO
In order to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in adolescent females and young women in central Brazil, 296 subjects attending two public health services were evaluated. The overall prevalence of C. trachomatis infection, as determined using polymerase chain reaction, was 19.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.3-24.7). In multivariate analysis, young age (odds ratio [OR]adjusted 2.32, 95%CI 1.1-4.8, p<0.05) and having 2-3 (ORadjusted 3.41, 95%CI 1.6-6.3, p<0.05) or >or=4 sexual partners in life (ORadjusted 3.10, 95%CI 1.1-6.3, p<0.05) were factors significantly associated with chlamydial infection. In conclusion, the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was high in the studied population and risk factors were related to age and sexual behavior.
Assuntos
Chlamydia trachomatis , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
De marzo a septiembre de 1994, se realizó un estudio transversal en el Hospital Rural de Solidaridad de Tlacolula, Oaxaca, para evaluar la relación existente entre la infección endocervical por Chlamydia trachomatis y la presentación de aborto, muerte fetal e hijos con bajo peso al nacer. Se incluyeron mujeres mayores de 15 años de edad con al menos un embarazo en su vida y que asistieran a demandar consulta o fueran con acompañantes. Les fue realizado un cuestionario que incluyó algunas complicaciones durante sus embarazos y se les tomó una muestra endocervical para valorar la presencia de Chlamydia trachomatis, la cual fue procesada por medio de inmunofluorescencia directa. Un total de 40 mujeres tuvieron un resultado positivo a la prueba. La prevalencia de la infección fue de 12.2 por ciento en las mujeres de 15 a 24 años (IC 95 por ciento 6.7-17.7), disminuyendo en los grupos de mayor edad. Las participantes que iniciaron su vida sexual entre los 15 y los 19 años mostraron una ocurrencia de 9.3 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 6.1-12.6). Quienes tenían antecedentes de algún aborto o muerte fetal, mostraron una prevalencia de 13.3 y 18.2 por ciento, respectivamente. El bajo peso al nacer estuvo presente en el 33.3 por ciento de las pacientes infectadas. Este estudio mostró que las mujeres con infección por Chlamydia trachomatis presentaron mayor frecuencia de complicaciones durante sus embarazos
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Colo do Útero/microbiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/microbiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Se encuestaron y examinaron 50 estudiantes universitarias sexualmente activas, asintomáticas y voluntarias, a fin de determinar factores de riesgo predictivos de infección por chlamydia trachomatis. Se encontró que los factores epidemiológicos y conductuales eran similares a lo descrito para estudiantes norteamericanas, en cuanto a edad, número de parejas sexuales, uso de anticonceptivos orales y antecedentes de enfermedad de transmisión sexual previa. Había diferencia en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos de barrera. Un 22 por ciento de la muestra presentaba cervicitis clínica y un 30 por ciento cervicitis subclínica. Si se hubiera aplicado los criterios de screening propuestos por los diferentes autores norteamericanos, entre un 32 por ciento y 73 por ciento de las estudiantes debieran haber sido sometidas a estudio selectivo para pesquisa de Chlamydia trachomatis, porcentaje similar al de los trabajos originales. Se concluye que existiendo similares factores de riesgo pudiera existir una similar prevalencia de infección y debieran adoptarse las sugerencias foráneas a pesquisas mientras no se cuente con estudios nacionales