RESUMO
Immunohistochemistry is an extraordinary and extensively used technique whereby antibodies are used to detect antigens in cells within a tissue section. It has numerous applications in medicine, particularly in cancer diagnosis. It was Albert Hewett Coons, Hugh J Creech, Norman Jones, and Ernst Berliner who conceptualized and first implemented the procedure of immunofluorescence in 1941. They used fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled antibodies to localize pneumococcal antigens in infected tissues. Since then, with improvement and development of protein conjugation, enzyme labels have been introduced, such as peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase. The history of immunohistochemistry (IHC) combines physiology, immunology, biochemistry, and the work of various Nobel Prize laureates. From von Behring who was awarded de first Nobel Prize in 1901 for his work on serum therapy to the 1984 Nobel Prize for the discovery of monoclonal antibodies by Milstein, Kohler, and Jerne, IHC is a story of cooperation and collaboration which led to the development of this magnificent technique that is used daily in anatomical pathology laboratories worldwide.
Assuntos
Imuno-Histoquímica/história , Prêmio Nobel , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos , Corantes , História do Século XX , PeroxidaseRESUMO
Propósito: Determinar y comparar la expresión de la cicloxigenasa-2 (COX-2) en el carcinomaescamocelular de lengua (CECL) según el grado de diferenciación, con la finalidadde explorar si este puede ser un marcador molecular útil en el diagnóstico y pronóstico delcáncer de la cavidad oral. Métodos: Se utilizaron 45 especímenes con CECL, 15 de ellos biendiferenciados, 12 moderadamente diferenciados, 18 mal diferenciados, un control positivode carcinoma de colon y un control negativo de mucosa oral sana. La identificación de laCOX-2 se obtuvo por medio de inmunohistoquímica. Resultados: La muestra de mucosalingual sana expresó la COX-2 en bajo nivel; el 60 % de las quince muestras de carcinomaescamocelular diferenciado mostraron un bajo nivel de expresión, el 41,3 % de 12 muestrasde carcinoma moderadamente diferenciado mostraron una alta expresión, y el 74 % de 18muestras de carcinoma no diferenciado mostraron una alta expresión de la enzima. Conclusión:La expresión de la COX-2 aumenta si el carcinoma es indiferenciado, lo cual sugiereque esta enzima podría desempeñar un papel importante en el desarrollo histopatológicodel CECL, tanto en las etapas iniciales como en las tardías...
Aim: Determine and compare the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in squamouscell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCT) in three degrees of differentiation, in order to verify ifthis may be a molecular marker useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of oral cavity cancer.Methods: The sample consisted of 45 specimens with SCCT (15 well-differentiated, 12 moderatelydifferentiated, 18 poorly differentiated), a positive control (colon carcinoma) and anegative control (healthy oral mucosa). The identification of COX-2 was obtained throughimmunohistochemistry. Results: Samples of healthy lingual mucosa showed a low expressionof COX-2, 60 % of the 15 samples of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma showeda low expression of COX-2, 41.3 % of 12 samples of moderately differentiated carcinomashowed high expression, and 74 % of the 18 non-differentiated carcinoma samples showeda high expression of the enzyme. Conclusion: The expression of COX-2 increases in lessdifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma, which suggests that identification of COX-2 in thehistologic development of squamous carcinoma of the tongue might be important in thedifferentiation of both, the early and late stag es...
Assuntos
Imuno-Histoquímica/história , Imuno-Histoquímica/tendências , Neoplasias Bucais/história , OncologiaRESUMO
Historia: El carcinoma de células de Merkel es una neoplasia cutánea primaria rara pero muy agresiva. Se considera el cáncer cutáneo de peor pronóstico. Macroscópicamentepuede resultar difícil diferenciarla de otras neoplasias de células pequeñas, por lo cual el pilar de su diagnóstico incluye el uso de la inmunohistoquímica. Caso clínico: Se trata de una mujer de 89 años de edad con un cuadro clínico de seis meses de evolución consistente en tumoración cutánea única, de crecimiento progresivo, nodular y no dolorosa, en el codo izquierdo. Había consultado varias veces a su servicio de salud y recibió tratamiento con antibióticos tópicos, sin obtener mejoría; posteriormente, se le diagnosticó carcinoma de células de Merkel en estadio II. Conclusión: Se muestra cómo, por medio del análisis histopatológico y la ayuda demarcadores inmunohistoquímicos, se logra un diagnóstico más certero de una clínica sugestiva y así se puede llevar a cabo el tratamiento de manera temprana y adecuada...
Background: Merkel cells carcinoma (MCC) is a rare primary skin neoplasm, although is very aggressive. Macroscopically it may be difficultto differentiate from other small cell malignancies, particularly from the oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Because of this the mainstay to diagnosis MCC includes the use of immunohistochemistry. Case presentation: A 89 year old woman with a history of a 6 month nodular, painless, progressive growth mass on her left elbow. She was seen several times in her health care service, receiving treatment with topical antibiotics without any improvement.Conclusions: The use of adequate pathological analysis and immunohistochemical markers, canachieve a more accurate diagnosis from a suggestive clinic, and thus carry out a suitable and early treatment...
Assuntos
Humanos , Carcinoma de Célula de Merkel/história , Imuno-Histoquímica/história , PatologiaRESUMO
The detailed anatomy of the monoamine pathways of the rat by the students of Nils-Ake Hillarp provided the basis for a neurocircuitry targeting pharmacology. Further progress was achieved by the introduction of 6-hydroxydopamine as a tool for performing specific lesions, leading to the first stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain by Urban Ungerstedt at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Unilateral intracerebral injections with 6-hydroxydopamine led to the proposal of 'Rotational Behaviour', as a classical model for screening drugs useful for alleviating Parkinson's disease and other neuropathologies. The direction of the rotational behaviour induced by drugs administrated to lesioned rats reveals their mechanisms of action on dopamine synapses, as demonstrated when rotational behaviour was combined with microdialysis. The model was useful for proposing a role of dopamine receptors in the gating of the flow of information through different efferent pathways of the basal ganglia. It is established now that the coupling of dopamine receptors is regulated by a number of proteins acting as GTPases, the regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS) family. More than 20 RGS proteins have been identified, organised into subfamilies based on structural features and specificity for different G-protein subunits. These protein subfamilies represent alternative pathways gating the flow of information generated in the basal ganglia. Microdialysis has been developed as a general tool for studying tissue and organ chemistry, leading to a truly translational venture as microdialysis is brought into clinical use, monitoring energy metabolism following global or focal ischemia in the neurosurgery and general medicine scenario.