Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Transplante de Rim , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Guatemala/etnologia , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/etnologia , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Immigration enforcement cooperation between final-destination and transit countries has increased in the last decades. I examine whether the Southern Border Plan, an immigration enforcement program implemented by the Mexican government in 2014, has curbed intentions of unauthorized migrants from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to migrate to the United States. I use the announcement of the Southern Border Plan to implement a difference-in-differences approach and compare the evolution of short-run intentions to engage in additional unauthorized crossings of Central American (treatment group) relative to Mexican deportees (comparison group). The findings suggest that increased enforcement in Mexico decreases the likelihood of attempting repeated unauthorized crossings.
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração/legislação & jurisprudência , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Aplicação da Lei , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , América Central/etnologia , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Política Pública , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/legislação & jurisprudência , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Assistência Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , SARS-CoV-2 , Imigrantes Indocumentados/legislação & jurisprudência , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Eleven million unauthorized immigrants reside in the United States and may account for 3% of deceased organ donors. Recently introduced federal and state legislation propose to address access to organ transplantation among unauthorized immigrants. The national landscape of liver transplantation (LT) for unauthorized immigrants is unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We included all US LT recipients between March 2012 and December 2018 who were linked to Pew Center of Research data to estimate the population of unauthorized immigrants in each US state and by country of origin, based on US Census data. We categorized patients as unauthorized immigrants versus US citizens/residents. The main outcome measures were (1) the proportion of LTs performed for unauthorized immigrants compared with the proportion of unauthorized immigrants among total population in each US state and (2) graft failure and death post-LT. Of 43,192 LT recipients, 43,026 (99.6%) were US citizens/residents and 166 (0.4%) were unauthorized immigrants. Among unauthorized immigrants, most LTs were performed in California (47%) and New York (18%). The absolute difference in proportion of LTs performed for unauthorized immigrants compared with the proportion of unauthorized immigrants among the total population differed among states, ranging from +20% in California to -12% in Texas. The most common countries of birth among LT recipients who were unauthorized immigrants were Mexico (52%), Guatemala (7%), China (6%), El Salvador (5%), and India (5%). In competing risk analysis, unauthorized immigration status (vs. US citizens/residents) was associated with a similar risk of graft failure (subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR] 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-1.34; P = 0.38) and death (sHR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.36-1.29; P = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: LT for unauthorized immigrants is rare, and disparities in access to LT by state are present. Patient and graft survival among unauthorized immigrants is comparable with citizens/residents.
Assuntos
Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , China/etnologia , El Salvador/etnologia , Feminino , Rejeição de Enxerto , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Guatemala/etnologia , Humanos , Índia/etnologia , Transplante de Fígado , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados UnidosRESUMO
We examined health insurance coverage among U.S. and Mexican/Central American (M/CA) born labor workers living in the U.S. Using data from the 2010-2015 National Health Interview Survey, we employed logistic regression models to examine health insurance coverage and covariates among U.S. and M/CA born labor workers. Prevalence ratios between U.S. and M/CA born workers were also obtained. U.S. born workers had double the prevalence of insurance coverage. Regarding private insurance coverage, U.S. born workers had a higher prevalence of coverage compared to their M/CA born counterparts. Among foreign born workers with U.S. citizenship, the odds of having insurance coverage was greater than that of noncitizens. Additionally, those who had lived in the U.S. for 10 or more years had higher odds of having health insurance coverage. Disparities in health care coverage exist between U.S. born and foreign born labor workers.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Cobertura do Seguro/estatística & dados numéricos , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , América Central/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ocupações/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We investigate the education, health and mental health effects of state policies that allowed or explicitly banned tuition subsidy and financial aid to undocumented college students using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for 1998-2013. Our analysis suggests that an explicit ban on tuition subsidy or enrollment in public colleges lowered college education of non-citizen Mexican young adults by 5.4-11.6 percentage points. We find some evidence that in-state tuition and access to financial aid improved self-reported health and reduced mental health distress, and ban on in-state-tuition/enrollment increased mental health distress among non-citizen Mexican young adults: estimated effects are generally significant in first-difference models and models that include state-specific cubic trends, and often insignificant in difference-in-difference models.
Assuntos
Nível de Saúde , Saúde Mental/etnologia , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Universidades/economia , Sucesso Acadêmico , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Políticas , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Imigrantes Indocumentados/psicologia , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We examined changes in health insurance coverage and access to and use of health care among adult (ages 18-64) Latinos in the US before (2007-13) and after (2014-16) implementation of the main provisions of the Affordable Care Act. Data from the California Health Interview Survey were used to compare respondents in the two periods. We used multivariable and decomposition regression analyses to investigate the role of documentation status in access disparities between Mexicans and other Latinos in California. Our findings show that after the implementation of these provisions in California, insurance coverage increased for US- and foreign-born Latinos, including undocumented Latinos. Our decomposition analyses show that after implementation, disparities between Mexicans and other Latinos declined with respect to having coverage and a usual source of care. Without the implementation of these provisions in 2014, these disparities would have been 5.76 percent and 0.31 percent larger, respectively. In contrast, legal documentation status was positively associated with disparities between Mexicans and other Latinos in having coverage and physician visits. If Mexican Latinos had had the same share of undocumented immigrants as other Latinos, disparities in health insurance coverage would have declined by 24.17 percent.
Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act/estatística & dados numéricos , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , California , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/etnologia , Humanos , Cobertura do Seguro/estatística & dados numéricos , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This paper provides statewide estimates on health care access and utilization patterns and physical and behavioral health by citizenship and documentation status among Latinos in California. METHODS: This study used data from the 2011-2015 California Health Interview Survey to examine health care access and utilization and physical and behavioral health among a representative sample of all nonelderly Latino and US-born non-Latino white adults (N=51,386). Multivariable regressions estimated the associations between the dependent measures and citizenship/documentation status among Latinos (US-born, naturalized citizen, green card holder, and undocumented). RESULTS: Adjusted results from multivariable analyses observed worse access and utilization patterns among immigrant Latinos compared with US-born Latinos, with undocumented immigrants using significantly less health care. Undocumented Latinos had lower odds of self-reporting excellent/very good health status compared with US-born Latinos, despite them having lower odds of having several physical and behavioral health outcomes (overweight/obesity, physician-diagnosed hypertension, asthma, self-reported psychological distress, and need for behavioral health services). Among those reporting a need for behavioral health services, access was also worse for undocumented Latinos when compared with US-born Latinos. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of poor health care access and utilization and better physical and behavioral health are observed across the continuum of documentation status, with undocumented immigrants having the worst access and utilization patterns and less disease. Despite fewer reported diagnoses and better mental health, undocumented Latinos reported poorer health status than their US-born counterparts.
Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Nível de Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Mental/etnologia , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Asma/etnologia , California , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Hipertensão/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sobrepeso/etnologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/etnologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study examines levels of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in Mexican residents, U.S. residents, and undocumented border crossers (UBCs) from Mexico to the United States. Craniofacial structures develop symmetrically under ideal circumstances; however, during periods of developmental stress random deviations from perfect symmetry, or FA, can occur. It is hypothesized that the UBC sample would represent individuals of a lower socioeconomic status (SES) who experienced higher stress levels during development, and that these individuals would consequently have higher levels of FA. Three-dimensional cranial landmarks were collected from 509 individuals representing the three resident groups. Geometric morphometric methods were used to calculate an FA score for each individual. The FA score provides a distance measure that is a scalar measure of the magnitude of FA in each individual. The results show that the difference in the means of the FA scores between UBCs and U.S. residents is 0.43 (pâ¯=â¯0.02), with UBCs showing significantly higher levels of FA compared to U.S. residents. Moreover, Mexican residents' FA levels are intermediate between and not significantly different from the other two samples. These results suggest that levels of FA may prove useful for reconstructing individuals' social and economic circumstances, and that craniofacial asymmetry provides a suitable biological marker for analyzing differences in SES among different groups.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Assimetria Facial/etnologia , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To explore preimmigration experiences of violence and postimmigration health status in male-to-female transgender individuals (n = 45) from Mexico applying for asylum in the United States. METHODS: We used a document review process to examine asylum declarations and psychological evaluations of transgender Mexican asylum seekers in the United States from 2012. We coded documents in 2013 and 2014 using NVivo, a multidisciplinary team reviewed them, and then we analyzed them for themes. RESULTS: Mexican transgender asylum applicants experienced pervasive verbal, physical, and sexual abuse from multiple sources, including family, school, community, and police. Applicants also experienced discrimination in school and in the workplace. Applicants immigrated to the United States to escape persistent assaults and threats to their life. Applicants suffered health and psychological effects from their experiences in Mexico that affected opportunities in the United States for employment, education, and social inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Additional social protections for transgender individuals and antidiscrimination measures in Mexican schools and workplaces are warranted as are increased mental health assessment and treatment, job training, and education services for asylum seekers in the United States.
Assuntos
Refugiados/psicologia , Refugiados/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoas Transgênero/estatística & dados numéricos , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Isolamento Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Pessoas Transgênero/psicologia , Imigrantes Indocumentados/psicologia , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Violência/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to estimate the role of victimization by violence among Mexican adolescents that have considered or attempted migrating to the United States, including mental health variables (emotional self-esteem, self-esteem in school, depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide) as mediators of the effects. The study used a cross-sectional design with a stratified cluster sample of 13,198 adolescents from the 2nd Mexican National Survey on Exclusion, Intolerance, and Violence in public schools in 2009. The analysis used the regression models proposed by Baron & Kenny. Prevalence of having considered or attempted cross-border migration was 23.1%. Mean age was 16.36 years. Female adolescents constituted 54.9% of the sample, and 56% were lower-income. Mental health variables that acted as partial mediators were suicidal ideation (35.9%), depression (19.2%), attempted suicide (17.7%), emotional self-esteem (6.2%), and self-esteem in school (3.4%) for moderate family violence, and emotional self-esteem (17.5%) for social rejection in school and suicidal ideation (8.1%) for physical harm in school. Female adolescents showed greater impact from mediators than men in considering or having attempted cross-border migration. The study discusses the importance of incorporating the prevention of violence in the social contexts studied here and incorporating mental health in dealing with violence in adolescents and in public health programs in transit areas for illegal migrants.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Autoimagem , Ideação Suicida , Imigrantes Indocumentados/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Adolescente , Vítimas de Crime , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Violência/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Immigrant generation status has an impact on substance use, with lower use rates for recent immigrants. Substance use surveillance data are reported at the national and state levels; however, no systematic collection of data exists at the city level for the general population. In particular, rates of substance use have not been published for El Paso, Texas. The aims of this study are to estimate the prevalence of substance use among Hispanics in El Paso and to determine the association between substance use and immigrant generation. Hispanic residents of El Paso (N = 837) were interviewed. Demographic, immigration, and substance use data were collected. Bivariate analysis indicated that substance use increased as immigrant generation increased, while perceived problems with substance use decreased. In comparison to Texas and national data, our data showed that the rates of tobacco, marijuana, and illicit drug use were lower among young adults in El Paso.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Texas/epidemiologia , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Deported migrants face numerous challenges which may elevate their risk for drug use. We examined relationships between integration and drug use among deported migrants in Tijuana, Mexico. A cross-sectional survey conducted at a free health clinic included 255 deported Mexican-born migrants residing in Tijuana ≥6 months. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between variables across four integration domains (public participation, social connections, macro-level facilitators and foundations) and recent (past 6-month) drug use. The prevalence of recent drug use was 46 %. Having sought work in Tijuana in the past 6 months, greater household affluence, lifetime history of incarceration in both US and Mexico, and lacking health insurance were independently associated with recent drug use. Policies that support access to employment, adequate housing and healthcare in Mexico, particularly for justice-involved deportees, may facilitate successful integration and reduce potential stressors that may contribute to drug use.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Saúde Mental , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Apoio Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Abuso de Substâncias por Via IntravenosaRESUMO
In 2014, an acute respiratory illness outbreak affected unaccompanied children from Central America entering the United States; 9% of 774 surveyed children were colonized with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5. In our 2015 follow-up survey of 475 children, serotype 5 was not detected, and an interim recommendation to administer 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to all unaccompanied children was discontinued.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , América Central/etnologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Menores de Idade/estatística & dados numéricos , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Prevalência , Sorogrupo , TexasRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Information on cervical and breast cancer screening among Latinas in the United States is limited. Even less information is available on screening practices of migrant women who engage in circular migration. We examined rates of cervical and breast cancer screening and the extent to which sociodemographics and other characteristics explain screening practices of Mexican migrant women who return to Mexico from the United States. METHODS: We used data from a cross-sectional probability survey of Mexico-born migrant women who returned, through Tijuana, to Mexico from the United States in 2013. The sample consisted of women who returned involuntarily (via deportation) or voluntarily; 177 reported authorized documentation status, and 36 reported unauthorized documentation status in the previous 12 months. Descriptive statistics were calculated and logistic regressions were estimated. RESULTS: Of 36 undocumented migrant women, 8 (22.2%) had a Papanicolaou test and 11 (30.6%) had a mammogram in the previous year; of 177 documented migrants, 83 (46.9%) had a Papanicolaou test and 68 (38.4%) had a mammogram. Undocumented migrants were less likely than documented migrants to receive a Papanicolaou test (odds ratio [OR] = 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.67); the likelihood was similar after adjustment for sociodemographic, migration, and acculturation factors (adjusted OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12-0.90). Having health insurance (adjusted OR = 4.17; 95% CI, 1.80-9.65) and a regular source of health care (adjusted OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.05-7.65) were significant predictors of receiving a mammogram but not a Papanicolaou test. CONCLUSION: Public health programs are needed to improve access to cervical and breast cancer screenings for Latina migrant women in general and undocumented circular migrants in particular.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Seguro Saúde , Modelos Logísticos , Mamografia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Teste de Papanicolaou , Autorrelato , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Farm work is labor-intensive, physically demanding, and incurs a high risk of injury. The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of farmworkers at increased risk of adverse health outcomes to focus targeted interventions. METHODS: The National Agricultural Workers Survey for 2008-2012 was used to compare characteristics associated with adverse health and safety conditions among US-born and Mexican and Central American-born Latino and Indigenous, documented and undocumented farmworkers, separately for males and females. RESULTS: US-born farmworkers had more secure work, worked less onerous tasks, and earned more per hour than other categories of farmworkers. Undocumented Indigenous workers had more precarious work, worked more onerous tasks, and were more likely to do piece work, than undocumented Latino workers. DISCUSSION: We highlight disparities in modifiable occupational health risk factors across groups of farmworkers that are associated with increased risks of work-related injury and poor health. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:644-655, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Agricultura/estatística & dados numéricos , Fazendeiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Ocupacional/etnologia , Carga de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Agricultura/métodos , América Central/etnologia , Feminino , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Grupos Populacionais/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Brazilian immigrants in the United States experience various social, labor, and health challenges. This study aimed to analyze the profile of female Brazilian domestic workers in Massachusetts, USA, through a description of their working conditions and self-rated health. This was a cross-sectional study of 198 domestic workers in Massachusetts, recruited with "snowball" sampling. The instrument addressed participants' demographic characteristics, work conditions, and self-rated health. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0. Among the interviewees, 95.5% were women, 62.1% were 30 to 49 years of age, and 55.6% were undocumented. Documented and undocumented participants showed statistically significant differences in demographics, work conditions, and health. Irregular immigrant status appears to have a negative impact on domestic workers' living and health conditions.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Brasil/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/classificação , Feminino , Zeladoria/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Massachusetts , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We provide the first evidence on the causal effect of border enforcement on the full spatial distribution of Mexican immigrants to the United States. We address the endogeneity of border enforcement with an instrumental variables strategy based on administrative delays in budgetary allocations for border security. We find that 1,000 additional Border Patrol officers assigned to prevent unauthorized migrants from entering a U.S. state decreases that state's share of Mexican immigrants by 21.9 %. Our estimates imply that if border enforcement had not changed from 1994 to 2011, the shares of Mexican immigrants locating in California and Texas would each be 8 percentage points greater, with all other states' shares lower or unchanged.