RESUMO
The Mexican maquiladora industry is applying Lean Manufacturing Tools (LMT) in its production lines; however, few studies have investigated its relationship with sustainability (social, economic, and environmental). This paper presents a second-order structural equation model (SEM) relating 8 LMT integrated into three independent latent variables: continuous improvement (Kaizen and Gemba), supporting tools (Andon, visual management, and Poka-yoke), and machinery and equipment (total productive maintenance, overall equipment effectiveness, and Jidoka) that are related to social, economic, and environmental sustainability as dependent variables. The model is validated with information obtained from 249 companies using partial least squares. Findings show that the application of LMT in the Mexican maquiladora industry avoids the generation of waste and reprocessing. Likewise, the improvement of production processes reduces the waste emitted into the environment and reduces energy consumption. Also, when companies have environmental programs, the work environment is safe, and labor relations are improved, increasing morale and the commitment to work for the company, gaining economic and ecological benefits.
Assuntos
Comércio , Indústria Manufatureira , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Comércio/métodos , Comércio/organização & administração , Indústrias/métodos , Internacionalidade , Indústria Manufatureira/instrumentação , Indústria Manufatureira/métodos , Indústria Manufatureira/organização & administração , México , Modelos Organizacionais , Melhoria de Qualidade , Energia Renovável , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Local de Trabalho/organização & administração , Local de Trabalho/normasRESUMO
This work discusses the dominant models and tensions within the health field regarding the conceptualization of the human body (as a machine), the process of health work (industrial and artisanal models), institutions (hospitals and health centers) and primary agents (the medical corporation and the medical industrial complex). The context of analysis is the United States from the end of the 19th century to the present. Economic-political, ideological-cultural, and scientific-technical dimensions are discussed, which permeate the historicity of the field. The purpose is to illustrate how the health field has transformed over time, as well as the role instrumental reason and financial capital has played in this process, to the detriment of relational aspects.
Este trabajo discute los modelos dominantes y las tensiones, al interior del campo de la salud, entre la concepción del cuerpo humano (máquina); el proceso de trabajo médico (modelos industriales o artesanales); las institucionalidades (hospitales y centros de salud) y los principales agentes (corporación médica y complejo médico industrial). El análisis se contextualiza en EEUU desde fines del siglo XIX a la actualidad. Se discuten dimensiones económico-políticas, ideológico-culturales y científico-técnicas, que atraviesan la historicidad del campo. El propósito es elucidar cómo se viene transformando el campo de la salud, y qué peso tiene la razón instrumental y el capital financiero en ese proceso, en detrimento de lo relacional.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/história , Pessoal de Saúde/história , Corpo Humano , Indústrias/história , Medicina Tradicional/história , Filosofia Médica/história , Atenção à Saúde/métodos , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Atenção à Saúde/tendências , Instalações de Saúde/história , Instalações de Saúde/tendências , Pessoal de Saúde/organização & administração , Pessoal de Saúde/tendências , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Indústrias/métodos , Indústrias/tendências , Medicalização/história , Medicalização/métodos , Medicalização/tendências , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Medicina Tradicional/tendências , Robótica/história , Robótica/tendências , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Marine invertebrates, such as sponges, tunicates and cnidarians (zoantharians and scleractinian corals), form functional assemblages, known as holobionts, with numerous microbes. This type of species-specific symbiotic association can be a repository of myriad valuable low molecular weight organic compounds, bioactive peptides and enzymes. The zoantharian Protopalythoa variabilis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) is one such example of a marine holobiont that inhabits the coastal reefs of the tropical Atlantic coast and is an interesting source of secondary metabolites and biologically active polypeptides. In the present study, we analyzed the entire holo-transcriptome of P. variabilis, looking for enzyme precursors expressed in the zoantharian-microbiota assemblage that are potentially useful as industrial biocatalysts and biopharmaceuticals. In addition to hundreds of predicted enzymes that fit into the classes of hydrolases, oxidoreductases and transferases that were found, novel enzyme precursors with multiple activities in single structures and enzymes with incomplete Enzyme Commission numbers were revealed. Our results indicated the predictive expression of thirteen multifunctional enzymes and 694 enzyme sequences with partially characterized activities, distributed in 23 sub-subclasses. These predicted enzyme structures and activities can prospectively be harnessed for applications in diverse areas of industrial and pharmaceutical biotechnology.
Assuntos
Antozoários/enzimologia , Organismos Aquáticos/enzimologia , Produtos Biológicos , Enzimas/genética , Animais , Antozoários/genética , Organismos Aquáticos/genética , Biocatálise , Biotecnologia/métodos , Enzimas/metabolismo , Química Verde/métodos , Indústrias/métodos , TranscriptomaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Fishing, one of the oldest productive activities, is an important sector of the Brazilian economy as well as the world economy. To evaluate the vestibular behavior in population of fishermen. It was realized as a retrospective and cross-sectional study. Thirty fishermen [mean age 49.5 (± 8.5) years] whose age ranged from 33 years to 67 years were submitted to anamnesis, otorhinolaryngological evaluation, and vestibular examination through the electronystagmography (ENG). The most evident otoneurological symptoms were: Tinnitus (66.7%), dizziness (63.3%), and hearing loss (53.3%). The most evident clinical symptoms were: Fatigue (36.7%), anxiety (23.3%), and depression (16.7%). There were alterations in the vestibular examination of 13 (43.3%) fishermen in the caloric test. There was a prevalence of alteration in the peripheral vestibular system and there was a major frequency of the peripheral vestibular irritative syndrome (30.0%). CONCLUSION: The otoneurological complaints were frequent in the population studied that verifies the importance of allowing labyrinth examinations and the need for adopting preventive measures related to noise exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), since they can cause and/enhance various manifestations of labyrinthine vestibular impairment that can affect the quality of life of these workers.
Assuntos
Monóxido de Carbono/efeitos adversos , Peixes , Perda Auditiva , Indústrias , Ruído/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional , Doenças Vestibulares , Adulto , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Eletronistagmografia , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva/epidemiologia , Perda Auditiva/etiologia , Perda Auditiva/psicologia , Testes Auditivos/métodos , Humanos , Indústrias/métodos , Indústrias/normas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos Retrospectivos , Zumbido/diagnóstico , Zumbido/epidemiologia , Zumbido/etiologia , Doenças Vestibulares/diagnóstico , Doenças Vestibulares/epidemiologia , Doenças Vestibulares/etiologia , Doenças Vestibulares/psicologia , Testes de Função Vestibular/métodosRESUMO
Stillage is the main wastewater from ethanol production, containing a high chemical oxygen demand in addition to acidic and corrosive characteristics. Though stillage may be used as a soil fertilizer, its land application may be considered problematic due its high polluting potential. Anaerobic digestion represents an effective alternative treatment to reduce the pollution load of stillage. In addition, the methane gas produced within the process may be converted to energy, which can be directly applied to the treatment plant. The objective of this paper was to investigate the energetic potential of anaerobic digestion applied to stillage in the sugarcane ethanol industry. An overall analysis of the results indicates energy recovery capacity (ERC) values for methane ranging from 3.5% to 10%, respectively, for sugarcane juice and molasses. The processes employed to obtain the fermentable broth, as well as the distillation step, represent the main limiting factors to the energetic potential feasibility. Considering financial aspects the annual savings could reach up to US$ 30 million due to anaerobic digestion of stillage in relatively large-scale distilleries (365,000 m3 of ethanol per year). The best scenarios were verified for the association between anaerobic digestion of stillage and combustion of bagasse. In this case, the fossil fuels consumption in distilleries could be fully ceased, such the ERC of methane could reach values ranging from 140% to 890%.
Assuntos
Bactérias Anaeróbias/metabolismo , Biocombustíveis/microbiologia , Etanol/metabolismo , Metano/metabolismo , Saccharum/metabolismo , Águas Residuárias/microbiologia , Purificação da Água/métodos , Etanol/isolamento & purificação , Indústrias/métodos , Metano/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In this work is described the isolation of a new proteases-producing strain of Bacillus subtilis, screened from aerobic tannery sludge, to be applied in leather production. The optimization of culture conditions to enhance the proteolytic activity was carried out using central composite design. The enzymatic extract was characterized and the hide unhairing and the inter-fibrillary removal capabilities of the enzymatic extract were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and by the determination of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. The leather quality obtained with this enzymatic preparation was assessed for possible damages to hide collagen by measuring the amount of hydroxyproline released into the reaction medium. Temperature was the most significant factor for culture conditions optimization. The crude enzymatic extract showed the best values for proteolytic activities at pH 9 and 10, temperature between 37 and 55 °C, and showed good thermal stability up to 45 °C. The treated hides presented few remaining hairs; for the enzymatic process, the removal of inter-fibrillary proteins was approximately fourfold for glycosaminoglycans and sixfold for proteoglycans, when compared with the conventional unhairing process. The enzyme application was successful for hide treatment, suggesting that this enzymatic preparation can be used in an environment-friendly leather production to replace the conventional chemical process.
Assuntos
Bacillus subtilis/enzimologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Misturas Complexas/química , Peptídeo Hidrolases/química , Proteólise , Pele/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Indústrias/métodosRESUMO
Loss of zonal isolation in oilwell cementing operations leads to safety and environmental problems. The use of new cement slurries can help to solve this problem. In this paper, an epoxy-modified cement slurry was synthesized and characterized. The features of the modified slurries were evaluated in relation to a standard cement slurry (w/c=0.50). A kinetic study of HCl interaction with the slurries was carried out using cubic molds. The Avrami kinetic model appears to be the most efficient in describing kinetic isotherms obtained from 25 to 55 degrees C. Type of slurry, HCl concentration and temperature effects were also evaluated in HCl adsorption onto cement slurries considering a 2(3) full factorial design. From the statistical analysis, it is inferred that the factor "HCl concentration" has shown a profound influence on the numerical values of the Avrami kinetic constants. However, the best statistical fits were found using binary and tertiary interactive effects. It was found that the epoxy-modified cement slurry presents a good potential to be used in environmental-friendly oilwell operations.
Assuntos
Cicloexilaminas/química , Compostos de Epóxi/química , Indústrias/métodos , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Ácido Clorídrico , Cinética , Análise Multivariada , PetróleoRESUMO
This paper presents a computer tool to support in the project and development of an industrial Ethernet network, verifying the physical layer (cables-resistance and capacitance, scan time, network power supply-POE's concept "Power Over Ethernet" and wireless), and occupation rate (amount of information transmitted to the network versus the controller network scan time). These functions are accomplished without a single physical element installed in the network, using only simulation. The computer tool has a software that presents a detailed vision of the network to the user, besides showing some possible problems in the network, and having an extremely friendly environment.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Desenho Assistido por Computador , Indústrias/métodos , Internet , Modelos Teóricos , Design de Software , Software , Simulação por ComputadorRESUMO
The objective of this work was to characterize the delignification effluent originating from the delignification industry and evaluate the combination of the fungus and photocatalytic process (TiO(2)/UV system) for the treatment of this effluent. The delignification effluent has proven harmful to the environment because it presents high color (3516 CU), total phenol (876 mg/L) and TOC (1599 mg/L) and is also highly toxic even in a low concentration. The results of photocatalysis were 11%, 25% and 13% higher for reductions in color, total phenol and TOC, respectively. The combined treatments presented benefits when compared to the non-combined treatments. Fungus and photocatalysis in combination proved to be the best treatment, reducing the color, total phenol, toxicity (inhibition of Escherichia coli growth) and TOC by 94.2%, 92.6%, 4.9% and 62%, respectively.
Assuntos
Colódio/química , Fungos/fisiologia , Fotoquímica/métodos , Purificação da Água/métodos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Reatores Biológicos , Carbono/química , Catálise , Resíduos Industriais , Indústrias/métodos , Fenol/química , Fenóis , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta/métodos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da ÁguaAssuntos
Agricultura/métodos , Poluição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Etanol/isolamento & purificação , Indústrias/métodos , Saccharum/química , Brasil , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Poluição Ambiental/análise , Etanol/economia , Incêndios , Humanos , Indústrias/economia , Material Particulado/análiseRESUMO
ASEGRA is an industrial area in Granada (Spain) with important waste management problems. In order to properly manage and control waste production in industry, one must know the quantity, type, and composition of industrial wastes, as well as the management practices of the companies involved. In our study, questionnaires were used to collect data regarding methods of waste management used in 170 of the 230 businesses in the area of study. The majority of these companies in ASEGRA are small or medium-size, and belong to the service sector, transport, and distribution. This was naturally a conditioning factor in both the type and management of the wastes generated. It was observed that paper and cardboard, plastic, wood, and metals were the most common types of waste, mainly generated from packaging (49% of the total volume), as well as material used in containers and for wrapping products. Serious problems were observed in the management of these wastes. In most cases they were disposed of by dumping, and very rarely did businesses resort to reuse, recycling or valorization. Smaller companies encountered greater difficulties when it came to effective waste management. The most frequent solution for the disposal of wastes in the area was dumping.
Assuntos
Resíduos Industriais/análise , Indústrias/métodos , Eliminação de Resíduos/métodos , Gerenciamento de Resíduos/métodos , Indústrias/economia , Espanha , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The development of a program to produce 131I by neutron activation of previously sintered TeO2, was started at the Nuclear Center of Mexico 3 y ago. Since then, the problems related to producing high purity, sintered TeO2 for neutron activation, transport of the activated samples and melting of the samples to retrieve the 131I have been satisfactorily solved. The main problems, related to health physics, arise when the process is conducted on a daily basis. Described are the irradiation conditions for sintered TeO2, retrieval of the sample from the pool, and the transport of the radioactive source after a 4-d cooling time. The radiation dose in the room where the hot cell is located increases from 2 microSv h(-1) (0.2 mrem h(-1)) to 4 microSv h(-1) (0.4 mrem h(-1)) during the melting of the radioactive (131+131m)TeO2, and the pumping out and dissolution of gaseous 131I. These measurements are below the maximum permissible levels and the ALARA concept has been assured through each step of the process and no leaks have been found in the system.