RESUMO
Sylvilagus floridanus Papillomavirus (SfPV) causes growth of large horn-like tumors on rabbits. SfPV was described in cottontail rabbits (probably Sylvilagus floridanus) from Kansas and Iowa by Richard Shope in 1933, and detected in S. audubonii in 2011. It is known almost exclusively from the US Midwest. We explored the University of Kansas Natural History Museum for historical museum specimens infected with SfPV, using molecular techniques, to assess if additional wild species host SfPV, and whether SfPV occurs throughout the host range, or just in the Midwest. Secondary aims were to detect distinct strains, and evidence for strain spatio-temporal specificity. We found 20 of 1395 rabbits in the KU collection SfPV symptomatic. Three of 17 lagomorph species (S. nuttallii, and the two known hosts) were symptomatic, while Brachylagus, Lepus and eight additional Sylvilagus species were not. 13 symptomatic individuals were positive by molecular testing, including the first S. nuttallii detection. Prevalence of symptomatic individuals was significantly higher in Sylvilagus (1.8%) than Lepus. Half of these specimens came from Kansas, though new molecular detections were obtained from Jalisco-Mexico's first-and Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas, USA. We document the oldest lab-confirmed case (Kansas, 1915), pre-dating Shope's first case. SfPV amplification was possible from 63.2% of symptomatic museum specimens. Using multiple methodologies, rolling circle amplification and, multiple isothermal displacement amplification in addition to PCR, greatly improved detection rates. Short sequences were obtained from six individuals for two genes. L1 gene sequences were identical to all previously detected sequences; E7 gene sequences, were more variable, yielding five distinct SfPV1 strains that differing by less than 2% from strains circulating in the Midwest and Mexico, between 1915 and 2005. Our results do not clarify whether strains are host species specific, though they are consistent with SfPV specificity to genus Sylvilagus.
Assuntos
Papillomavirus de Coelho Cottontail/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/veterinária , Coelhos/virologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/veterinária , Animais , Antígenos Virais/genética , Sequência de Bases , Colorado/epidemiologia , Papillomavirus de Coelho Cottontail/genética , Papillomavirus de Coelho Cottontail/patogenicidade , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Genes Virais , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Kansas/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologia , Meio-Oeste dos Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Museus , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/história , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Filogenia , Coelhos/classificação , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/história , Neoplasias Cutâneas/virologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/epidemiologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/história , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/veterinária , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/virologia , Proteínas Estruturais Virais/genéticaRESUMO
The discovery of RNA oncoviruses dates back to 1911 when Rous isolated the avian virus which is the cause of the sarcoma which bears his name and to 1936 when Bittner related the "milk factor" to the development of murine mammary cancer. During the 50s, the successive descriptions of virus-induced sarcoma-leukemias in mice led to the oncogene theory and gradually to the postulation of a viral origin of cancer. The discovery of the reverse transcriptase in 1970 led to the establishment of the Retroviridae family including both onco and lentiviruses. The decade of the 80s was marked by three fundamental discoveries which altered the concept of oncovirus: 1) oncogenes became established as part of the cellular genome converting retroviruses into occasional vectors of the oncogene; 2) as the T cell growth factor, interleukin-2, became available, the first human oncovirus, HTLV-I, was isolated and proved to be the cause of adult T cell leukemia; 3) HIV was isolated and classified as a lentivirus and as the cause of AIDS. A few years later the antioncogenes were discovered. Both oncogenes and anti-oncogenes were found to collaborate in the cell cycle, maintaining an equilibrium between proliferation and apoptosis. Today the viral theory has been replaced by the gene theory of cancer which postulates that neoplastic transformation is the result of a cascade of events which include uncorrected DNA errors, blocking of apoptosis, activation of oncogenes and deletion of antioncogenes. At the present time, the intriguing question for retrovirologists is the role played by endogenous retroviruses which in man occupy up to 0.1% of the cellular genome.
Assuntos
Retroviridae , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/história , Animais , Apoptose , Genes Supressores de Tumor , Genoma Viral , História do Século XX , Humanos , Camundongos , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA , Retroviridae/classificação , Retroviridae/genética , Retroviridae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Retroviridae/genética , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/genéticaRESUMO
The discovery of RNA oncoviruses dates back to 1911 when Rous isolated the avian virus which is the cause of the sarcoma which bears his name and to 1936 when Bittner related the "milk factor" to the development of murine mammary cancer. During the 50s, the successive descriptions of virus-induced sarcoma-leukemias in mice led to the oncogene theory and gradually to the postulation of a viral origin of cancer. The discovery of the reverse transcriptase in 1970 led to the establishment of the Retroviridae family including both onco and lentiviruses. The decade of the 80s was marked by three fundamental discoveries which altered the concept of oncovirus: 1) oncogenes became established as part of the cellular genome converting retroviruses into occasional vectors of the oncogene; 2) as the T cell growth factor, interleukin-2, became available, the first human oncovirus, HTLV-I, was isolated and proved to be the cause of adult T cell leukemia; 3) HIV was isolated and classified as a lentivirus and as the cause of AIDS. A few years later the antioncogenes were discovered. Both oncogenes and anti-oncogenes were found to collaborate in the cell cycle, maintaining an equilibrium between proliferation and apoptosis. Today the viral theory has been replaced by the gene theory of cancer which postulates that neoplastic transformation is the result of a cascade of events which include uncorrected DNA errors, blocking of apoptosis, activation of oncogenes and deletion of antioncogenes. At the present time, the intriguing question for retrovirologists is the role played by endogenous retroviruses which in man occupy up to 0.1 of the cellular genome.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/história , Retroviridae , Apoptose , Genes Supressores de Tumor , Genoma Viral , História do Século XX , Infecções por Retroviridae/genética , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/genética , Retroviridae , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNARESUMO
The discovery of RNA oncoviruses dates back to 1911 when Rous isolated the avian virus which is the cause of the sarcoma which bears his name and to 1936 when Bittner related the "milk factor" to the development of murine mammary cancer. During the 50s, the successive descriptions of virus-induced sarcoma-leukemias in mice led to the oncogene theory and gradually to the postulation of a viral origin of cancer. The discovery of the reverse transcriptase in 1970 led to the establishment of the Retroviridae family including both onco and lentiviruses. The decade of the 80s was marked by three fundamental discoveries which altered the concept of oncovirus: 1) oncogenes became established as part of the cellular genome converting retroviruses into occasional vectors of the oncogene; 2) as the T cell growth factor, interleukin-2, became available, the first human oncovirus, HTLV-I, was isolated and proved to be the cause of adult T cell leukemia; 3) HIV was isolated and classified as a lentivirus and as the cause of AIDS. A few years later the antioncogenes were discovered. Both oncogenes and anti-oncogenes were found to collaborate in the cell cycle, maintaining an equilibrium between proliferation and apoptosis. Today the viral theory has been replaced by the gene theory of cancer which postulates that neoplastic transformation is the result of a cascade of events which include uncorrected DNA errors, blocking of apoptosis, activation of oncogenes and deletion of antioncogenes. At the present time, the intriguing question for retrovirologists is the role played by endogenous retroviruses which in man occupy up to 0.1 of the cellular genome.(AU)