RESUMO
Between 1998 and 2001 the deaths of 16 Surinamese children were recorded along the Maroni River, which forms the border between Suriname and French Guyana. After a metabolic origin was eliminated, ethnobotanical research in the field led to a hypothesis of intoxication through the ingestion of ackee. Ackee (Blighia sapida) is a large green leafy tree of West African origin. Its unripe fruit contains large quantities of two toxic molecules: hypoglycin-A and hypoglycin-B, the former being the more toxic. We have developed a GC-MS procedure allowing us to demonstrate the presence of hypoglycin-A in the gastric fluid of one of the deceased children, and to compare the content of hypoglycin-A in fruit collected on the road to Paramaribo in Suriname (5.1mg/g) with samples from Burkina Faso (8.1mg/g) and Jamaica (9.2mg/g). Field research showed the misuse of this little-known plant by Maroon witch doctors. The Bushinengue witch doctors were informed about the dangers of ackee, and no new cases have been reported to date.
Assuntos
Blighia/intoxicação , Hipoglicinas/análise , Criança , Toxicologia Forense , Guiana Francesa , Frutas/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Conteúdo Gastrointestinal/química , Humanos , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Estrutura Molecular , Intoxicação por Plantas/diagnóstico , SurinameAssuntos
Blighia/intoxicação , Frutas/intoxicação , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Animais , Blighia/química , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/terapia , Humanos , Hipoglicinas/análise , Hipoglicinas/toxicidade , Jamaica , Intoxicação por Plantas/diagnóstico , Intoxicação por Plantas/terapia , Vômito/induzido quimicamenteAssuntos
Humanos , Ciclopropanos/farmacologia , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Vômito/etiologia , Intoxicação por Plantas , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Ácidos Graxos/urina , Hipoglicinas/urina , Jamaica , Oxirredutases/antagonistas & inibidores , Vômito/etiologiaRESUMO
A recent review article concluded that glutamic acid probable plays a central role in the vomiting and neurological features of ackee poisoning. The present article draws attention to misconceptions in the basis of that hypothesis, and reviews important evidence suppporting a different role (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Blighia/intoxicação , Ciclopropanos/intoxicação , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Intoxicação por Plantas , Vômito/induzido quimicamente , Acidose/induzido quimicamente , Ácido Aspártico/intoxicação , Glutamatos/intoxicaçãoRESUMO
A recent article concluded that glutamic acid probably plays a central role in the vomiting and neurological features of ackee poisoning. The present article draws attention to misconceptions in the basis of that hypothesis, and reviews important evidence supporting a different view
Assuntos
Humanos , Intoxicação por Plantas , Acidose/induzido quimicamente , Vômito/induzido quimicamente , Ácido Aspártico/intoxicação , Ciclopropanos/intoxicação , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Glutamatos/intoxicaçãoRESUMO
The unripe ackee fruit, when eaten, is known to cause serious clinical manifestations, including vomiting, hypoglycaemia and acidosis. The effects, of various extracts from the arilli of the unripe fruit (including hypoglyin-A) on the lungs from rats were examined in an in vitro preparation. All the extracts were found to induce moderately severe broncho-constriction, indicating a possible contribution of these effects to the observed toxicity of ackee (AU)
Assuntos
21003 , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos , Brônquios/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclopropanos/farmacologia , Ciclopropanos/intoxicação , Hipoglicinas/farmacologia , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Blighia/intoxicação , Blighia/farmacologia , Blighia/intoxicação , Acetilcolina/farmacologia , Constrição Patológica , Ratos EndogâmicosRESUMO
The unripe ackee fruit, when eaten, is known to cause serious clincial manifestations, including vomitting, hypoglycaemia and acidosis. The effects, of various extracts from the arilli of the unripe ackee fruit (including hypoglycin-A) on the lungs from rats were examined in an in vitro preparation. All the extracts were found to induce moderately severe broncho-constriction, indicating a possible contribution of these effects to the observed toxicity of ackee
Assuntos
Ratos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Brônquios/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Acetilcolina/farmacologia , Ciclopropanos/farmacologia , Hipoglicinas/farmacologia , Ratos Endogâmicos , Constrição Patológica , Ciclopropanos/intoxicação , Hipoglicinas/intoxicaçãoRESUMO
The hypoglycemia seen in ackee poisoning almost certainly results from the presence of hypoglycin A in the aril. However, the mechanism underlying the vomiting and neurologic disorders have not been properly established. We have, in this review, re-established the latter and proposed that the vomiting and neurological features of ackee poisoning probably result from the excitotoxic properties of glutamic and aspartic acids derived directly and indirectly from ackee intake (AU)
Assuntos
21003 , Humanos , /intoxicação , Frutas/intoxicação , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Intoxicação por Plantas/etiologia , Vômito/intoxicação , Glutamatos/fisiologiaRESUMO
The hypoglycemia seen in ackee poisoning almost certainly results from the presence of hypoglycin A in the aril. However, the mechanisms underlying the vomiting and neurological disrders have not been properly established. We have, in thes review, re-examined the latter and proposed that the vomiting of glutamic and neurological feactures of ackee poisoning probably result from the excitotoxic properties of glutamic and aspartic acids derived directly and indirectly from ackee intake
Assuntos
Humanos , Intoxicação por Plantas/etiologia , Vômito/etiologia , Ciclopropanos/intoxicação , Frutas/intoxicação , Hipoglicinas/intoxicaçãoRESUMO
We investigated the metabolic origin of certain dicarboxylic acids which appears in urine of hypoglycin poisoned subjects (Jamaican vomiting sickness). These include hexanedioic (adipic), octanedioic (suberic) and decanedioic (sebacic) acids which, with unsaturated variants, are also excreted in some rare congenital diseases (glutaric acidaemia Type II, generalized dicarboxlic acidaemias), and in ketosis. Long-chain fatty acids have been established as precursors only in the case of diabetic, ketotic rats. In one report, evidence for this origin was negative for the case of hypoglycin poisoning, but no alternative precursors appear likely and the problem has remained unresolved since 1972. The present work utilized palmitic acid labelled either with Tritium, or with 14c at various atoms of the molecule as a tracer in hypoglycin-treated rats. Suberate and sebacate, isolated from urines by gas liquid chromatography, were found to be radioactively labelled, and hence, significant conversion of fatty acid to dicarboxylic acid was demonstrated. A further conclusion emerged from the relative labelling yielded by [1-14C] - and [16-14C] palmitic acid. After chain shortening by 3 -4 cycles of fatty acid á-oxidation, w-oxidation appears to intervene as a consequence of inhibition of the former process by the hypoglycin metabolite methylenecyclopropylacetyl-CoA. This sequence is in contrast to the ketotic animal, in which initial w-oxidation of fatty acid apparently precedes bilateral á-oxidation. In fasted hypoglycin-poisoned rats, excretion of each of these compounds is not insignificant, being about 7 - 33 mg/24 hr(1 - 4 mg/mg creatinine) (AU)
Assuntos
21003 , Ratos , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Intoxicação , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/intoxicação , Ácidos GraxosRESUMO
Twin male infant siblings who presented in Harrow, UK, with a Reye's-like syndrome associated with profound hypoglycaemia, vomiting, diarrhoea, coma and death in one child, with dicarboxylic aciduria, and similarities to Jamacian vomiting sickness (hypoglycin toxicity) have been shown to excrete large amounts of a previously unrecorded urinary organic acid. This has been identified as 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a synthesized standard. Concentrations observed were 340 and 330 mg g-1 creatinine in the two patients. The metabolic precursor of the urinary acid is suggested to be hex-4-enoic acid, a probable chemical toxin closely related to the active organic acid metabolite of hypoglycin. The possibility of omega - 1 oxidation of hexanoic acid to 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid in these and other patients with dicarbocylic aciduris is also discussed.
Assuntos
Caproatos/urina , Hipoglicemia/urina , Síndrome de Reye/urina , Fenômenos Químicos , Química , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/urina , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Humanos , Hidroxiácidos/urina , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Lactente , Masculino , Intoxicação por Plantas/urina , Gravidez , GêmeosRESUMO
A single case fulfilling the clinical and pathological criteria of Reye's syndrome is reported. The possible aetiology of the syndrome, the diferential diagnosis with special reference to toxic hypoglycaemia induced by ackee and renta yams, and the treatment of the disease are discussed. This report represents to our knowledge the first case of Reye's syndrome thus documented in Jamaica (AU)
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Síndrome de Reye/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Hipoglicemia/diagnóstico , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Intoxicação por Plantas/diagnóstico , JamaicaAssuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Ratos , 21003 , Masculino , Feminino , Hipoglicinas/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicinas/metabolismo , Hipoglicinas/intoxicação , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/diagnóstico , Intoxicação por Plantas/etiologia , Intoxicação por Plantas/patologia , Intoxicação por Plantas/terapia , Jamaica , Síndrome de Reye/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Reye/etiologia , Vômito , Hipoglicemia/etiologia , FrutasRESUMO
The West Indies, and associated parts of the Caribbean area, are extremely diverse and afford interesting examples for the study of geographical medicine. Short accounts are given of some conditions whose aetiologies have been relatively recently clarified, including vomiting sickness of Jamaica, veno-occlusive disease of Jamaica, blackfat pulmonary fibrosis of Guyana, and epidemic acute glomerulonephritis of Trinidad. The aetiology of tropical sprue, which is common in Puerto Rico and absent from Jamaica remains to be explained although a hypothesis has been put forward. Further work is needed to establish the geographical distribution of idiopathic cardiomegaly and the spinal neuropathies and associated syndromes of retrobulbar neuritis and sensorineural deafness before their aetiologies can be understood.