RESUMO
Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in women. About 80% of sexually active women will have contact with this virus at some age in their lives. Most infections will be transient, but when the infection becomes persistent, associated with high oncogenic risk HPV, there may be progression to cancer, especially cervical cancer. The best way to prevent HPV infection is through the use of vaccines. Objective: To assess which are the most prevalent types of HPV in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil and if the majority of the diagnosed types are contained in the HPV vaccines currently available on the market and in the public health sector. Methods: More than 14,727 HPV tests were evaluated for the diagnosis of genital HPV infection in women from Florianópolis. The prevalence of infection was evaluated according to age of the women. HPV detection was performed using molecular biology tests, such as hybrid capture (for diagnosis of the HPV group, high or low oncogenic risk) and PCR (viral genotyping) techniques. Results: The diagnosis of HPV infection was made for women between one and 102 years of age. The highest positivity of the exams was observed in women aged 2025 years (51% of the exams). The most prevalent age group was 3135 years old (23.5%), and the lowest was for women aged 70 and above (0.6%). High oncogenic risk HPV was detected in 94.1% of positive samples and was the most frequent in all age groups. Mixed infection (high- and low-risk HPV) was more prevalent in the 6670 age group (25.6%). The most frequent genotypes were non-16/18 high oncogenic risk HPV (77% of positive cases). HPV 16 was found in 17.1% of positive cases, and HPV 18 in 6.5%. Conclusion: The most prevalent types of HPV in Florianópolis in the last 6 years are non-16/18 high oncogenic risk HPV types, viral types not covered by the current HPV vaccine available in the public health sector in Brazil.
Introdução: A infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV)é a infecção sexualmente transmissível mais frequente na mulher. Cerca de 80% das mulheres sexualmente ativas irão entrar em contato com este vírus em algum momento da sua vida. A maioria das infecções será transitória, mas quando a infecção se torna persistente, associada aos HPV de alto risco oncogênico, poderá haver a progressão para o câncer, principalmente o câncer de colo de útero. A melhor forma de prevenção da contaminação pelo HPV é através da utilização das vacinas. Objetivo: Avaliar quais são os tipos de HPV mais prevalentes na cidade de Florianópolis, Brasil, e se a maioria dos tipos diagnosticados estão contidos nas vacinas contra o HPV atualmente disponíveis no mercado e no setor público de saúde. Métodos: Foram avaliados 14.727 exames para diagnóstico da infecção genital pelo HPV em mulheres de Florianópolis, de acordo com a idade das mulheres. A detecção do HPV foi realizada através dos exames de biologia molecular pelas técnicas de captura híbrida (para diagnóstico do grupo de HPV, alto ou baixo risco oncogênico) e PCR (genotipagem viral). Resultados: Foram avaliados exames para diagnóstico da infecção de mulheres entre um e 102 anos de idade. A maior positividade dos exames foi observada em mulheres dos 2025 anos (51% dos exames). A faixa etária de maior prevalência foi dos 3135 anos (23,5%), e a menor, após os 70 anos (0,6%). O HPV de alto risco oncogênico foi detectado em 94,1% dos casos positivos e foi o mais frequente em todas as faixas etárias. A infecção mista (HPV de alto e baixo risco) foi mais prevalente na faixa etária dos 6670 anos (25,6%). Os genótipos mais frequentes foram os HPV de alto risco oncogênico não 16/18 (77% dos casos positivos). O HPV 16 foi encontrado em 17,1% dos casos positivos, e o HPV 18 em 6,5%. Conclusão: Os tipos de HPV mais prevalentes em Florianópolis nos últimos 6 anos são os HPV de alto risco oncogênico não 16/18, tipos virais não cobertos pela atual vacina contra o HPV disponível no setor público de saúde do Brasil.Palavras-chave: HPV. Tipos de HPV. Câncer de colo de útero. Cobertura vacinal.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/epidemiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/virologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções do Sistema Genital/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To evaluate human papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. METHODS: After exclusion, 33 female adolescent and young JIA patients (ILAR criteria) and 28 healthy controls were selected for this study. Demographic data, gynecological, sexual function, cervical cytology and histological abnormalities were evaluated. JIA clinical/laboratorial parameters and treatment were also assessed. HPV-DNA, CT-DNA and NG-DNA testing in cervical specimens were performed by Hybrid Capture 2 assays. RESULTS: The mean current age was similar in JIA patients and controls (23.3 ± 6.24 vs. 26.1 ± 6.03 years, p = 0.09). The frequencies of sexual intercourse (76% vs. 89%, p = 0.201) and abnormal cervical cytology (24% vs. 11%, p = 0.201) were similar in JIA compared to controls. The higher frequency of HPV infection in JIA patients than controls (30% vs. 11%, p = 0.155) did not reach statistical significance. CT (0% vs. 7%, p = 0.207) and NG infections (0% vs. 4%, p = 0.459) were also alike in both groups. Further evaluation of JIA patients with abnormal and normal cervical cytology showed that the former group had a higher frequency of HPV infection (87% vs. 12%, p = 0.0002) with a low frequency of HPV vaccination (0% vs. 8%, p = 1.0). No differences were evidenced between these two JIA groups regarding demographic data, sexual function and clinical/laboratorial parameters. The frequencies of methotrexate (p = 0.206) and biological agent use (p = 0.238) were similar in both JIA groups. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this was the first study to assess lower genital infections in JIA patients allowing the identification of HPV as main cause of cervical dysplasia. Methotrexate and biological agents do not seem to increase risk of lower genital tract infections in JIA patients.
Assuntos
Artrite Juvenil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/epidemiologia , Adaptação Biológica , Adolescente , Artrite Juvenil/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Chlamydia trachomatis , Coito , Feminino , Gonorreia/diagnóstico , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Teste de Papanicolaou , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/administração & dosagem , Infecções do Sistema Genital/diagnóstico , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Oncogenic HPV infection is associated to anogenital cancer. We estimate the prevalence and correlates of anogenital HPV infection among a population-based sample of women aged 16-64 years living in the metropolitan area of Puerto Rico. METHODS: 564 women completed face-to-face and computer assisted interviews and self-collected anal and cervical specimens. HPV DNA testing used MY09/MY11 consensus HPV L1 primers and beta-globin as an internal control for sample amplification. Positive specimens were typed by dot-blot hybridization. RESULTS: Weighted prevalence of cervical, anal, and cervical/anal co-infection was 29.4%, 38.6%, and 17.1%, respectively. The commonest oncogenic HPV types detected in the cervix and anus were: 68 (8% vs. 7%) and 16 (5.5% vs. 5.1%), correspondingly. Having ≥3 lifetime sexual partners (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.5-3.5) and last year anal intercourse (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.5) increased the odds of anogenital HPV infection. Cervical infection was independently associated to anal infection (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 2.0-4.6). CONCLUSIONS: Similar to others, our results confirm the burden of anogenital HPV infection in women and its relationship with sexual behavior. As vaccination increases, future studies should monitor changing trends in HPV infection in this population, and the relationship between anal and cervical HPV-related disease.
Assuntos
Doenças do Ânus/epidemiologia , Doenças do Ânus/virologia , Genótipo , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/epidemiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papillomaviridae/classificação , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Prevalência , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection alone and in combination with human papillomavirus (HPV). Furthermore, the study investigates whether the CT infection increases the risk of contracting HPV and whether the presence of both pathogens is associated with a higher prevalence of cervical lesions. METHODS: Cervical samples of 1,134 asymptomatic women enrolled in a screening program for cervical cancer were analyzed. Two cervical specimens were collected from each patient, one for cytologic examination and the other for detection of CT by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using a primer pair which amplifies a specific sequence of the DNA plasmid. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate infection was 10.9%, being 10% in the women with normal cytology, 13.8% in those with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), and 25% with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). The infection by CT did not increase the risk of acquiring HPV infection. The higher prevalence of LSIL in women co-infected with HPV and CT is possibly due to HPV. CONCLUSION: CT infection was more prevalent in younger women aged up to 32 years, who had an early onset of reproductive activity and a history of having had multiple sexual partners lifelong may be at a greater risk of acquiring infection of the genital tract by C. trachomatis.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/genética , Estudos Transversais , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Infecções do Sistema Genital/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la presencia del virus Papiloma Humano en lengua y periodonto de mujeres sanas y enfermas periodontales con lesiones genitales del mismo. Se evaluarontreinta mujeres, no menopáusicas, de entre 18 y 50 años de edad, derivadas del Servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Universitario Materno Neonatal de la ciudad de Córdoba, sistémicamentesanas y con diagnóstico gineco lógico de lesiones por HPV. Se realizó, anamnesis, inspec ción de mucosas bucales, examen clínico periodontal y la toma de tres escobillados por paciente, dos de un mismo sitio periodontal (epitelio externo de encía y epitelio interno del surco/bolsa periodontal) y el otro de lengua. Las 90 muestras obtenidas fueron sometidas a estudios citológicos de Papanicolau y a estudios moleculares de amplificación de ácidos nucleicos por Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa. Los datos fueron agrupados y analizados por el Test Chi Cuadrado (χ2)y el Índice de Kappa (κ). Fue demostrada la alta prevalencia de la presencia del virus papiloma tanto en lengua (30 por ciento), como en tejidos periodontales (15 por ciento). El genotipo -16 de alto riesgo (HR) fue identificado en mayores porcentajes (67 por ciento) encontrando, también, el genotipo -52 y el -6. Siempre que el HPV estuvo presente en los sitios periodontales fue detectado, también, en la lengua de las mismas pacientes, de las cuáles el 88,89 por ciento practicabasexo oral. Se destaca el hallazgo clínico de lesiones estomatológicas compatibles con papilitis foliada en las pacientes HPVintrabucales positivas. Se señala en la población femenina de Córdoba, Argentina, la alta prevalencia de la presencia de HPV donde el genotipo -16 fue detectado en mayor porcentaje. En lamuestra analizada No fueron positivamente correlacionados lapresencia de HPV y la mayor incidencia y severidad de lesiones periodontales...
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Língua/lesões , Mucosa Bucal/lesões , Periodonto/patologia , Argentina , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Técnicas Citológicas , Doenças Periodontais/etiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/epidemiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/etiologia , /isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Risco , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of counseling messages to avoid unprotected sex during short-term treatment for curable sexually transmitted infections is unknown. METHODS: We randomized 300 female STI clinic patients 18 years or older with cervicitis and/or vaginal discharge in Kingston, Jamaica, in 2010 to 2011, to 1 of 2 counseling messages for their course of syndromic treatment: abstinence only or abstinence backed up by condom use. At a follow-up visit 6 days afterward, we collected vaginal swabs to test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biological marker of recent semen exposure, and administered a questionnaire assessing sexual behavior. RESULTS: No differences were found in the proportions of women testing positive for PSA at follow-up in the abstinence-plus-condom group (11.9%) and abstinence-only group (8.4%) (risk difference, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, -3.5 to 10.5). There also was no significant difference in reporting of unprotected sex between groups. Reporting a history of condom use before enrollment significantly modified the effect of counseling arm on PSA positivity (P = 0.03). Among those reporting recent condom use, 10.3% in the abstinence-only arm and 4.8% in the abstinence-plus-condom arm tested positive for PSA. Conversely, among those not reporting recent condom use, 6.5% in the abstinence-only arm and 17.3% in the abstinence-plus-condom arm had PSA detected. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence to support the superiority of either counseling message. Post hoc analyses suggest that women with recent condom experience may benefit significantly more from abstinence-plus-condom messages, whereas women without such experience may benefit significantly more from abstinence-only messages. Providers should weigh individual condom use history when determining the most appropriate counseling message.
Assuntos
Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Aconselhamento Diretivo , Antígeno Prostático Específico/análise , Infecções do Sistema Genital , Abstinência Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Sexo sem Proteção/prevenção & controle , Sexo sem Proteção/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Assistência Ambulatorial , Biomarcadores/análise , Coito , Feminino , Humanos , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Assunção de Riscos , Sêmen/química , Abstinência Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Vagina/química , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of 212 Peruvian female sex workers (FSWs) were analyzed. The association between genital tract infections (GTIs) and risk factors by multivariate analysis was evaluated. Eighty-eight percent of FSWs were diagnosed with at least one GTI (HSV-2 80.1%, BV 44.8%, candidiasis 9.9%, syphilis seropositivity 9.4%, Trichomonas vaginalis 2.4%, HIV seropositivity 2.4%). Reported condom use with clients was nearly universal (98.3%), but infrequent with husband/regular partners (7.3%). In multivariate analysis BV was negatively associated with more consistent condom use (PRR = 0.63, 95% CI, 0.42-0.96). Many had not visited a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) clinic or been tested for HIV in the past year (40.6%, 47.1%, resp.). Nonclient contraceptive use was low (57%) and induced abortion was common (68%). High GTI burden and abortions suggest that a services-access gap persists among marginalized FSWs. Continued health outreach programs and integrating family planning and reproductive health services into existing STI clinic services are recommended.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Saúde Reprodutiva/normas , Infecções do Sistema Genital/epidemiologia , Profissionais do Sexo , Vaginose Bacteriana/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Peru/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Profissionais do Sexo/estatística & dados numéricos , Parceiros Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Antecedentes: Las infecciones nosocomiales son entidades importantes por su aumento en la morbimortalidad y en los costos de tratamiento. En Medellín, Colombia, la del tracto urinario (ITU) es la segunda infección nosocomial más incidente, 16,3% del total. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una caracterización de los aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos de los pacientes con infección nosocomial del tracto urinario en una clínica privada de Medellín, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal, descriptivo de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con infección nosocomial del tracto urinario entre enero/2005 y julio/2009. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 134 casos en 130 pacientes (tasa institucional de 0,27 infecciones por 100 egresos), con alza de 0,21 por cada 100 egresos en 2005 a 0,59 en 2009. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron mujeres (67,7%), con edad promedio de 55 (IQ 27-72) años. Las comorbilidades más comunes fueron hipertensión arterial (48,5%) y enfermedad renal crónica (16,3%). Los gérmenes más comunes fueron E. coli (54,9%) y K. pneumoniae (12,8%). Hay alta proporción de resistencia a ciprofloxacina, ampicilina/sulbactam y trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol. Conclusión: La ITU nosocomial es una entidad relativamente común en la institución estudiada, aunque su tasa es consistentemente inferior a la encontrada en estudios similares. Para el manejo empírico de esta infección parece recomendable iniciar con amikacina o ceftriaxona, utilizando imipenem o meropenem en pacientes sépticos con comorbilidad seria o con alto riesgo de gérmenes multirresistentes. Para el tratamiento de ITU nosocomial por E. coli, la amikacina y la gentamicina parecen buenas opciones, al igual que la ceftriaxona.
Background: Hospital-acquired infections are important conditions because of their linked increase in morbimortality and in treatment costs. The objective of this study was to perform a characterization of clinical and microbiological aspects of patients with hospital-acquired urinary tract infection on a University Hospital in Medellín, Colombia. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study was performed, in which the medical records of all patients such an infection were reviewed. Results: A total of 134 infections in 130 patients were detected (rate : 0,27 infections per every 100 hospital discharges), with an upward behavior from 0,21 cases/100 dischrges in 2005 to 0,59 in 2009. Most of the patients (67,7%) were female, with a median age of 55 (IQ 27-72) years. The most commonly found commorbidities were arterial hypertension (48,5%) and chronic kidney disease (16,3%). The most commonly isolated agents were E. coli (54,9%) and K. pneumoniae (12,8%). High rates of resistance t o ci pr of l oxaci n, ampi ci l i n/ sul bact am y t r i met opr i m/sulfametoxazol were found. Discussion: Our study is one of the few characterizations of hospital-acquired urinary tract infection in Colombia; it is shown that our ecology is, up to a point, similar, to that found by international authors, although a higher prevalence of E. coli was found. It is important to recall the relatively high resistance rates to first-line antibiotics. [Jiménez JG, Gaviria ME, Balparda JK, Castrillón DM, Marín AE, Escobar E. Clinical, microbiological and antimicrobial sensitivity in patients with hospital-adquired urinary tract infections: four and half years surveillance. MedUNAB 201 1; 14:145-150].